A review of mechanism and prevention technologies of coal bumps in China

Coal bump refers to a sudden catastrophic failure of coal seam and usually can cause serious damages to underground mining facilities and staff. In this circumstance, this paper focuses on the recent achievements in the mechanism and prevention techniques of coal bumps over the past five years in China.Based on theoretical analysis, laboratory experiment, numerical simulation and field test, the characteristics of coal bumps occurrence in China's coal mines were described, and the difference between coal bumps and rockbursts was also discussed. In addition, three categories of coal bumps induced by'material failure' were introduced, i.e. hard roof, floor strata and tectonic structures, in which the mechanism of coal bumps induced by geological structures was analyzed. This involves the bump liability and microstructure effects on bump-prone coal failure, the mechanism of coal bumps in response to fault reactivation, island face mining or hard roof failure. Next, the achievements in the monitoring and controlling methods of coal bumps were reviewed. These methods involve the incorporated prediction system of micro-seismicity and mining-induced pressure, the distributed micro-seismic monitoring system, energy absorption support system, bolts with constant resistance and large elongation,and the 'multi-stage' high-performance support. Finally, an optimal mining design is desirable for the purpose of coal bump mitigation.

Using LaModel to analyze coal bumps

Coal bumps have long been a safety hazard in coal mines, and even after decades of research, the exact mechanics that cause coal bumps are still not well understood. Therefore, coal bumps are still difficult to predict and control. The LaModel program has a long history of being used to effectively analyze displacements and stresses in coal mines, and with the recent addition of energy release and local mine stiffness calculations, the LaModel program now has greatly increased capabilities for evaluating coal bump potential. This paper presents three recent case histories where coal stress, pillar safety factor, energy release rate and local mine stiffness calculations in LaModel were used to evaluate the pillar plan and cut sequencing that were associated with a number of bumps. The first case history is a longwall mine where a simple stress analysis was used to help determine the limiting depth for safely mining in bump-prone ground. The second case history is a room-and-pillar retreat mine where the LaModel analysis is used to help optimize the pillar extraction sequencing in order to minimize the frequent pillar line bumps. The third case history is the Crandall Canyon mine where an initial bump and then a massive pillar collapse/bump which killed 6 miners is extensively back-analyzed. In these case histories, the calculation tools in LaModel are ultimately shown to be very effective for analyzing various aspects of the bump problem, and in the conclusions, a number of critical insights into the practical calculation of mine failure and stability developed as a result of this research are presented.

Laser-assisted deposition of Cu bumps for microelectronic packaging

Cu bump was transferred using a focused laser pulse for microelectronic packaging.An Nd:YAG laser pulse (maximum energy of 500 mJ;wavelength of 1064 nm;fluences of 0.4-2.1 kJ/cm2) was irradiated on a sacrificial absorption layer with copper coating.The focused laser beam induced plasma between the semi-transparent donor slide and the sacrificial layer,causing a shock wave.The shock wave pressure pushed the Cu layer and transferred material to deposit a bump on substrate.A beam-shaper was used to produce uniform pressure at the interface to reduce fragmentation of the transferred material on the substrate.The calculated shock wave pressure with respect to laser fluence was 1-3 GPa.A Cu bump of diameter of 200 μm was successfully deposited at laser fluence of 0.6 kJ/cm 2.The pressure control at the sacrificial layer using a laser pulse was critical to produce a bump with less fragmentation.The technique can be applied to forming Cu bump for an interconnecting process in electronics.

Multidimensional Median Filters for Finding Bumps in Chemical Sensor Datasets

Feature detection in chemical sensors images falls under the general topic of mathematical morphology, where the goal is to detect “image objects” e.g. peaks or spots in an image. Here, we propose a novel method for object detection that can be generalized for a k-dimensional object obtained from an analogous higher-dimensional technology source. Our method is based on the smoothing decomposition, Data = Smooth + Rough, where the “rough” (i.e. residual) object from a k-dimensional cross-shaped smoother provides information for object detection. We demonstrate properties of this procedure with chemical sensor applications from various biological fields, including genetic and proteomic data analysis.

