Morphology and morphometry of two hybridizing buntings at their hybrid zone in northern Iran reveal intermediate and transgressive morphotypes

The closely related Black-headed Bunting(Emberiza melanocephala,a western Palearctic lineage)and Red-headed Bunting(Emberiza bruniceps,an eastern Palearctic lineage)hybridize and replace each other south of the Caspian Sea.The parental species have distinct phenotypes and therefore morphology is useful for assessing hybridization in the contact zone.In the years of 1940 and 1977,quite a few hybrids were collected and studied morphologically.Since then,the hybrid zone appears to have expanded westwards,but there has been a time gap in the collection of morphological data.Here we reanalyze bunting specimens morphologically and compare the historical data with recent data.Morphometric and phenotypic traits from three time periods(1940,1977 and recent)were studied to assess phenotypic variation of hybrids,pattern of hybridization,and transgressive traits in the hybrid zone.Our results show that most of the birds in the hybrid zone exhibit intermediate phenotypes(both colors and morphometric characters),ranging from the pure phenotype of either of the parental species.However,hybridization has also produced novel phenotypes not seen in any of the parents.Using a canonical discriminant function analysis,the morphometric characters separated each parental species and the hybrids quite well.Our results showed morphometric intermediacy of hybrids in accordance with phenotypes.We observe a time trend in which recent hybrids are more similar to Red-headed Buntings phenotypically compared to historical samples.This pattern is likely a signature of a westward expansion of the Red-headed Bunting into the breeding range of the Black-headed Bunting.

Sexual dimorphism and sex-differential migration of Little Buntings(Emberiza pusilla)at an East Asian stopover site

Sex differences in morphology provide key information for understanding a species'morphological adaptations in relation to the evolution of sexual selection.In migratory birds,morphological traits have adapted to long-distance travel,and sexual dimorphism is typically related to sex-differential migration phenology.Little Buntings(Emberiza pusilla)have one of the longest migrations and are the least dichromatic species among the Emberiza buntings.In this study,we measured sexual size dimorphism and sexual dichromatism of Little Buntings in relation to the spring arrival dates at a stopover site in Korea.Wing length was the most important predictor for identifying sex;the wings of males were longer than those of females.Males also had a significantly stronger chestnut color of the head feathers than females,but this color difference was more prominent in the spring than in the fall.Males arrived earlier than females by four days.Arrival dates correlated with both size and color,but unlike other bunting species previously studied in the same area,there was no clear sex-differential trend in the relationship between arrival date and morphological characteristics.Seasonal differences in the degree of sexual dichromatism suggest that chestnut plumage coloration can be used as a social or sexual signal of males in the breeding season.The correlation of size and color to early arrival regardless of sex may indicate that a preference for assortative mating exists or that a sex-differential migration strategy is not clearly defined in the early stages of northward migration.Our findings on the sexual dimorphism of Little Buntings provide insight into the evolution of the sex-differential migration of buntings in the East Asian Flyway.

Control pattern of vocal center for vocalization in ruddy bunting(Emberiza rutila)

High vocal center (HVC) can produce single sound with one or two syllables by the sin-gle-type vocal control pattern in songbirds ruddy bunting (Emberiza rutila). It obviously shows left-side dominance in controlling double syllables, principal frequency (PF) and increasing sound intensity of the evoked calls. Meanwhile, the complex-type control pattern can produce complex calls with multisyllable, and also shows significant left-side dominance in controlling the number of syllables, tone changing and sound intensity. These indicate that left-side HVC controls higher frequency and complicated sentence structure. The basic vocal center, dorsomedial nucleus of the intercollicular complex (DM), controls the monosyllable sound in songbirds, and shows left-side dominance in controlling both the number of syllable and sound intensity. These results not only provide some direct evidence for left-side dominance in high vocal center, but also indicate that there is some internal connection between the high and basic vocal centers in songbirds.

Bunte法制备氧乐果

氧乐果1959年发现杀虫活性,1967年西德拜耳公司试制生产。此药具有强烈的触杀作用和内渗作用,是较理想的根、茎内吸传导性杀螨、杀虫剂,特别适于防治刺吸性害虫,效果优于乐果和内吸磷,不易产生抗性,并可降低易产生抗性的拟除虫菊酯的抗性。因此,氧乐果在国内外越来越受欢迎,需求量不断扩大。

Bunte盐法合成巯基乙酸异辛酯

本文以氯乙酸、异辛醇和硫代硫酸钠为主要原料，采用Ｂｕｎｔｅ盐法，合成了巯基乙酸异辛酯。通过实验，确定了工艺流程，选取了最佳的工艺条件。并对合成氯乙酸异辛酯的酯化反应进行了研究。

