Changes and Innovation of Dutch Building Regulation and Control： An Ongoing Debate

Dutch building regulation is under construction. After the report of the commission ＂Fundamentele Verkenning Bouw＂ in 2008, several studies have been done on the principals that the commission outlined in its report. Local authorities and parties in construction were invited to start experiments with a more privatized system of building control. But this faced a lack of participation, partly due to the impact of the crisis. The minister responsible for housing and construction invited in 2011 a ＂Bouwteam＂ to develop an agenda for action for construction. In 2012, 17 action teams started to focus, speed up and simplify the planning and development of construction. Recently, the two teams related to building regulation presented their plans. The first was a roadmap towards private building control, the second, a proposal for an independent body to answer questions on constructions plans that do intrinsically but not legally meet the standards of building regulation. There is considerable controversy regarding the way that this implementation team is paving its path towards private building control. While the minister for housing conformed himself to a subsidized private implementing team, the Dutch Parliament has expressed its own priorities for regulation： insured guarantee to protect users and owners, a role for local authorities regarding safety and acceptance of buildings and simplification of building regulation and control for simple construction works. The parliament held a round-table conference to get informed about private building control. Recently, a proposal by the minister for housing was discussed. Further debate will be needed to decide about the next steps in innovation building regulation, which will take place in the upcoming months. ERB/RIGO （Foundation Expert Centre Regulations in Building/Research Institute for Real Estate） have developed own proposals for the public-private relation regarding development and construction of buildings. They expect that their proposals might be of help. The proposals are laid down in several publications and partly realized in experimental development of ＂to be approved＂ technical solutions. This paper reflects on the differences between their proposals and these of the roadmap, on the possible outcome of the ongoing debate and its implications, legal and technical, on building regulation and on legal and contractual liability. This paper tries to give an inside view on the development of regulation and the pros and cons of the proposals, starting from a theoretical outline of building regulation.

Construction of building energy conservation incentive policies under government regulation: Based on the subjects' behavior analysis

Building energy efficiency is a long-term strategy to achieve sustainable development, but the inconsistencies of main interests during the implementation lead to the need for government regulation in building energy conservation. Implementation of building energy efficiency of government regulation covers three aspects of construction and involves relevant participators, so the paper analyzes interests and roles of the related subjects in building energy saving, explore the motivations and its conversion mechanism of each player, and dissect the game relationship of associated earnings of developers' and consumers' behaviors selection under government control. Finally, the paper proposes basic requirements of building incentive policies for related subjects under government control to regulate the main behaviors of subjects in building energy efficient buildings and achieve energy efficiency goals and balance of all parties' benefits.

The Government Regulation of Economy Transformations in Terms of the Multinational Entrepreneurship Development and Technological Progress

In this paper, the mechanisms and principles of economic regulation from the classical and modem approaches standpoints were analyzed, the typical for world economic theory trends of the government＇s economic role elaboration, of the government regulatory authority, reducing in favor of market self-organization was argued. The transnationalization as a factor of government regulation mechanisms modernization was estimated and the perspectives of government and MNC interactions development in the modem world were evaluated. The recommendations for improving the government economical regulation infrastructure and mechanisms due to the conditions of economy globalizing, transnational business developing, technologies progressing were presented

The Coevolutionary Relationship of Technology, Market and Government Regulation in Telecommunications

The telecommunications industry has been undergoing tremendous technological changes, and owning to continuous technological advancement, it has maintained sustained prosperity and development. In this paper, the interplay between technology, market and government in telecommunications is discussed briefly, and then we introduce technology and government into the traditional SCP(Structure – Conduct – Performance) paradigm to develop an industry analysis framework called TGM(SCP)(Technology – Government – Market(Structure – Conduct – Performance)). Based on this framework, we present the spiral coevolution model which elaborates on the interaction mechanism of technological innovation with government regulation and market dynamics from the perspective of industry evolution. Our study indicates that the development of the telecommunications industry is the result of the coevolution of technology, government regulation and market forces, and among the three actors, technology is the fundamental driving force. Relative to the "invisible hand"(market) and "visible hand"(government), we conceptualize technology as the "third hand", which fundamentally drives the development of telecommunications industry in coordination with the other two hands. We also provide several policy implications regarding these findings.

International government regulatory experience of building energy-saving: A survey

Government regulation on building energy saving starts earlier in America, Holland, Japan and other developed countries, and has accumulated wealthy experience which is worth reference for China. According to practical work of building energy efficiency in China, the government regulation should to be divided into two stages: recent advance and forward continued promotion of industry. In short term, we should cultivate and improve energy efficiency market as the main task by means of enhancing awareness of energy conservation, accelerating heating system reform, implementing effective encouraging policy and setting up building energy efficiency sign system and etc. While in long term, we should put emphasis on upgrading and development of building energy efficiency industry by ways of improving standard and norm system, constructing technological guarantee system and forming socialized cooperation system and etc.