飞行器乘波前体/Bump型面优化设计方法研究

飞行器前体和Bump型面是乘波体思想在飞行器部件设计中的两大经典案例,可有效提升飞行器总体气动性能,已经成为飞行器总体设计的核心技术。为寻求乘波前体和Bump型面的最优设计以提升飞行器设计效率,提出了一种可应用于乘波前体和Bump型面的优化设计方法。采用密切锥理论和圆锥绕流流场生成初始的乘波前体和Bump型面,并通过面元法快速预估气动性能;结合BP神经网络建立的代理模型和遗传算法NSGA-II对乘波前体和Bump型面快速优化;利用数据挖掘方法分析乘波前体和Bump型面的流动机理。优化后的乘波前体升阻比提升了25.6%,体积提升41.4%。Bump型面阻力系数减少10.9%,横向压力梯度增加12.1%。研究结果表明,提出的优化方法能够有效应用于乘波前体和Bump气动型面的设计优化,对飞行器整体气动性能的优化具有指导意义,在工程应用中具有重大潜力。

同步挤压小波变换在矿山微震监测系统中的应用

微震监测技术是一种保证矿山安全、高效、可持续发展的重要地压监测手段。矿山传感器获取的微震数据容易受到宽频带非平稳噪声的影响,导致微震监测缺乏可用的高质量数据。本文介绍了一种新的频谱分析方法——同步挤压小波变换,它提供了一种将数据同时分解到时域和频域的方法,且比小波变换等方法的时频分辨率更高,可以在时频谱上更为清晰地展示微震信号。同时,本文还比较了Morlet小波基和Bump小波基对微震波形的影响程度,并通过现场微震监测波形验证了Morlet小波基的相对可靠性。采用基于噪声水平的硬阈值滤波方法对其进行分别处理,结果表明,基于Morlet小波基的同步挤压小波变换在从原始数据中提取微震信号方面具有更大的实用价值,能够有效地提高信号的信噪比。

Preparation of Sn-Ag-In ternary solder bumps by electroplating in sequence and reliability

This paper describes a technique that can obtain ternary Sn-Ag-In solder bumps with fine pitch and homogenous composition distribution.The main feature of this process is that tin-silver and indium are electroplated on copper under bump metallization（UBM） in sequence.After an accurate reflow process,Sn_（1.8）Ag_（9.4）In solder bumps are obtained.It is found that the intermetallic compounds（IMCs） between Sn-Ag-In solder and Cu grow with the reflow time,which results in an increase in Ag concentration in the solder area.So during solidification, more Ag_2In nucleates and strengthens the solder.

Passage shock wave/boundary layer interaction control for transonic compressors using bumps

Flow separation due to shock wave/boundary layer interaction is dominated in blade passage with supersonic relative incoming flow,which always accompanies aerodynamic performance penalties.A loss reduction method for smearing the passage shock foot via Shock Control Bump(SCB)located on transonic compressor rotor blade suction side is implemented to shrink the region of boundary layer separation.The curved windward section of SCB with constant adverse pressure gradient is constructed ahead of passage shock-impingement point at design rotor speed of Rotor 37 to get the improved model.Numerical investigations on both two models have been conducted employing Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS)method to reveal flow physics of SCB.Comparisons and analyses on simulation results have also been carried out,showing that passage shock foot of baseline is replaced with a family of compression waves and a weaker shock foot for moderate adverse pressure gradient as well as suppression of boundary layer separations and secondary flow of low-momentum fluid within boundary layer.It is found that adiabatic efficiency and total pressure ratio of improved blade exceeds those of baseline at 95%-100%design rotor speed,and then slightly worsens with decrease of rotatory speed till both equal below 60%rated speed.The investigated conclusion implies a potential promise for future practical applications of SCB in both transonic and supersonic compressors.

Rock dynamics in deep mining

Rock mass dynamics disasters caused by excavations and mining occur frequently in deep mines.In order to establish a theoretical system and control technologies for such disasters,we first classify and define dynamic disasters,such as rock bursts,coal bursts,mine pressure bumps,and mine earthquakes.According to the occurrence mechanism of different types of dynamic disasters,we establish a compensation control theory based on excavation and mining effects.On the basis,we propose three key technologies:high prestress compensation technology for the roadway,pressure relief technology using directional roof cutting,and the goaf filling technology using broken rock dilation.These three technologies constitute the compensation control method for dynamic disasters in deep mines.Finally,this method was successfully applied in a deep coal mine with high stress,with monitored results suggesting its rationality.This work provides a new concept and control method for the prevention of rock dynamic disasters in deep mines.

