The thermally induced cyclic loading on integral bridge abutments causes soil deformation and lateral stress ratcheting behind the abutment wall due to the expansion and contraction of the bridge deck.The forward and ...The thermally induced cyclic loading on integral bridge abutments causes soil deformation and lateral stress ratcheting behind the abutment wall due to the expansion and contraction of the bridge deck.The forward and backward movements of the abutment in response to the expansion/contraction of the bridge deck lead to the formation of settlement trough and surface heaving,frequently creating a bump at the bridge approach and increasing the lateral earth pressure behind the abutment.Measures to reduce the bump at the bridge approach,including several treatment methods,such as compaction of selected backfill materials,grout injection,installation of approach slab,and using a layer of compressible inclusion material behind the abutment were proposed.However,these guidelines still lack sufficient design details and there are limited experimental findings to validate design assumptions.In this paper,the use of engineered compressible materials to alleviate the lateral earth pressure ratcheting and settlement at the bridge approach is investigated.The comparative study is presented for the soil-inclusion,material-structure and soil-structure interactions for an integral bridge under three different backfill conditions,i.e.(a)sand,(b)sand and EPS geofoam,and(c)sand and Infinergy®.The study was conducted in a special large-scale test chamber with a semi-scale abutment to gain better insights into the soil-structure interaction(SSI).The kinematics and rearrangement of the soil during the cyclic loading have been investigated to identify the mitigating effects of compressible inclusions.The comparative study indicates that both compressible inclusions perform comparatively well,however,Infinergy®is a better alternative than the medium-density EPS geofoam,as it works more effectively to reduce the backfill settlement and heaving as well as soil ratcheting effects under cyclic translational movement.展开更多
Seismic pounding between adjacent frames in multiple-frame bridges and girder ends in multi-span simply supported bridges has been commonly observed in several recent earthquakes.The consequences of pounding include d...Seismic pounding between adjacent frames in multiple-frame bridges and girder ends in multi-span simply supported bridges has been commonly observed in several recent earthquakes.The consequences of pounding include damage to piers,abutments,shear keys,bearings and restrainers,and possible collapse of deck spans.This paper investigates pounding in bridges from an analytical perspective.A simplified nonlinear model of a multiple-frame bridge is developed including the effects of inelastic frame action and nonlinear hinge behavior,to study the seismic response to longitudinal ground motion.Pounding is implemented using the contact force-based Kelvin model,as well as the momentum-based stereomechanical approach.Parameter studies are conducted to determine the effects of frame period ratio,column hysteretic behavior,energy dissipation during impact and near source ground motions on the pounding response of the bridge.The results indicate that pounding is most critical for highly out-of-phase frames and is not significant for frame period ratios greater than 0.7.Impact models without energy dissipation overestimate the displacement and acceleration amplifications due to impact,especially for elastic behavior of the frames.Representation of stiffness degradation in bridge columns is essential in capturing the accurate response of pounding frames subjected to far field ground motion.Finally,it is shown that strength degradation and pounding can result in significant damage to the stiffer frames of the bridge when subjected to large acceleration pulses from near field ground motion records.展开更多
One existence integral condition was obtained for the adapted solution of the general backward stochastic differential equations(BSDEs). Then by solving the integral constraint condition, and using a limit procedure, ...One existence integral condition was obtained for the adapted solution of the general backward stochastic differential equations(BSDEs). Then by solving the integral constraint condition, and using a limit procedure, a new approach method is proposed and the existence of the solution was proved for the BSDEs if the diffusion coefficients satisfy the locally Lipschitz condition. In the special case the solution was a Brownian bridge. The uniqueness is also considered in the meaning of "F0-integrable equivalent class" . The new approach method would give us an efficient way to control the main object instead of the "noise".展开更多
Using Geogrid-Reinforced Soil （GRS） we studied the working mechanism and design method of GRS at bridge approach with high backfill by field experiment. In a highway section where the height of backfill is 13.5 mete...Using Geogrid-Reinforced Soil （GRS） we studied the working mechanism and design method of GRS at bridge approach with high backfill by field experiment. In a highway section where the height of backfill is 13.5 meters, geogrids were used at two bridge approaches to address the bumping problems. Some soil pressure cells were used to measure the normal and lateral soil pressure at different locations in the roadbed. The experimental results indicate that geogrids in geogrid-reinforced soil （GRS） could produce an uplift force, the closer the location to the abutment, the larger the uplift force, and the reduction of measured soil pressures compared with theoretical values was the largest at the bottom of roadbed, less at the top than at the bottom, and the least in the mid-height of roadbed than at the bottom. These findings are different from those of the traditional greogrid-reinforced subgrade design method,展开更多
