Building-integrated renewable energy policy analysis in China

With the dramatic development of renewable energy all over the world,and for purpose of adjusting energy structure,the Ministry of Construction of China plans to promote the large scale application of renewable energy in buildings. In order to ensure the validity of policy-making,this work firstly exerts a method to do cost-benefit analysis for three kinds of technologies such as building-integrated solar hot water (BISHW) system,building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) technology and ground water heat pump (GWHP). Through selecting a representative city of every climate region,the analysis comes into different results for different climate regions in China and respectively different suggestion for policy-making. On the analysis basis,the Ministry of Construction (MOC) and the Ministry of Finance of China (MOF) united to start-up Building-integrated Renewable Energy Demonstration Projects (BIREDP) in 2006. In the demonstration projects,renewable energy takes place of traditional energy to supply the domestic hot water,electricity,air-conditioning and heating. Through carrying out the demonstration projects,renewable energy related market has been expanded. More and more relative companies and local governments take the opportunity to promote the large scale application of renewable energy in buildings.

Evolving National Security: A Roadmap from Present to Future in Renewable and Nonrenewable Energy Policies (A Technical Review)

This comprehensive exploration delves into the intricate dynamics of national security policies in the realm of renewable and nonrenewable energy sources.From the present landscape characterized by the diversification of energy portfolios to the long-term vision encompassing nuclear fusion,this article navigates through the nuanced interplay of technology,resilience,and environmental responsibility.The synthesis of established nuclear fission technologies and evolving renewable sources forms the cornerstone of a strategic approach,addressing challenges and opportunities to ensure a secure,sustainable energy future.

How do energy policies affect industrial green development in China:Renewable energy,energy conservation,or industrial upgrading?

The industrial sector has accounted for approximately 70%of China's total energy consumption over the past 30 years.Achieving green development is thus an important strategic goal of the Chinese industrial sector.The Chinese government has adopted various energy policies to facilitate industrial green development.Due to their different goals,these policies may have different impacts on the promotion of green development in the industrial sector.Using panel data on 31 provinces from 2007 to 2014,we examine the effects of three types of energy policies—renewable energy,energy conservation,and industrial upgrading—on industrial green development in China,measured using reduced energy intensity.Our empirical findings suggest that all three types facilitate industrial green development.However,effectiveness varies by policy type and region.Renewable energy and energy conservation policies have stronger impacts than policies aiming at upgrading traditional fossil fuel industries.Moreover,it takes longer for the effectiveness of industrial upgrading policies to be manifested,compared with the other two types.We discuss the implications of these empirical findings for future policymaking in promoting industrial green development.

Renewable energy in Australia:a wider policy discourse

This paper assesses the evolution of generation technology-mix in Australia,with specific emphasis on understanding how such evolution has been shaped by wider political and socioeconomic influences.This assessment is predicated on the argument that the contemporary,quintessentially techno-economic,policy discourse on renewable energy is deficient,as it ignores climacteric political and socio-economic influences on generation technology-mix.The methodological framework employed in this paper is informed by the core tenets of technological change theory.The assessment suggests that generation technology-mix in Australia has historically been overwhelmingly influenced by the underlying technological paradigm of the electricity industry;and that this technological paradigm essentially draws its imprimatur from the wider political and socio-economic contexts.By implication,it suggests that a rapid uptake of renewables will have widespread ramifications,extending into political,socio-economic and cultural realms of a society.Clearly,existing policy discourse-that tends to focus on technical potentials,cost competitiveness,externalities and risks of various renewable technologies-is deficient.A much broader discourse is needed.This paper also made an attempt to develop a basis for such a discourse by reviewing broader aspects of the Australian society that would be affected by a rapid uptake of renewables.

An Examination of the Implementation of Existing Policies on Renewable Energy in Nigeria: How Effective?

Renewable energy utilisation is presently at its infancy in Nigeria despite its nation and global relevance. This paper attempts an examination of renewable energy policies aim of finding out how relevant and effective they have been in the Nigeria energy mix. Research shows that the implementations of these renewable policies are not fully effective as a result of several constraints, such as the lack of a supporting legislation, inadequate funding, and absence of a regulatory agency to oversee the development of renewable energy sources. Presently only policies exist for renewable energy in Nigeria. The absence of an effective legislation in renewable energy may hinder the efficient and full utilization of renewable energy in Nigeria. This paper argues for the enactment of an enabling renewable energy law as well as the establishment of a renewable energy agency saddled enforcement of the law, so as to hasten the rapid development and growth of renewable energy utilisation in Nigeria.

