By testing indoor and outdoor thermal environment of residential buildings that apply 4 mostused heating ways in Hantai District,Hanzhong City,this paper explored the indoor thermal environment conditions of different...By testing indoor and outdoor thermal environment of residential buildings that apply 4 mostused heating ways in Hantai District,Hanzhong City,this paper explored the indoor thermal environment conditions of different heating ways,to provide references for choosing a suitable heating way in the local area.展开更多
This study aims to propose a method for quantitatively evaluating the influence which the obstruction of sea breezes by clusters of high-rise buildings has on the urban heat island effect using a weather simulation mo...This study aims to propose a method for quantitatively evaluating the influence which the obstruction of sea breezes by clusters of high-rise buildings has on the urban heat island effect using a weather simulation model and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Specifically, a method of evaluating the influence of the obstruction of sea breeze by high-rise buildings on the urban heat island effect was proposed. In the method, two scenarios that imagine urban forms which differ with regard to whether or not they contain high-rise buildings are created and weather simulation is conducted, and the results of the simulations are comparatively analyzed focusing on temperature and wind speed. Evaluation was conducted in two stages, and Shiodome of Minato City in the Tokyo Metropolis was selected as the region for evaluation. In two stages of evaluation, a rise in temperature of approximately 0.3 K and a reduction in wind speed of approximately 1 m/s were observed in a region approximately five to ten kilometers square downwind of high-rise buildings in the period 6 PM to 9 PM, and a higher temperature caused by the obstruction of sea breeze by high-rise buildings was identified. The fact that such a higher temperature was confirmed in the time period from 6 PM onwards, in which the temperature decreases, reveals that obstruction of sea breeze by high-rise buildings dulls the decrease in temperature which occurs from evening onwards, and influences nighttime urban heat island formation.展开更多
A photochemistry coupled computational fluid dynamics （CFD） based numerical model has been developed to model the reactive pollutant dispersion within urban street canyons, particularly integrating the interrelation...A photochemistry coupled computational fluid dynamics （CFD） based numerical model has been developed to model the reactive pollutant dispersion within urban street canyons, particularly integrating the interrelationship among diurnal heating scenario （solar radiation affections in nighttime, daytime, and sun-rise/set）, wind speed, building aspect ratio （building-height-to-street-width）, and dispersion of reactive gases, specifically nitric oxide （NO）, nitrogen dioxide （NO2） and ozone （O3） such that a higher standard of air quality in metropolitan cities can be achieved. Validation has been done with both experimental and numerical results on flow and temperature fields in a street canyon with bottom heating, which justifies the accuracy of the current model. The model was applied to idealized street canyons of different aspect ratios from 0.5 to 8 with two different ambient wind speeds under different diurnal heating scenarios to estimate the influences of different aforementioned parameters on the chemical evolution of NO, NO2 and 03. Detailed analyses of vertical profiles of pollutant concentrations showed that different diurnal heating scenarios could substantially affect the reactive gases exchange between the street canyon and air aloft, followed by respective dispersion and reaction. Higher building aspect ratio and stronger ambient wind speed were revealed to be, in general, responsible for enhanced entrainment of 03 concentrations into the street canyons along windward walls under all diurnal heating scenarios. Comparatively, particular attention can be paid on the windward wall heating and nighttime uniform surface heating scenarios.展开更多