Government regulation practices and issues on building energy efficiency in China

This paper analyzes the government control of building energy efficiency in China from the aspects of policies and regulations, technical standards, pilot demonstration projects and economic means, and expounds the characteristics and problems of government regulation practice in China. It is found that the government regulation of building energy conservation in our country has some problems, such as imperfect system, weak incentive policy, imperfect management system, and the lack of public participation. Through the deep analysis of the existing problems, it is pointed out that the fundamental reason for the poor operation of China's building energy efficiency market lies in the lack of understanding of the building energy efficiency market, the lack of government administrative functions and the weak consciousness of the main body.

ESG表现如何赋能企业绿色技术创新?--来自中国上市公司的微观证据

经济新发展阶段下ESG是可持续导向下企业运营的重要理念。在绿色发展导向下,如何将企业环境、社会与公司治理(ESG)等多重责任嵌入到企业创新体系之中,驱动传统创新向绿色创新与绿色发展转型,成为了学界关注的焦点议题。本文以2011年—2019年中国沪深A股上市公司为研究样本,考察了上市公司ESG表现对企业绿色技术创新的影响及其内在作用机制。研究结果表明:(1)企业ESG表现驱动了企业绿色技术创新,对企业绿色技术创新具有显著的促进效应,在考虑内生性问题后研究结论依然稳健;区分ESG表现各类维度,企业环境责任、社会责任与公司治理表现对企业绿色技术创新均产生显著的促进效应。(2)内在机制检验结果表明,ESG表现主要通过强化企业环保投入、缓解企业融资约束以及提高企业内部控制质量以促进企业绿色技术创新。(3)调节机制检验结果表明,外部环境规制(环保补助与排污收费)与内部高管激励(薪酬激励与股权激励)在ESG表现与企业绿色技术创新之间产生显著的正向调节效应,即在ESG表现驱动企业绿色技术创新过程中,外部环境规制与内部高管激励制度具有外部的资源补偿效应、合法性倒逼效应以及内部激励效应。(4)异质性分析结果表明,ESG表现对企业绿色技术创新的驱动效应在国有企业、通过国际ISO14001环境认证企业与制造业企业中更为明显。而且经济效应检验结果表明,ESG表现驱动企业绿色技术创新有助于企业改善经济绩效。本研究为绿色发展导向下强化企业ESG理念,基于可持续导向与企业社会责任融入企业创新体系驱动企业绿色转型发展,最终实现企业与社会环境的共生融合发展提供政策启示。

红色业委会创新实践、困境及进路

红色业委会是新时代以来我国广大城市住宅小区党建的创新性实践。红色业委会的核心特征是业委会中党员人数占绝对优势,为党建引领奠定组织基础。有制度合法性依据、从入口遴选和双向任职双重维度把握人员选择、规范业委会履职方式、合理设计考核标准及其奖惩机制是红色业委会得以推进的四个主要支撑性条件。当前红色业委会的创建虽具有重要实践价值,但仍面临诸多问题。要进一步深化红色业委会在小区党建中持续有效发挥积极作用,亟待从全面提升小区党员队伍建设水平并注重发掘与培育中青年党员、持续优化红色业委会运行机制以形成组织形式和工作效果同频共振、谨慎推行“一肩多职”以降低小区治理复杂化和一元化风险、有效填补制度罅隙以提升红色业委会的合法性水平、深化研究工作方法与沟通策略以不断提升业主对业委会党建的熟悉度和接纳度等方面着力。

环境规制、绿色技术创新与可持续发展——被调节的中介效应分析

基于创新理论、可持续发展理论,探讨环境规制、绿色技术创新对可持续发展的影响路径。对中国30个省区市2000—2020年的面板数据样本的研究发现:环境规制正向影响可持续发展,环境规制显著促进绿色技术创新,绿色技术创新对可持续发展有正向推动作用。环境规制通过绿色技术创新对可持续发展发挥部分正向中介效应,政府补贴正向调节绿色技术创新在环境规制与可持续发展之间第二阶段的中介效应。此外研究还发现企业规模、政府干预在各自的最优区间内,能够最大程度提高环境规制对可持续发展的正向影响。

基于供应链视角的企业协同生态创新演化博弈

基于演化博弈理论建立政府规制下的供应链核心企业和非核心企业协同生态创新的演化博弈模型,并对策略选择进行稳定性分析,结合数值仿真模拟不同参数变化对系统演化的影响。结果表明:生态创新的收益越高成本越低越有助于企业协同生态创新;搭便车收益会对企业协同生态创新产生负向影响;存在一个最佳的协同收益分配系数使得双方选择协同生态创新的概率最大;政府补贴和惩罚机制对企业协同生态创新有显著推动作用。