Green Renewable Power and Policy in Canada: A Just Energy Transition to Net-Zero

A just and sustainable future requires green renewable power. Net-zero by 2050 is the international goal to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius and sustain the biosphere. Green renewable energy, including wind, solar, biomass and small hydro is abundant in Canada, with potential to satisfy demand with 100% green renewables. This paper compares the renewable power landscape across Canada’s provinces considering four factors—electricity energy mix, renewable energy targets (RETs), renewable energy standard offer programs (RESOPs), feed-in tariff (FITs) or community FITs (comFITs). The provinces with green renewable energy sources typically have enabling policies of RESOP, RETs and FITS, as Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, Ontario and New Brunswick do. In contrast, provinces with abundant oil and gas or large-scale hydro are without pro-renewable energy policies, nor community power options, excepting green renewables in Indigenous communities due to federal funding programs. Community green renewable power projects, such as the “Indigenous off-diesel initiative”, are creating jobs, community revenue and energy sovereignty, towards just and inclusive energy in off-grid Indigenous communities. To reduce climate change, fast-tracking net-zero electricity by 2035 is recommended with the prioritization of community renewable energy by RESOPs, FITs and comFITs. For the transportation and other sectors, banning of all fossil fuels before 2040 is needed. Finally, a long-term plan to reduce the negative impacts of hydroelectricity water fluctuation is needed, considering decommissioning some dams.

Australian Consumer Attitudes and Decision Making on Renewable Energy Technology and Its Impact on the Transformation of the Energy Sector

This paper critically examines research on consumer attitudes and behavior towards solar photovoltaic (PV) and renewable energy technology in Australia. The uptake of renewable energy technology by residential consumers in Australia in the past decade has transformed the electricity supply and demand paradigm. Thus, this paper reviews Australian research on consumer behavior, understanding and choices in order to identify gaps in knowledge. As the role of the consumer transforms, there is a critical need to understand the ways that consumers may respond to future energy policies to mitigate unforeseen negative social and economic consequence of programs designed to achieve positive environmental outcomes.

Development of the Bioenergy as a Part of Renewable Energy in the Nordic Countries: A Comparative Analysis

A comparative assessment of the bioenergy and renewable energy situation in the Nordic countries, Finland, Sweden, Denmark and Norway, was conducted in this study. What factors have contributed to the current high use of renewable energy and especially bioenergy in the Nordic countries? What are the sources of renewable energy and where renewable energy is being used? The development of renewable energy use is described by time series and compared to the overall development of the EU. All of the Nordic countries have high renewable energy consumption and have already met the target for gross final energy consumption according to the Europe 2020 strategy while the EU is behind the 20% target. In total, 53.1 Mtoe renewable energy was used in the Nordic countries in 2018, which was 51% of the final energy consumption, 103.3 Mtoe. Bioenergy accounts for approximately half of renewable energy, 25.8 Mtoe, and is anticipated to develop further. Especially in Norway and Sweden the share of renewable energy was high (73% and 55%) compared to Finland and Denmark (41% and 36%). Norway is famous for hydropower (81% share of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) in 2018) and Denmark for wind power production (20%), while Finland utilizes a lot of biomass for co-generation and heating (79%), followed by Denmark (64%) and Sweden (55%) in 2018. At EU level, bioenergy plays even a higher role than in Nordic countries in renewable energy production (56%) in 2017 and is anticipated to continue to grow in all end-use sectors such as heating and cooling, electricity generation and transport, in the 2020s.

China's climate socialization and renewable energy coalition building

Against the backdrop of a heavy carbon lock-in energy structure,China has made considerable progress in renewable energy(RE)development and become a world leader in this area within a decade.Although existing research suggests that rapid RE growth is mainly due to the convergence of economic growth,green industry competition,and energy security concerns under a unique state-led model,they oversimplify the difficulty inherent in RE policy shifting supported by formerly weak pro-RE actors in China's historical trajectory of a low-carbon transition.By exploring the interaction between international and domestic actors by means of a socialization-based coalition-building framework,this paper aims at analyzing how the capacity building of the RE coalition gets enhanced via institutional anchoring and resource reallocation in the climate socialization process and how the strengthened RE coalition has spurred transformation in China's RE policy and the challenges they are confronted with.