The building sector is facing a challenge in achieving carbon neutrality due to climate change and urbanization.Urban building energy modeling(UBEM)is an effective method to understand the energy use of building stock...The building sector is facing a challenge in achieving carbon neutrality due to climate change and urbanization.Urban building energy modeling(UBEM)is an effective method to understand the energy use of building stocks at an urban scale and evaluate retrofit scenarios against future weather variations,supporting the implementation of carbon emission reduction policies.Currently,most studies focus on the energy performance of archetype buildings under climate change,which is hard to obtain refined results for individual buildings when scaling up to an urban area.Therefore,this study integrates future weather data with an UBEM approach to assess the impacts of climate change on the energy performance of urban areas,by taking two urban neighborhoods comprising 483 buildings in Geneva,Switzerland as case studies.In this regard,GIS datasets and Swiss building norms were collected to develop an archetype library.The building heating energy consumption was calculated by the UBEM tool—AutoBPS,which was then calibrated against annual metered data.A rapid UBEM calibration method was applied to achieve a percentage error of 2.7%.The calibrated models were then used to assess the impacts of climate change using four future weather datasets out of Shared Socioeconomic Pathways(SSP1-2.6,SSP2-4.5,SSP3-7.0,and SSP5-8.5).The results showed a decrease of 22%–31%and 21%–29%for heating energy consumption,an increase of 113%–173%and 95%–144%for cooling energy consumption in the two neighborhoods by 2050.The average annual heating intensity dropped from 81 kWh/m^(2) in the current typical climate to 57 kWh/m^(2) in the SSP5-8.5,while the cooling intensity rose from 12 kWh/m^(2) to 32 kWh/m^(2).The overall envelope system upgrade reduced the average heating and cooling energy consumption by 41.7%and 18.6%,respectively,in the SSP scenarios.The spatial and temporal distribution of energy consumption change can provide valuable information for future urban energy planning against climate change.展开更多
How does the urban spatial landscape(USL)pattern affect the land surface urban heat islands(SUHIs)and canopy urban heat islands(CUHIs)?Based on satellite and meteorological observations,this case study compares the im...How does the urban spatial landscape(USL)pattern affect the land surface urban heat islands(SUHIs)and canopy urban heat islands(CUHIs)?Based on satellite and meteorological observations,this case study compares the impacts of the USL pattern on SUHI and CUHI in the central urban area(CUA)of Beijing using the satellite land-surface-temperature product and hourly temperature data from automatic meteorological stations from 2009 to 2018.Eleven USL metrics—building height(BH),building density(BD),standard deviation of building height(BSD),floor area ratio(FAR),frontal area index(FAI),roughness length(RL),sky view factor(SVF),urban fractal dimension(FD),vegetation coverage(VC),impervious coverage(IC),and albedo(AB)—with a 500-m spatial resolution in the CUA are extracted for comparative analysis.The results show that SUHI is higher than CUHI at night,and SUHI is only consistent with CUHI at spatial-temporal scales at night,particularly in winter.Spatially,all 11 metrics are strongly correlated with both the SUHI and CUHI at night,with stronger correlation between