Effect of short-term plasticity on working memory

The way in which persistent firing activity and synaptic plasticity are orchestrated to underlie working memory in recurrent neural networks is not fully understood. Here, we build a continuous attractor network of pyramidal cells and interneurons to simulate an oculomotor delayed response task. Both short-term facilitation(STF) and short-term depression(STD) manifest at synapses between pyramidal cells. The efficacy of individual synapses depends on the time constants of STF and STD as well as the presynaptic firing rate. Self-sustained firing activity(i.e., a bump attractor) during the delay period encodes the cue position. The bump attractor becomes more robust against random drifts and distractions with enhancing STF or reducing STD. Keeping STF and STD at appropriate levels is crucial for optimizing network performance. Our results suggest that, besides slow recurrent excitation and strong global inhibition, short-term plasticity plays a prominent role in facilitating mnemonic behavior.

Study on crab-cavity-based longitudinal injection scheme and prototype realization of C-band crab cavity for electron storage rings

A diffraction-limited storage ring with a multi-bend achromat lattice suffers from a small dynamic aperture for conventional off-axis injection.Thus,a longitudinal on-axis injection scheme based on a new type of crab cavity is proposed in this paper.Particle tracking simulations were performed to study the disturbance of the stored beam and the motion of the injected beam during the injection process.The possibility of multi-bunch injections was discussed.In addition,the effect of the long-range wake field induced by the stored beam was analyzed.A C-band standing-wave crab cavity was designed and produced as requested,and its field distribution was measured.The corresponding results are consistent with the simulation results.

Application of engineered compressible inclusions to mitigating soilstructure interaction issues in integral bridge abutments

The thermally induced cyclic loading on integral bridge abutments causes soil deformation and lateral stress ratcheting behind the abutment wall due to the expansion and contraction of the bridge deck.The forward and backward movements of the abutment in response to the expansion/contraction of the bridge deck lead to the formation of settlement trough and surface heaving,frequently creating a bump at the bridge approach and increasing the lateral earth pressure behind the abutment.Measures to reduce the bump at the bridge approach,including several treatment methods,such as compaction of selected backfill materials,grout injection,installation of approach slab,and using a layer of compressible inclusion material behind the abutment were proposed.However,these guidelines still lack sufficient design details and there are limited experimental findings to validate design assumptions.In this paper,the use of engineered compressible materials to alleviate the lateral earth pressure ratcheting and settlement at the bridge approach is investigated.The comparative study is presented for the soil-inclusion,material-structure and soil-structure interactions for an integral bridge under three different backfill conditions,i.e.(a)sand,(b)sand and EPS geofoam,and(c)sand and Infinergy®.The study was conducted in a special large-scale test chamber with a semi-scale abutment to gain better insights into the soil-structure interaction(SSI).The kinematics and rearrangement of the soil during the cyclic loading have been investigated to identify the mitigating effects of compressible inclusions.The comparative study indicates that both compressible inclusions perform comparatively well,however,Infinergy®is a better alternative than the medium-density EPS geofoam,as it works more effectively to reduce the backfill settlement and heaving as well as soil ratcheting effects under cyclic translational movement.

“BUMP燃烧室”内混合气形成的多维数值研究

用CFD多维数值分析软件对BUMP燃烧室内柴油喷雾的撞壁混合过程进行了模拟计算,并与用PLIF法取得的试验结果进行了对比,二者基本吻合。试验和模拟计算结果均表明,撞壁射流在遇到BUMP后会剥离燃烧室壁面,形成二次空间射流,扩大撞壁射流与空气的空间混合体积及混合速率,出现与周围空气迅速混合的闪混现象,燃烧室壁面燃油堆积量下降。计算结果还表明,BUMP的位置、高度、形状和角度不同对形成二次空间射流及稀混合气的作用也不相同,在实际应用中应对其进行优化和合理匹配,以便降低柴油机的NOx和碳烟排放。

一种基于稀扩散燃烧的BUMP燃烧室及其对柴油机碳烟和NO_x排放影响的实验研究

在壁面布置限流沿 (BUMP)后 ,撞壁射流从壁面被剥离 ,形成二次空间射流 ,可大大加快空气与流体的混合速率。基于此 ,设计了带有 BUMP的燃烧室 ,采用了可灵活控制喷油规律的 FIRCRI电控共轨式喷油系统进行了发动机实验。实验结果表明 :BU MP燃烧系统能显著降低 NOx 和碳烟排放 ,在平均有效压力为 0 .6 6 MPa(原机 5 0 %负荷 )时 ,烟度只有 0 .1BSU,NOx 为 42 0× 10 - 6;由于在缸内能够形成较均匀的混合气 ,缸内平均过量空气系数在 1.3～ 2 .0的范围内时 ,烟度一直保持在 0 .3BSU以下。实验还发现 BUMP的位置以及喷油定时对排放有重要影响。BUMP燃烧系统在降低 NOx 和碳烟排放方面显示了极大的潜力。