Status of Renewable Energy Applications in the Malaysian Energy Mix

Demand for power in Malaysia is projected to double the current demand in 2030. The current fuel mix for power generation is heavily dependent on fossil fuels. This has created energy supply and environmental sustainability concerns to the industry. Furthermore, at the recent United Nations Climate Change Conference 2009-15th Conference of Parties （COP15）, Malaysia had given the commitment to voluntary reduction of up to 40% in terms of emissions intensity of GDP by the year 2020 compared to 2005 levels. Renewable energy （RE） provides the best alternative in addressing these issues. In 2001, RE was regarded as the fifth fuel in the new Five Fuel Strategy of the National Energy Policy. Small Renewable Energy Program （SREP） was launched with the main objective of supporting the government＇s strategy to intensify the development of RE as the fifth fuel resource. Biomass, the largest amongst the main RE resources available, can be used for heat and power generation. With optimum utilization, the value ofbiomass resources in Malaysia is estimated to be more than RM 500 billion （USD 156 billion） over the next 20 years. Malaysia has the capacity to use renewable energy resources to address the national energy agenda.

Worldwide carbon neutrality transition?Energy efficiency,renewable,carbon trading and advanced energy policies

Climate change and energy shortage crisis promptly necessitate achievement of sustainable development goals.However,there is no straightforward pathways for low-carbon transformation on building sectors,and energy/carbon trading and reverse promotion on decarbonization strategies are not clear.In this study,a literature enumeration method with dialectical analysis was adopted for state-of-the-art literature review and comparison.Low-carbon transformation pathways in buildings were holistically reviewed,with a series of integrated techniques,such as energy saving,clean energy supply,flexible demand response for high self-consumption,and even smart electric vehicle(EV)integration.Afterwards,energy/carbon flows and trading in building-related systems were provided,such as peer-to-peer energy trading,building and thermal/power grids,building and energyintegrated EVs,and carbon trading in buildings.Last but not the least,worldwide decarbonization roadmaps across regions and countries are analysed,to identify the most critical aspects and immediate actions on decarbonization.Results indicate that tradeoff strategies are required to compromise the confliction between insufficient feed-in tariff(FiT)incentives(low renewable penetration in the market)and great economic pressures(high investment in renewable systems).Low-carbon building pathway is further enhanced with first priority given to passive/active energy-saving strategies,onsite clean energy supply and then flexible demand response.Energy/carbon trading will significantly affect renewable energy utilization,and acceptance from end-users to actively install renewable systems or participate in EV interactions.Worldwide decarbonization pathways mainly focus on industries,transportation,buildings,renewable sources,carbon sink and carbon capture,utilization and storage(CCUS).This study can contribute to technical roadmaps and strategies on carbon neutrality transition in both academia and industry,together with advanced policies in grid feed-in tariff,energy/carbon trading and business models worldwide.

Impact of renewable power market penetration on coal power generation capacity growth

Since renewable energy sources are growing in importance, how well they can penetrate the energy market for power generation will be a very important factor in the role the coal industry will play in the future. This paper examined the displacement of coal power plant capacity from 2010 to 2050 by renewables with respect to three drivers assumed under various conditions： the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act （ARRA）, Greenhouse Gas （GItG） policy, and varying plant capital cost cases. The results by 2050 illustrate that renewable market penetration captures anywhere from 1.9% to 6.4% of potential coal power generation capacity additions. Renewable power generation capacity additions is expected to outpace coal power plant additions by 89% with respect to ARRA in 2050, however with no GHG policy coal power generation capacity build-outs will outpace renewables by as high as 809%. Finally, coal power generation is still projected to be the largest single energy source contributor to the electricity market making up 28.0% of total available capacity, while renewables are expected to only make up 16.3% of total available capacity.