most metrics and SUHI.VC,AB,and SVF have the greatest impact on both the SUHI and CUHI.High SUHI and CUHI values tend to appear in areas with BD≥0.26,VC≤0.09,AB≤0.09,and SVF≤0.67.In summer,most metrics have a greater impact on the SUHI than CUHI;the opposite is observed in winter.SUHI variation is affected primarily by VC in summer and by VC and AB in winter,which is different for the CUHI variation.The collective contribution of all 11metrics to SUHI spatial variation in summer(61.8%)is higher than that to CUHI;however,the opposite holds in winter and for the entire year,where the cumulative contribution of the factors accounts for 66.6%and 49.6%,respectively,of the SUHI variation.展开更多
针对近年来中国城市化进程不断加快,建筑物制冷系统的排热对城市气候的影响越来越大的现状,以2010年8月6 7日北京地区夏季典型晴天为例,开展了对建筑物能量模式(Building Energy M odel,BEM)和制冷系统人为热排放的研究。分析发现不同...针对近年来中国城市化进程不断加快,建筑物制冷系统的排热对城市气候的影响越来越大的现状,以2010年8月6 7日北京地区夏季典型晴天为例,开展了对建筑物能量模式(Building Energy M odel,BEM)和制冷系统人为热排放的研究。分析发现不同用途建筑物的用电量日变化特征不同,其与气象因子(主要是气温)之间存在一定的相关性。在此基础上,改进了BEM模式,并对制冷系统(空调)能耗和排热进行了模拟。首先,基于用电量日变化特点模拟不同用途建筑物的排热情况,表明在建筑物空调制冷系统负荷中,窗墙传热占60%以上,人员、设备产热占30%,通风设施传热占5%~6%;其次,对影响建筑物排热量较大的一些参数进行敏感性试验,建筑参数中建筑物高度对排热的影响最大,从18.3 m降低到12 m和6 m,排热量可分别减少24.3%和49.6%,紧随其后的是墙体传热系数和新风系数的影响,而空调设定参数中设定温度从25℃下降1℃,空调制冷系统排热猛增94.4%;最后,根据我国夏季各种类型空调占比情况,计算出空调排热中感热、潜热分别为12.69 W·m-2和45.87 W·m-2(约占22%和78%),为建筑物排热对城市气候影响研究奠定了基础。展开更多
针对北京城市热岛的空间变化特征及其发展趋势,重点探讨了北京城市热岛总体演变趋势及其多尺度非均匀分布特征与城市建筑群面积、中高层建筑群空间布局的相关关系。采用晴空过程北京城郊地面自动气象站AWS(Automatic weather station)...针对北京城市热岛的空间变化特征及其发展趋势,重点探讨了北京城市热岛总体演变趋势及其多尺度非均匀分布特征与城市建筑群面积、中高层建筑群空间布局的相关关系。采用晴空过程北京城郊地面自动气象站AWS(Automatic weather station)气温观测真值对卫星遥感云顶黑体温度TBB(Temperature of black body on the top of cloud)高分辨率场实施变分订正,解决城市热岛研究中高分辨率卫星遥感的客观性订正问题。研究结果揭示了北京城市建筑群面积及中高层建筑群布局对城市热岛群总体演变趋势、多尺度热岛群非均匀分布特征的显著影响效应。结果表明,北京晴空过程城区及近郊区多尺度热岛效应可由强、弱程度不同的热岛群"合成",北京地区热岛分布呈多尺度非均匀特征,即城区东西两侧为强热岛区,城西北园林区与古城中轴线区域为相对弱热岛区;在北京城市高速发展背景下,城郊街区热岛群的非均匀分布特征与城市建筑群布局之间存在着相关关系;城市建筑群面积及中高层建筑密集程度的差异可产生区域性强弱不同的热岛效应,这间接反映出北京城郊中高层建筑群暖气或空调排放热源的局地影响效应。上述研究结果可为城市发展有关建筑群布局与园林绿地规划设计提供科学依据。展开更多
文摘By testing indoor and outdoor thermal environment of residential buildings that apply 4 mostused heating ways in Hantai District,Hanzhong City,this paper explored the indoor thermal environment conditions of different heating ways,to provide references for choosing a suitable heating way in the local area.
文摘This study aims to propose a method for quantitatively evaluating the influence which the obstruction of sea breezes by clusters of high-rise buildings has on the urban heat island effect using a weather simulation model and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Specifically, a method of evaluating the influence of the obstruction of sea breeze by high-rise buildings on the urban heat island effect was proposed. In the method, two scenarios that imagine urban forms which differ with regard to whether or not they contain high-rise buildings are created and weather simulation is conducted, and the results of the simulations are comparatively analyzed focusing on temperature and wind speed. Evaluation was conducted in two stages, and Shiodome of Minato City in the Tokyo Metropolis was selected as the region for evaluation. In two stages of evaluation, a rise in temperature of approximately 0.3 K and a reduction in wind speed of approximately 1 m/s were observed in a region approximately five to ten kilometers square downwind of high-rise buildings in the period 6 PM to 9 PM, and a higher temperature caused by the obstruction of sea breeze by high-rise buildings was identified. The fact that such a higher temperature was confirmed in the time period from 6 PM onwards, in which the temperature decreases, reveals that obstruction of sea breeze by high-rise buildings dulls the decrease in temperature which occurs from evening onwards, and influences nighttime urban heat island formation.