细胞自动机函数优化算法

细胞自动机广泛用于仿真、建模,提出用细胞自动机进行函数优化。该思想与演化算子结合的算法CAMGA在试验中取得了很好的效果。其中对BUMP问题的求解优于现今已经发表的结果。

BUMP燃烧室的稀扩散燃烧机理

开发了BUMP燃烧室并进行了对比实验,发现BUMP燃烧室中可以形成稀的扩散燃烧氛围,使NOx和碳烟排放同时降低．喷射定时3°CA ATDC时,烟度排放降低了约70％,NOx排放与对比燃烧室相当．CFD模拟研究表明,不同的喷射定时下,燃油到达燃烧室壁面时的混合和燃烧状态不同,只有油束在滞燃期内到达燃烧室壁面,由限流沿(BUMP环)扰动形成的二次空间射流才能充分形成,稀扩散燃烧才能明显发生．

基于改进DE算法的难约束优化问题的求解

基于指数函数的性质,提出简易罚函数法(SPFM),用于有效求解难约束优化问题(COP),并屏蔽选取罚因子的困难性。将SPFM和差分演化相结合,给出一种求解难COP的改进差分演化算法(MDE)。利用MDE求解Bump问题可以得出该问题的多个新的最优解,证明MDE在求解难COP时的高效性。

一种云场景的实时渲染方法

探讨了真实感云场景的模拟技术,设计了一种云场景的实时渲染方法。基于Perlin噪声建模生成云浓度图,并采用考虑浓度的Phong光照模型与单向散射光照模型,分别计算反射光和透射光,改善了传统方法无法真实反映不同角度太阳光照的问题,实现了不同时段动态云场景的绘制。通过引入基于GPU的Bumping纹理算法与Render-to-Texture技术,极大提高了云场景的渲染速度。实验结果进一步表明该方法能够同时满足真实感与实时性两个方面的要求。

Bump进气道设计与试验研究

对一种先进的无隔道超音速进气道(Bump或者DSI)进行了设计方法和风洞试验研究。研究表明:Bump进气道性能优异,并且取消了传统的超音速战斗机进气道设计中的附面层隔道、泄放系统和旁路系统,使得飞机阻力小、重量轻、可靠性高。Bump进气道是根据锥型流理论,采用乘波原理设计的。即用机身形面去截取锥形流场,在此范围内进行压缩面的设计,由于锥型波波后产生等熵压缩,在压缩面展向形成一定的压力梯度,将附面层排出进气道口外。

Effects of overburden characteristics on dynamic failure in underground coal mining

Dynamic failures, or ‘‘bumps", remain an imperative safety concern in underground coal mining, despite significant advancements in engineering controls. The presence of spatially discrete, stiff roof units are one feature that has been linked to these events. However, an empirical stratigraphic review indicates that no significant difference exists in the relative commonality of discrete units between bumping and non-bumping deposits. Instead an apparent relationship exists between reportable bumping and the overall stiffness of the host rock. However, this initial study is too simplistic to be conclusive; to weight the relative impact of changes in a single variable, such as the thickness or location of sandstone members, it must be examined in isolation—i.e., in a setting where all other variables are held constant.Numerical modelling provides this setting, and the effects of variability in a stiff discrete member in a hypothetical longwall mining scenario are investigated within the context of three stratigraphic ‘‘types",Compliant, Intermediate and Stiff. A modelling experiment examines changes in rupture potential in stiff roof units for each stratigraphic type as discrete unit thickness and location are manipulated through a range of values. Results suggest that the stiff-to-compliant ratio of the host rock has an impact on the relative stress-inducing effects of discrete stiff members. In other words, it is necessary to consider both the thickness and the distance to the seam, within the context of the host rock, to accurately anticipate areas of elevated rupture-induced hazard; acknowledging the presence of a discrete unit within the overburden in general terms is an insufficient indicator of risk. This finding helps to refine our understanding of the role of individual stiff, strong roof members in bumping phenomena, and suggests that a holistic view of overburden lithology and site-specific numerical modelling may be necessary to improve miner safety.