Decentralised Energy Systems and Associated Policy Mechanisms—A Review of Africa

Decentralised energy (DE), also known as distributed energy, refers to power generation and energy storage systems located at or near the point of use;and may also be connected to a local distribution network system or to a high voltage transmission system either directly or through a local distribution network system. It is generated or stored by a variety of small devices commonly referred to as distributed energy resources (DER);the definition also extends to include stand-alone systems completely isolated from the public networks. The contribution made by independent power producers (IPP’s) through deployment of DER in the African energy market is critical to fast-tracking the deployment of renewables, diversification of the energy mix and enhancing access to modern and clean energy. There is need to develop policy mechanisms aimed at enhancing the current positive drive in the energy market;and this has been observed to be a driving factor in countries which have developed appropriate policy strategies. This paper presents the concept of DE in detail and how it could complement efforts to addressing the current energy crises in Southern Africa;it also looks at policy developments in Africa and presents the scenarios in the two southern African countries of South Africa and Botswana. The research is based on an extensive review of literature on the subject matter, consultations with stakeholders as well as feedback from the Learning Network for Sustainable Energy Systems (LeNSes) workshops.

Does green growth in E-7 countries depend on economic policy uncertainty,institutional quality,and renewable energy?Evidence from quantile-based regression

Environmental degradation is one of the most debatable topics at international forums and it is considered a prime concern for the entire world.Therefore,researchers and policymakers have turned their attention from conventional economic growth to green growth.Although the existing literature has discussed several determinants of green growth,the impact of economic policy uncertainty(EPU),renewable energy consumption(RENE),and institutional quality(IQ)on green growth(GGDP)is relatively unexplored.Hence,this study is the earliest attempt to investigate the impact of EPU,IQ,and RENE on GGDP for emerging seven(E-7)countries from 1996 to 2019.In doing so,we apply panel quantile regression(PQR).The empirical findings delineate that EPU has a negative impact on GGDP,whereas IQ and RENE enhance the GGDP in E-7 countries.Based on the outcomes,this study suggests policy implications for achieving targets of the SDG 07,SDG 08,SDG 13,and SDG 16.The governments of these countries can achieve higher GGDP by ensuring political stability and reliable macroeconomic policies and through making such flexible policies that can easily control or address unpredictable future economic issues.

An overview of the policies and models of integrated development for solar and wind power generation in China

Under the goal of “Carbon Emission Peak and Carbon Neutralization”, the integrated development between various industries and renewable energy(photovoltaic, wind power) is of great significance in China. This paper summarizes the relevant policies, integration schemes and typical cases of the integrated development between renewable energy and other industries. First, the development status of wind and solar generation in China is introduced. Second, we summarize the relevant policies issued by the National Development and Reform Commission, National Energy Administration and other departments to promote the integrated development in photovoltaic and wind power generation in China. Third, eight kinds of photovoltaic three-dimensional development models are described, including “photovoltaic + agriculture, industry, environmental protection, transportation, architecture, communication, hydrogen and ecology”. Fourth, eight kinds of wind power threedimensional development models are summarized, including “Offshore wind power + marine ranch, marine energy, marine tourism, marine oil and gas, hydrogen, communication, Energy Island” and “Onshore wind power+ courtyard”. In the future, the promotion and application of the above integrated development projects will be accelerated. This overview aims to provide reference for the design in photovoltaic and wind energy systems and help potential investors to make decisions.

基于四维分析框架的中国省级可再生能源政策量化研究

将可再生能源政策文本进行多维度量化分析,是政策制定和政策优化的必要工作之一,对保证政策执行效果最大化具有重要意义。以中国30个省级行政区2010—2022年间的616份可再生能源政策文本为研究对象,构建政策目标—政策主体—政策工具—政策效果的四维分析框架,运用政策文本分析、社会网络分析、PMC指数分析等方法,对可再生能源政策进行量化研究。结果发现:①目标较清晰的政策文本比例有所提高但政策数量整体有所下降;②政策主体数量较多且存在一定程度上合作,但存在部分政策主体“边缘化”现象;③3种政策工具均有所覆盖,但需求型政策工具较为缺乏;④政策效果大多数为优秀或良好,但少数政策效果一般,需加强政策性质、发布机构和政策重点多元化。基于以上发现,从提升政策目标清晰程度等4个方面提出相关政策建议。

低碳城市试点政策能否有效促进可再生能源技术创新?