基金supported by the ICEE of the University of Hong Kong and the Hong Kong Research Grant Council(Project HKU7146/06E)
文摘A photochemistry coupled computational fluid dynamics （CFD） based numerical model has been developed to model the reactive pollutant dispersion within urban street canyons, particularly integrating the interrelationship among diurnal heating scenario （solar radiation affections in nighttime, daytime, and sun-rise/set）, wind speed, building aspect ratio （building-height-to-street-width）, and dispersion of reactive gases, specifically nitric oxide （NO）, nitrogen dioxide （NO2） and ozone （O3） such that a higher standard of air quality in metropolitan cities can be achieved. Validation has been done with both experimental and numerical results on flow and temperature fields in a street canyon with bottom heating, which justifies the accuracy of the current model. The model was applied to idealized street canyons of different aspect ratios from 0.5 to 8 with two different ambient wind speeds under different diurnal heating scenarios to estimate the influences of different aforementioned parameters on the chemical evolution of NO, NO2 and 03. Detailed analyses of vertical profiles of pollutant concentrations showed that different diurnal heating scenarios could substantially affect the reactive gases exchange between the street canyon and air aloft, followed by respective dispersion and reaction. Higher building aspect ratio and stronger ambient wind speed were revealed to be, in general, responsible for enhanced entrainment of 03 concentrations into the street canyons along windward walls under all diurnal heating scenarios. Comparatively, particular attention can be paid on the windward wall heating and nighttime uniform surface heating scenarios.
基金This paper is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)through Grant No.51908204the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province of China through Grant No.2020JJ3008Supports of the Sweden’s innovation agency(VINNOVA-MIRAI)and the Crafoord Foundation are acknowledged.
文摘The building sector is facing a challenge in achieving carbon neutrality due to climate change and urbanization.Urban building energy modeling(UBEM)is an effective method to understand the energy use of building stocks at an urban scale and evaluate retrofit scenarios against future weather variations,supporting the implementation of carbon emission reduction policies.Currently,most studies focus on the energy performance of archetype buildings under climate change,which is hard to obtain refined results for individual buildings when scaling up to an urban area.Therefore,this study integrates future weather data with an UBEM approach to assess the impacts of climate change on the energy performance of urban areas,by taking two urban neighborhoods comprising 483 buildings in Geneva,Switzerland as case studies.In this regard,GIS datasets and Swiss building norms were collected to develop an archetype library.The building heating energy consumption was calculated by the UBEM tool—AutoBPS,which was then calibrated against annual metered data.A rapid UBEM calibration method was applied to achieve a percentage error of 2.7%.The calibrated models were then used to assess the impacts of climate change using four future weather datasets out of Shared Socioeconomic Pathways(SSP1-2.6,SSP2-4.5,SSP3-7.0,and SSP5-8.5).The results showed a decrease of 22%–31%and 21%–29%for heating energy consumption,an increase of 113%–173%and 95%–144%for cooling energy