政府资助、环境规制与绿色技术创新:基于企业异质性的比较

基于我国2009—2021年沪深A股上市公司的数据,实证检验了政府资助对企业绿色创新的影响,并验证了环境规制的调节效应,同时基于企业异质性分析该效应的差异。结果显示:政府资助对企业绿色创新存在U形影响,环境规制会削弱该影响;政府资助显著促进非重污染企业的绿色创新,而对重污染企业绿色创新存在U形影响,环境规制会削弱政府资助对重污染企业的U形影响;无论国有还是非国有企业,环境规制正向调节政府资助对企业绿色创新的影响,且对非国有企业调节作用更强。据此,政府在加大对企业绿色创新支持力度的同时,应该结合环境监管政策,采取差异化的资助措施,重在引导企业以追求低碳化目标为导向积极开展绿色创新。

联合创新视角下的绿色供应链双重治理策略研究

为探究不同环境规制政策之间的协同效应,最大程度提升供应链企业绿色创新,利用博弈论和决策优化方法,从联合创新视角研究政府补贴和碳减排规制这两种治理策略下绿色供应链的市场绩效及社会绿色绩效。考虑单位绿色产品的碳减排约束,引入K-T条件建立并求解制造商单独创新(IM)以及联合创新(UG)下的政府补贴模型,并对结果进行对比分析。研究发现,只有当碳减排约束超过某一阈值时,双重治理策略才能形成,否则仅补贴策略有效。相比于单补贴策略,双重治理策略能实现更高的单位产品碳减排水平,有利于增加绿色产品的市场需求,但不利于提升制造商的经济利润,也不利于发挥联合创新模式的优势。两种治理策略在提高消费者剩余和社会总福利方面存在正向协同效应,在实现联合创新社会价值方面则呈负向协同。

不确定性感知与企业绿色技术创新——基于区域与企业异质性视角的分析

实现碳达峰碳中和是推动高质量发展的内在要求,企业积极开展绿色技术创新有利于实现经济的绿色可持续发展。在面对宏观环境的经济政策不确定时,企业对不确定性的感知能力能否帮助企业发挥抵抗风险作用?能否将外部经济政策不确定性转化为企业的内在发展动力实现绿色技术创新?文章探究企业经济政策不确定性的感知程度对其绿色技术创新的影响,并分析了其中的作用机制。在此基础上使用2007—2020年中国沪深A股上市公司数据和企业层面经济政策不确定性指标等数据进行实证检验,并提出政策建议。研究发现,企业经济政策不确定性感知程度的增加能够促进企业绿色技术创新水平的提高。机制分析表明,从外部融资视角看,经济政策不确定性感知的增加可以通过缩小信息不对称与减小企业融资约束提高企业的绿色技术创新能力;从企业内部管理视角看,经济政策不确定性感知的增加能够通过增强企业战略积极性和提升绿色认知能力来提高企业的绿色技术创新能力。通过企业外部地区特征与内部自身特征异质性分析发现,企业所在地区经济发展水平、数字经济发展程度与地区创新活力越高,越有利于企业经济政策不确定性感知促进绿色技术创新,对于非重污染、社会责任表现较差、自身风险承担水平较低的企业这一促进作用更为明显。进一步分析政企互动关系发挥的作用发现,国有企业与政府环境规制水平较高地区的企业拥有更强的绿色创新能力,而政府环保补贴在这一过程中发挥的作用并不充分。研究结论对我国企业实现绿色技术创新具有重要的启示:企业需要充分把握市场信息与市场机遇,树立可持续发展目标;政府需要积极缩小企业与市场、企业与政府间的信息不对称,强化地区创新活力,针对不同地区与类型企业实施经济政策;政府应当完善经济政策平稳机制,积极引导企业正确认知经济政策不确定性带给企业的机会与风险,发挥好政府调节作用,加快实现企业的绿色技术创新与绿色转型发展。

新时代知识产权强国建设中的制度转换--结合党的二十届三中全会精神的解读

《知识产权强国建设纲要(2021—2035年)》是继《国家知识产权战略纲要(2008—2020年)》之后,推动我国知识产权“由大到强”所作出的重大战略部署。党的二十届三中全会为知识产权强国建设进一步指明了方向。知识产权强国建设以知识产权现代化治理作为总基调,以现代化的制度体系建设为核心,从以下四个方面进行制度转换:(一)以创新为基本原则,强化知识产权保护的同时,限制不公平竞争行为;(二)从行政与司法的“双轨制”,转变为“协同保护体系”建设;(三)从注重国内市场的自我发展,到统筹国内和国外,深度参与全球知识产权治理;(四)从强化知识产权指标体系,到拓宽知识产权的制度基础,积极开展知识产权的基础建设。