1,3-二硫环戊烷系列化合物的合成新方法

用Bunte Salt法,以1,2-二氯乙烷和一系列的醛(酮)为原料,乙醇为溶剂,合成了5个环戊烷硫醚类香料(a～e),结果表明,该方法具有操作简单,产率高,环境污染小等优点。用IR,1HNMR和MS证实了目标化合物结构。

巯基乙酸异辛酯合成方法的研究

以氯乙酸钠、硫代硫酸钠为原料,固体超强酸做催化剂,合成了Bunte盐。Bunte盐经酸解、还原、萃取后减压精馏得到巯基乙酸;巯基乙酸异辛酯的合成采用萃取酯化法,以异辛醇作萃取剂从稀巯基乙酸水溶液中萃取出巯基乙酸后,加入催化剂,在蒸出异辛醇的同时发生酯化反应,经减压蒸馏得到巯基乙酸异辛醇产品。考察了各因素对产品产率的影响,得出最佳工艺:合成巯基乙酸时反应时间为90 min,硫酸用量占反应物的质量分数为10%,锌粉用量占反应物的质量分数为2.0%;酯化过程中异辛醇与巯基乙酸摩尔比为2.2∶1.0,催化剂用量占反应物的质量分数为0.6%,反应温度为120~130℃,此工艺条件下酯化率大于99%,产率大于99%。

1,3-二硫环庚烷的合成及香气研究

以硫代硫酸钠、1,4-二氯丁烷和甲醛为原料为原料,用BunteSalts法,经过一步操作合成了1,3-二硫环庚烷,其收率为63%。实验表明,当1,4-二氯丁烷与硫代硫酸钠以等摩尔投料时,可减少盐酸用量,并能避免单质硫的析出而影响分离提纯。用IR、1HNMR、MS证实了目标化合物结构,并对1,3-二硫环庚烷的香气进行了鉴定,结果表明1,3-二硫环庚烷具有浓郁的葱蒜气味,其阈值在水中为0.25×10-6,在植物油中为13.00×10-6。

2-甲基-2-苯基-1,3-二硫环庚烷的合成及香气研究

以硫代硫酸钠、1,4-二氯丁烷和苯甲醛为原料,用BunteSalts法,经过一步操作合成了2-甲基-2-苯基-1,3-二硫环庚烷,其收率为60%。实验表明,当1,4-二氯丁烷与硫代硫酸钠以等摩尔投料时,可减少盐酸用量,并能避免单质硫的析出而影响分离提纯。用IR、1HNMR、MS证实了目标化合物结构,并对2-甲基-2-苯基-1,3-二硫环庚烷的香气进行了鉴定,结果表明2-甲基-2-苯基-1,3-二硫环庚烷具有浓郁的葱蒜气味,其阈值在水中为0.24×10-6,在植物油中为15.00×10-6。

2-甲基-1,3-二硫环庚烷的合成及香气研究

以硫代硫酸钠、1,4-二氯丁烷和乙醛为原料,用Bunte Salts法,经过一步操作合成了2-甲基-1,3-二硫环庚烷,其收率为42%。实验表明,当1,4-二氯丁烷与硫代硫酸钠以等摩尔投料时,可减少盐酸用量,并能避免单质硫的析出而影响分离提纯。用IR1、HNMR、MS证实了目标化合物结构,并对2-甲基-1,3-二硫环庚烷的香气进行了鉴定,结果表明2-甲基-1,3-二硫环庚烷具有浓郁的葱蒜气味,其阈值在水中为0.19ppm,在植物油中为12.90ppm。

正庚醛二丁硫醇缩醛的合成

以正庚醛、溴代正丁烷和硫代硫酸钠为原料 ,通过醇醛缩合反应合成正庚醛二丁硫醇缩醛 ,目标产物通过红外光谱和核磁共振氢谱证实其结构。

1,3-二硫环庚烷的合成

采用Bunte盐合成法合成了1,3-二硫环庚烷,用IR、1HNMR、MS确证其结构.着重研究了催化剂浓盐酸的用量应为1 0mL.实验证明,Bunte盐合成法是一种简单高效的合成脂环多硫化物香料的方法.