consumption in the two neighborhoods by 2050.The average annual heating intensity dropped from 81 kWh/m^(2) in the current typical climate to 57 kWh/m^(2) in the SSP5-8.5,while the cooling intensity rose from 12 kWh/m^(2) to 32 kWh/m^(2).The overall envelope system upgrade reduced the average heating and cooling energy consumption by 41.7%and 18.6%,respectively,in the SSP scenarios.The spatial and temporal distribution of energy consumption change can provide valuable information for future urban energy planning against climate change.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41871028)Opening Fund of National Data Center for Earth Observation Science (NODAOP2021004)Beijing Natural Science Fund (8192020)。
文摘How does the urban spatial landscape(USL)pattern affect the land surface urban heat islands(SUHIs)and canopy urban heat islands(CUHIs)?Based on satellite and meteorological observations,this case study compares the impacts of the USL pattern on SUHI and CUHI in the central urban area(CUA)of Beijing using the satellite land-surface-temperature product and hourly temperature data from automatic meteorological stations from 2009 to 2018.Eleven USL metrics—building height(BH),building density(BD),standard deviation of building height(BSD),floor area ratio(FAR),frontal area index(FAI),roughness length(RL),sky view factor(SVF),urban fractal dimension(FD),vegetation coverage(VC),impervious coverage(IC),and albedo(AB)—with a 500-m spatial resolution in the CUA are extracted for comparative analysis.The results show that SUHI is higher than CUHI at night,and SUHI is only consistent with CUHI at spatial-temporal scales at night,particularly in winter.Spatially,all 11 metrics are strongly correlated with both the SUHI and CUHI at night,with stronger correlation between most metrics and SUHI.VC,AB,and SVF have the greatest impact on both the SUHI and CUHI.High SUHI and CUHI values tend to appear in areas with BD≥0.26,VC≤0.09,AB≤0.09,and SVF≤0.67.In summer,most metrics have a greater impact on the SUHI than CUHI;the opposite is observed in winter.SUHI variation is affected primarily by VC in summer and by VC and AB in winter,which is different for the CUHI variation.The collective contribution of all 11metrics to SUHI spatial variation in summer(61.8%)is higher than that to CUHI;however,the opposite holds in winter and for the entire year,where the cumulative contribution of the factors accounts for 66.6%and 49.6%,respectively,of the SUHI variation.
文摘针对近年来中国城市化进程不断加快,建筑物制冷系统的排热对城市气候的影响越来越大的现状,以2010年8月6 7日北京地区夏季典型晴天为例,开展了对建筑物能量模式(Building Energy M odel,BEM)和制冷系统人为热排放的研究。分析发现不同用途建筑物的用电量日变化特征不同,其与气象因子(主要是气温)之间存在一定的相关性。在此基础上,改进了BEM模式,并对制冷系统(空调)能耗和排热进行了模拟。首先,基于用电量日变化特点模拟不同用途建筑物的排热情况,表明在建筑物空调制冷系统负荷中,窗墙传热占60%以上,人员、设备产热占30%,通风设施传热占5%~6%;其次,对影响建筑物排热量较大的一些参数进行敏感性试验,建筑参数中建筑物高度对排热的影响最大,从18.3 m降低到12 m和6 m,排热量可分别减少24.3%和49.6%,紧随其后的是墙体传热系数和新风系数的影响,而空调设定参数中设定温度从25℃下降1℃,空调制冷系统排热猛增94.4%;最后,根据我国夏季各种类型空调占比情况,计算出空调排热中感热、潜热分别为12.69 W·m-2和45.87 W·m-2(约占22%和78%),为建筑物排热对城市气候影响研究奠定了基础。
文摘针对北京城市热岛的空间变化特征及其发展趋势,重点探讨了北京城市热岛总体演变趋势及其多尺度非均匀分布特征与城市建筑群面积、中高层建筑群空间布局的相关关系。采用晴空过程北京城郊地面自动气象站AWS(Automatic weather station)气温观测真值对卫星遥感云顶黑体温度TBB(Temperature of black body on the top of cloud)高分辨率场实施变分订正,解决城市热岛研究中高分辨率卫星遥感的客观性订正问题。研究结果揭示了北京城市建筑群面积及中高层建筑群布局对城市热岛群总体演变趋势、多尺度热岛群非均匀分布特征的显著影响效应。结果表明,北京晴空过程城区及近郊区多尺度热岛效应可由强、弱程度不同的热岛群"合成",北京地区热岛分布呈多尺度非均匀特征,即城区东西两侧为强热岛区,城西北园林区与古城中轴线区域为相对弱热岛区;在北京城市高速发展背景下,城郊街区热岛群的非均匀分布特征与城市建筑群布局之间存在着相关关系;城市建筑群面积及中高层建筑密集程度的差异可产生区域性强弱不同的热岛效应,这间接反映出北京城郊中高层建筑群暖气或空调排放热源的局地影响效应。上述研究结果可为城市发展有关建筑群布局与园林绿地规划设计提供科学依据。