Hybrid simulation has been shown to be a cost-effective approach for assessing the seismic performance of structures. In hybrid simulation,critical parts of a structure are physically tested,while the remaining portio...Hybrid simulation has been shown to be a cost-effective approach for assessing the seismic performance of structures. In hybrid simulation,critical parts of a structure are physically tested,while the remaining portions of the system are concurrently simulated computationally,typically using a finite element model. This combination is realized through a numerical time-integration scheme,which allows for investigation of full system-level responses of a structure in a cost-effective manner. However,conducting hybrid simulation of complex structures within large-scale testing facilities presents significant challenges. For example,the chosen modeling scheme may create numerical inaccuracies or even result in unstable simulations; the displacement and force capacity of the experimental system can be exceeded; and a hybrid test may be terminated due to poor communication between modules(e.g.,loading controllers,data acquisition systems,simulation coordinator). These problems can cause the simulation to stop suddenly,and in some cases can even result in damage to the experimental specimens; the end result can be failure of the entire experiment. This study proposes a phased approach to hybrid simulation that can validate all of the hybrid simulation components and ensure the integrity largescale hybrid simulation. In this approach,a series of hybrid simulations employing numerical components and small-scale experimental components are examined to establish this preparedness for the large-scale experiment. This validation program is incorporated into an existing,mature hybrid simulation framework,which is currently utilized in the Multi-Axial Full-Scale Sub-Structuring Testing and Simulation(MUST-SIM) facility of the George E. Brown Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation(NEES) equipment site at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. A hybrid simulation of a four-span curved bridge is presented as an example,in which three piers are experimentally controlled in a total of 18 degrees of freedom(DOFs). This simulation illustrates the effectiveness of the phased approach presented in this paper.展开更多
It＇ s a necessary selection to support the maneuver across Yangtze River by floating bridge constructed by portable steel bridge and civilian ships. It is a comprehensive index for the scheme of bridge raft, containi...It＇ s a necessary selection to support the maneuver across Yangtze River by floating bridge constructed by portable steel bridge and civilian ships. It is a comprehensive index for the scheme of bridge raft, containing a variety of technical factors and uncertainties. The optimization is the selection in the constructing time, quantity of equipments and man power. Based on the calculation result of bridge rafts, an evaluating system is established, consisting of index of spacing between interior bays, raft length, truss numbers, operation difficulty and maximal bending stress. A fuzzy matter element model of optimizing selection of bridge rafts was built up by combining quantitative analysis with qualitative analysis. The method of combination weighting was used to calculate the value of weights index to reduce the subjective randomness. The sequence of schemes and the optimization resuh were gained finally based on euclid approach degree. The application result shows that it is simple and practical.展开更多
In order to study the seismic performance of typical approach bridge for port project, the seismic vulnerability model was created. 100 of the earthquake motion records are selected from the database of Pacific Earthq...In order to study the seismic performance of typical approach bridge for port project, the seismic vulnerability model was created. 100 of the earthquake motion records are selected from the database of Pacific Earthquake Research Centre, In order to obtain the maximum responses of structure dynamic response, the model was calculated by using non-linear time history analysis. Then reliability analysis method was used to generate the fragility curves of bridge components. And compared two kinds of bearing made differences to structure＇ s vulnerability. Researches show that bearing is easy to breakdown with earthquake action. Isolation bearing has good effect, and significantly reduces failure probability, fmaUy the fragility curves obtained can be used to evaluate the seismic performance of continuous beam bridge for port project, and provide the basis for seismic design of bridges for port project.展开更多
Language classrooms should be seen as mini intercultural communities in which interactions take place. It is English teachers' responsibility to acquaint learners with cultural differences and strategies for cross...Language classrooms should be seen as mini intercultural communities in which interactions take place. It is English teachers' responsibility to acquaint learners with cultural differences and strategies for cross- cultural communication. While teaching linguistic features in college English classrooms, cultural bridge should be built to enhance cultural continuity and effective communication.展开更多
基金The authors gratefully acknowledge and thank BASF for providing the Infinergymaterial used in this research.The continuous technical support provided by Mr.Van Doan and Advanced Materials Characterisation Facility(AMCF)at Western Sydney University(WSU)are also gratefully acknowledged.This research is supported by the Graduate student research fund of WSU.This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public,commercial,or not-for-profit sectors.