常态化监管与算法分类分级治理模式更新

作为人工智能的核心要素,算法成为了加速新质生产力生成不可或缺的关键技术。在对算法实施分类分级治理的过程中,我国对数字经济监管也走向常态化监管。分类分级理念及原则所涵摄的安全、创新发展及可信可控的价值要求与算法治理的基本目标具有高度一致性,与常态化监管的实践特征具有高度契合性。然而,当前常态化监管思路与算法分类分级治理尚未充分融合。究其原因,主要在于算法治理面临技术迭代与监管模式调整的双重变化,存在治理规则适应技术变化乏力、多元主体治理协同力量不足、治理手段与工具难以适配现实需求等挑战,还难以实现常态化监管与算法分类分级治理的有效融合。为此,文章建议在现行算法安全综合治理格局下,根据常态化监管的理念、原则及架构,对新技术、新业态、新模式发展下算法治理作出调整,转变当前算法治理的基本价值目标、完善治理具体规则、明确治理主体与治理对象及其相应义务与责任、创新治理工具,通过刚性约束与柔性治理相结合、多主体共商共建共治共筑相平衡、丰富治理手段与创新治理工具相同步等举措,不断健全常态化监管下算法分类分级治理模式,提升算法分类分级治理实效,实现算法安全发展、创新发展、规范发展的目标。

党建引领基层社会治理创新研究

国家治理现代化离不开基层治理现代化。基层社会治理中党建引领作用如何,事关基层党组织能否充分发挥党在社会基层组织中的战斗堡垒作用,也事关基层社会能否实现科学有效治理。近年来,我国基层治理仍面临不少难题,一定程度阻碍基层治理效能的发挥。面对治理困境,始终要从具体国情出发,立足党建引领基层社会治理的实际,找准症结,积极探索党建引领基层社会治理的创新路径。

地方政府债务、异质性环境规制与绿色技术创新——基于247个城市的面板数据分析

本文基于2011~2021年我国247个地级及以上城市的面板数据,实证检验了地方政府债务对绿色技术创新的影响,并探索了异质性环境规制在其中起到的中介效应。研究发现:(1)地方政府债务对绿色技术创新存在总体的促进作用;(2)从机制来看,地方政府债务通过削弱指导性环境规制、增强处罚性环境规制倒逼企业等主体促进绿色技术创新;(3)产业结构升级以及数字经济水平均对地方政府债务影响绿色技术创新存在正向的调节效应。

领先企业创新投入对跟随企业创新投入的挤出效应

本文使用2013—2020年制造业上市公司数据,采用面板固定效应模型,从行业层面分析了市场中处于领先地位企业的创新投入对跟随企业创新投入的挤出效应,并探讨了行业竞争程度和行业管制对上述效应的调节作用。结果显示:行业内领先企业创新投入对跟随企业的创新投入具有挤出效应;行业竞争程度负向调节领先企业创新投入对跟随企业创新投入的挤出效应,即在竞争程度较高的行业,该挤出效应会被削弱;在政府管制程度较低的行业中领先企业创新投入对跟随企业创新投入的挤出效应较强,在政府管制程度较高的行业中该挤出效应则较弱。

“低碳”目标下的企业创新行为:实质还是策略?

创新对于促进企业减污降碳、实现绿色发展转型的重要性日益凸显。区别于已有研究侧重分析低碳城市试点政策对绿色技术创新的影响,本文利用工业企业数据库和专利数据库的微观数据,探讨低碳城市试点政策对企业策略性创新行为的影响及其作用机制。实证结果显示,低碳城市试点显著促进企业创新,其影响源于诱发企业策略性创新行为,但无法激励企业实质性创新行为。在经过一系列识别检验、稳健性检验、不同的估计方法后,上述结论依然成立。异质性分析发现,低碳城市试点对非国有企业、污染行业企业的策略性创新的影响更为显著。基于传递效应模型的机制分析表明低碳城市试点政策扶持下,企业为寻求政府补贴而进行策略性创新。研究结论对于探索“双碳”引领、创新驱动的发展之路具有一定的参考价值。

何以引领:党建引领机制创新及其效能——基于百项基层党建样板案例的分析

党建引领是推进基层治理现代化的根本前提和关键支撑。既有研究侧重理论阐述和个案分析,对“何以引领”的实践机制有待从整体性和全局性层面展开讨论。百项基层样板案例全面展示了当前党建引领基层治理的整体样态及显著特征。创新党建引领机制能够确保党的领导优势转化为基层治理效能,实现有效引领。通过政治、组织、能力和制度方面的引领机制创新,党建引领的权威性和组织结构得以加强,功能基础和动力得以巩固,基层治理资源得以有效整合,社会自主活力得以充分激发,基层精细化治理的转型得以促进。通过完善治理体系、深化群众参与和推进智慧治理,进一步推动党建引领机制创新,构建持续高效和稳定优化的党建引领基层治理格局。