低碳城市试点政策是中国促进经济社会绿色低碳发展的一项重要举措,而可再生能源技术创新是其中的关键技术路径。基于2006—2020年的城市数据,采用渐进双重差分法考察低碳试点城市对可再生能源技术创新发展的作用机制与影响差异。结果显示,低碳城市试点政策主要通过影响城市产业结构和绿色金融发展促进可再生能源技术创新发展,且对不同资源禀赋城市的可再生能源技术创新具有异质性影响。研究建议持续扩大低碳城市试点政策推行范围,促进可再生能源技术创新发展,从而推动社会绿色转型。

促进我国可再生能源发展的税收政策研究

大力发展可再生能源是推进能源革命的客观要求,而我国可再生能源发展面临既要大规模开发,又要高水平消纳,更要保障电力安全可靠供应等多重挑战,因而亟需充分发挥税收政策的激励作用。现行税收政策在促进可再生能源开发、利用以及新型电力系统核心技术创新等方面仍然存在一些不足之处。未来需要从优化可再生能源开发的增值税和企业所得税优惠政策、出台可再生能源消纳利用的税收支持政策、加大新型电力系统核心技术创新税收支持力度等方面,完善支持绿色低碳发展的税收政策体系,促进我国可再生能源高质量发展。

基于文本分析的可再生能源政策工具及其对技术创新影响研究

能源绿色低碳转型是实现我国“碳达峰、碳中和”战略目标的首要行动,可再生能源技术创新已经成为实现能源结构绿色低碳发展和转型升级的关键举措。为了检验“波特假说”并验证不同政策工具对于可再生能源技术创新的影响效应,研究首先根据政策演进的时间逻辑,将我国可再生能源政策发展划分为从初步探索至优化完善5个不同发展阶段;然后针对1995—2023年间我国颁布的678个政策文本,按照命令控制型、市场激励型和公众参与型3种不同的可再生能源政策工具的进行了词频、共词和语义网络图谱文本量化分析;进一步,为了验证波特假说在可再生能源政策领域的有效性,分析得出了异质性政策工具对于可再生能源技术创新的影响效应。研究发现:在整体层次上,不同政策工具的使用频率存在差异性,其中命令控制型政策工具占比最高;在可再生能源不同的发展阶段,政策工具的使用也存在显著的差异性;不同政策工具类型通过不同的手段对于可再生能源技术创新产生了异质化的影响效应。最后得出需要强化市场激励型和公众参与型政策工具,加大可再生能源技术创新的投入,继续完善包括绿色金融支持和税收优惠类等政策工具体系的使用频率等相关政策启示。

居民视角下辽宁省可再生能源发展建议及影响因素研究

大力发展可再生能源有助于实现“双碳”战略目标。在影响可再生能源发展的诸多因素中,居民看法的影响程度有待进一步研究。文章以辽宁省居民对可再生能源认知、态度、行为以及政策意见为研究内容,依据人口数、可用耕地面积以及通过U-Net模型识别计算的可用屋顶面积,结合内曼分布设计各市所需问卷数,在线上线下同时展开调查。在所得的1332份问卷中,20.00%以上的居民对可再生能源有错误认知,63.62%的居民愿意推动可再生能源发展,65.57%的居民更希望企业发挥较大的作用。对所得数据进行主成分分析和回归分析,结果表明,职业类型显著影响居民对可再生能源的认知和行为,企业类居民对我国能源资源、家庭储能系统的了解程度比非企业类居民分别高9.66%,18.20%;企业类居民主动选择价格稍高的绿色节能家电比非企业类居民高10.37%;非在校学生为可再生能源发电支付更高电价的意愿比在校学生高10.93%。支持在辽宁发展可再生能源产业的居民,更容易接受价高的绿色节能家电,同时支持将自己的低碳行为转化为绿色积分或碳配额。文章基于以上研究成果,提出开展社会活动,提升辽宁省居民可再生能源认知水平;鼓励金融机构增加可再生能源技术的研发投资,降低产品价格,增加居民参与积极性;提出可再生能源总体运作框架,促进绿色积分交易,在辽宁省打造一批净零碳排放的示范区。