文摘The thermally induced cyclic loading on integral bridge abutments causes soil deformation and lateral stress ratcheting behind the abutment wall due to the expansion and contraction of the bridge deck.The forward and backward movements of the abutment in response to the expansion/contraction of the bridge deck lead to the formation of settlement trough and surface heaving,frequently creating a bump at the bridge approach and increasing the lateral earth pressure behind the abutment.Measures to reduce the bump at the bridge approach,including several treatment methods,such as compaction of selected backfill materials,grout injection,installation of approach slab,and using a layer of compressible inclusion material behind the abutment were proposed.However,these guidelines still lack sufficient design details and there are limited experimental findings to validate design assumptions.In this paper,the use of engineered compressible materials to alleviate the lateral earth pressure ratcheting and settlement at the bridge approach is investigated.The comparative study is presented for the soil-inclusion,material-structure and soil-structure interactions for an integral bridge under three different backfill conditions,i.e.(a)sand,(b)sand and EPS geofoam,and(c)sand and Infinergy®.The study was conducted in a special large-scale test chamber with a semi-scale abutment to gain better insights into the soil-structure interaction(SSI).The kinematics and rearrangement of the soil during the cyclic loading have been investigated to identify the mitigating effects of compressible inclusions.The comparative study indicates that both compressible inclusions perform comparatively well,however,Infinergy®is a better alternative than the medium-density EPS geofoam,as it works more effectively to reduce the backfill settlement and heaving as well as soil ratcheting effects under cyclic translational movement.
基金Earthquake Engineering Research Centers Program of the National Science Foundation Under Award Number EEC-9701785(Mid-America Earthquake Center)
文摘Seismic pounding between adjacent frames in multiple-frame bridges and girder ends in multi-span simply supported bridges has been commonly observed in several recent earthquakes.The consequences of pounding include damage to piers,abutments,shear keys,bearings and restrainers,and possible collapse of deck spans.This paper investigates pounding in bridges from an analytical perspective.A simplified nonlinear model of a multiple-frame bridge is developed including the effects of inelastic frame action and nonlinear hinge behavior,to study the seismic response to longitudinal ground motion.Pounding is implemented using the contact force-based Kelvin model,as well as the momentum-based stereomechanical approach.Parameter studies are conducted to determine the effects of frame period ratio,column hysteretic behavior,energy dissipation during impact and near source ground motions on the pounding response of the bridge.The results indicate that pounding is most critical for highly out-of-phase frames and is not significant for frame period ratios greater than 0.7.Impact models without energy dissipation overestimate the displacement and acceleration amplifications due to impact,especially for elastic behavior of the frames.Representation of stiffness degradation in bridge columns is essential in capturing the accurate response of pounding frames subjected to far field ground motion.Finally,it is shown that strength degradation and pounding can result in significant damage to the stiffer frames of the bridge when subjected to large acceleration pulses from near field ground motion records.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China ( No. 11171062 ) Natural Science Foundation for the Youth,China ( No.11101077) Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission,China ( No. 12ZZ063)
文摘One existence integral condition was obtained for the adapted solution of the general backward stochastic differential equations(BSDEs). Then by solving the integral constraint condition, and using a limit procedure, a new approach method is proposed and the existence of the solution was proved for the BSDEs if the diffusion coefficients satisfy the locally Lipschitz condition. In the special case the solution was a Brownian bridge. The uniqueness is also considered in the meaning of "F0-integrable equivalent class" . The new approach method would give us an efficient way to control the main object instead of the "noise".