Bunte盐法合成巯基乙酸异辛酯的工艺研究

主要论述了利用Bunte盐法合成巯基乙酸,并使用乙醚与异辛醇协同萃取工艺制取巯基乙酸负载有机相,再经过粗馏酯化、精馏提纯得到高纯度巯基乙酸异辛酯的合成工艺。

Bunte盐法制备巯基乙酸实验合成新方法

采用氯乙酸和碳酸钠反应生成氯乙酸钠，控制氯乙酸钠溶液PH值为8～9，在70—75℃下与等摩尔硫代硫酸钠反应生成Bunte盐，加入反应物重量10％的硫酸，控制温度为80～90℃，时间为80min进行酸化反应；再加入反应物重量2％的Zn粉在40～50℃下还原80min，得到粗产品；萃取、精馏后巯基乙酸纯度可达98．6％，收率可达到89．7％。

巯基乙酸异辛酯的合成

以一氯乙酸与异辛醇为原料合成氯乙酸异辛酯,经巯基取代,酸解,还原合成巯基乙酸异辛酯。结果表明,最佳工艺为:酯化反应中异辛醇与氯乙酸之比为1.1∶1,催化剂为80%硫酸溶液1.4 g,环己烷18 mL,反应温度为96℃。巯基化反应中以甲醇-水体系作溶剂,PTC加入量0.36 g;酸化水解过程中80%硫酸用量10 mL,水解温度100℃;还原时锌粉用量为2.3 g。此工艺下以氯乙酸计总收率为83.3%,减压精馏后产品纯度大于97%(GC)。

Bunte盐法合成巯基醋酸工艺研究

巯基醋酸是一种用途非常广泛的精细化工产品．本文研究了以氯乙酸钠和硫代硫酸钠为主要原料，采用Ｂｕｎｔｅ盐法合成了巯基醋酸，并对各工艺条件进行了讨论．认为该法成本低、生产过程简便、易操作．生产灵活性大，且几乎无污染．

莫达非尼的合成研究

以二苯甲酮(2)为起始原料,经硼氢化钠还原后与五水硫代硫酸钠和氯乙酰胺反应生成Bunte盐缩合得中间体4,4经氧化后得到莫达非尼(1)。产物经^(1)H NMR和MS分析确证,总收率达87%。反应条件温和,收率较高,操作简便,适于工业化生产。

Pyramiding disease resistance genes in elite winter wheat germplasm for Western Canada

We report on pyramiding different disease resistance genes against fungal pathogens in Canadian winter wheat germplasm based on available DNA markers and gene sequences.Genetic resistance represents a safe, economical and ecological method for protecting plants, growers and the health of consumers. Major diseases of wheat on the Canadian Prairies are common bunt, rusts(leaf, stem and stripe) and Fusarium head blight. Over the years markers for resistance genes against these diseases have been identified and used by the international wheat community. We describe markers that we have used to pyramid different resistance genes and indicate their presence in Canadian winter wheat cultivars issued from the winter wheat breeding program at the Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada,Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, the only winter wheat breeding program in Western Canada actively delivering new varieties for all regions of the Canadian Prairies.The sources of resistance and identities of PCR primers and amplification conditions are indicated to enable the transfer and pyramiding of different resistance(R) genes to breeding lines. We conclude by reviewing new tools for identifying R genes in wheat and indicate how mutagenesis and gene editing can help future efforts to extend the protection offered by known R genes.

取代苯甲醛正丙硫醇缩醛香料的合成研究

以取代苯甲醛 (对羟基苯甲醛 ,对甲氧基苯甲醛 ,香兰素 4-羟基 - 3-甲氧基苯甲醛 ,4-羟基 -3,5 -二甲氧基苯甲醛 ,3,4,5 -三甲氧基苯甲醛 ) ,硫代硫酸钠和 1-溴正丙烷为原料 ,用BunteSalts方法合成了一系列正丙硫醇缩醛 .并以对羟基苯甲醛为例进行了条件的优化 ,得到优化反应条件为BunteSalts:取代苯甲醛 =3.5∶1(摩尔比 ) ,浓盐酸用量为 8g ,回流反应 6～ 10h ,产率可达 75 %～ 80 % .产品的化学结构经FT-IR 。

巯基链转移聚合法制备超支化聚甲基丙烯酸-β-羟乙酯

设计并合成新型含被保护巯基的苯乙烯型AB单体,并以其为支化单体,甲基丙烯酸-β-羟乙酯(HEMA)为聚合主单体,DMSO为聚合溶剂,AIBN为引发剂,自由基聚合法制备可溶于水的超支化聚甲基丙烯酸-β-羟乙酯(PHEMA),同时建立一种新型超支化聚合法——巯基链转移超支化聚合法。用凝胶渗透色谱、1HNMR、DSC等对AB支化单体、PHEMA进行一系列结构和性能表征。实验结果表明,随着AB支化单体加入量的增加,聚合物的重均分子量Mw逐渐增加,而其Tg则呈下降趋势,在水中溶解度增加,说明聚合物发生超支化。