文摘Using Geogrid-Reinforced Soil （GRS） we studied the working mechanism and design method of GRS at bridge approach with high backfill by field experiment. In a highway section where the height of backfill is 13.5 meters, geogrids were used at two bridge approaches to address the bumping problems. Some soil pressure cells were used to measure the normal and lateral soil pressure at different locations in the roadbed. The experimental results indicate that geogrids in geogrid-reinforced soil （GRS） could produce an uplift force, the closer the location to the abutment, the larger the uplift force, and the reduction of measured soil pressures compared with theoretical values was the largest at the bottom of roadbed, less at the top than at the bottom, and the least in the mid-height of roadbed than at the bottom. These findings are different from those of the traditional greogrid-reinforced subgrade design method,
基金a NEESR-SG project(Seismic Simulation and Design of Bridge Columns under Combined Actions and Implications on System Response)funded by the National Science Foundation under Award No.CMMI-0530737NSC in Taiwan under Grant No.NSC-095-SAF-I-564-036-TMS
文摘Hybrid simulation has been shown to be a cost-effective approach for assessing the seismic performance of structures. In hybrid simulation,critical parts of a structure are physically tested,while the remaining portions of the system are concurrently simulated computationally,typically using a finite element model. This combination is realized through a numerical time-integration scheme,which allows for investigation of full system-level responses of a structure in a cost-effective manner. However,conducting hybrid simulation of complex structures within large-scale testing facilities presents significant challenges. For example,the chosen modeling scheme may create numerical inaccuracies or even result in unstable simulations; the displacement and force capacity of the experimental system can be exceeded; and a hybrid test may be terminated due to poor communication between modules(e.g.,loading controllers,data acquisition systems,simulation coordinator). These problems can cause the simulation to stop suddenly,and in some cases can even result in damage to the experimental specimens; the end result can be failure of the entire experiment. This study proposes a phased approach to hybrid simulation that can validate all of the hybrid simulation components and ensure the integrity largescale hybrid simulation. In this approach,a series of hybrid simulations employing numerical components and small-scale experimental components are examined to establish this preparedness for the large-scale experiment. This validation program is incorporated into an existing,mature hybrid simulation framework,which is currently utilized in the Multi-Axial Full-Scale Sub-Structuring Testing and Simulation(MUST-SIM) facility of the George E. Brown Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation(NEES) equipment site at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. A hybrid simulation of a four-span curved bridge is presented as an example,in which three piers are experimentally controlled in a total of 18 degrees of freedom(DOFs). This simulation illustrates the effectiveness of the phased approach presented in this paper.
文摘It＇ s a necessary selection to support the maneuver across Yangtze River by floating bridge constructed by portable steel bridge and civilian ships. It is a comprehensive index for the scheme of bridge raft, containing a variety of technical factors and uncertainties. The optimization is the selection in the constructing time, quantity of equipments and man power. Based on the calculation result of bridge rafts, an evaluating system is established, consisting of index of spacing between interior bays, raft length, truss numbers, operation difficulty and maximal bending stress. A fuzzy matter element model of optimizing selection of bridge rafts was built up by combining quantitative analysis with qualitative analysis. The method of combination weighting was used to calculate the value of weights index to reduce the subjective randomness. The sequence of schemes and the optimization resuh were gained finally based on euclid approach degree. The application result shows that it is simple and practical.
文摘In order to study the seismic performance of typical approach bridge for port project, the seismic vulnerability model was created. 100 of the earthquake motion records are selected from the database of Pacific Earthquake Research Centre, In order to obtain the maximum responses of structure dynamic response, the model was calculated by using non-linear time history analysis. Then reliability analysis method was used to generate the fragility curves of bridge components. And compared two kinds of bearing made differences to structure＇ s vulnerability. Researches show that bearing is easy to breakdown with earthquake action. Isolation bearing has good effect, and significantly reduces failure probability, fmaUy the fragility curves obtained can be used to evaluate the seismic performance of continuous beam bridge for port project, and provide the basis for seismic design of bridges for port project.
文摘Language classrooms should be seen as mini intercultural communities in which interactions take place. It is English teachers' responsibility to acquaint learners with cultural differences and strategies for cross- cultural communication. While teaching linguistic features in college English classrooms, cultural bridge should be built to enhance cultural continuity and effective communication.
