Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells and Modules Enabled by Tailoring Additive Distribution According to the Film Growth Dynamics

Gas quenching and vacuum quenching process are widely applied to accelerate solvent volatilization to induce nucleation of perovskites in blade-coating method.In this work,we found these two pre-crystallization processes lead to different order of crystallization dynamics within the perovskite thin film,resulting in the differences of additive distribution.We then tailor-designed an additive molecule named 1,3-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)thiourea to obtain films with fewer defects and holes at the buried interface,and prepared perovskite solar cells with a certified efficiency of 23.75%.Furthermore,this work also demonstrates an efficiency of 20.18%for the large-area perovskite solar module(PSM)with an aperture area of 60.84 cm^(2).The PSM possesses remarkable continuous operation stability for maximum power point tracking of T_(90)>1000 h in ambient air.

Vibration safety assessment and parameter analysis of buried oil pipelines based on vibration isolation holes under strong surface impact

Strong surface impact will produce strong vibration,which will pose a threat to the safety of nearby buried pipelines and other important lifeline projects.Based on the verified numerical method,a comprehensive numerical parameter analysis is conducted on the key influencing factors of the vibration isolation hole(VIH),which include hole diameter,hole net spacing,hole depth,hole number,hole arrangement,and soil parameters.The results indicate that a smaller ratio of net spacing to hole diameter,the deeper the hole,the multi-row hole,the hole adoption of staggered arrangements,and better site soil conditions can enhance the efficiency of the VIH barrier.The average maximum vibration reduction efficiency within the vibration isolation area can reach 42.2%.The vibration safety of adjacent oil pipelines during a dynamic compaction projection was evaluated according to existing standards,and the measurement of the VIH was recommended to reduce excessive vibration.The single-row vibration isolation scheme and three-row staggered arrangement with the same hole parameters are suggested according to different cases.The research findings can serve as a reference for the vibration safety analysis,assessment,and control of adjacent underground facilities under the influence of strong surface impact loads.

University Buries Books to Cut Costs

中国历史上曾经曾有过“焚书”事件,今日之澳大利亚的University ofWestern Sydney发生了“埋书”之举！前者是为了“坑儒”,后者却出于办学资金之短缺！读者朋友,你相信吗?

The MW5.5 earthquake on August 6,2023,in Pingyuan,Shandong,China:A rupture on a buried fault

On August 6,2023,a magnitude MW5.5 earthquake struck Pingyuan County,Dezhou City,Shandong Province,China.This event was significant as no large earthquakes had been recorded in the region for over a century,and no active fault had been previously identified.This study collects 1309 P-wave arrival times and 866 S-wave arrival times from 74 seismic stations less than 200 km to the epicenter to constrain the spatial distribution of the mainshock and its 125 early aftershocks by the double difference earthquake relocation method,and selects 864 P-waveforms from 288 stations located within 800 km of the epicenter to constrain the focal mechanism solution of the mainshock through centroid moment tensor inversion.The relocation and the inversion indicate,the Pingyuan MW5.5 earthquake was caused by a rupture on a buried fault,likely an extensive segment of the Gaotang fault.This buried fault exhibited a dip of approximately 75°to the northwest,with a strike of 222°,similar to the Gaotang fault.The rupture initiated at the depth of 18.6 km and propagated upward and northeastward.However,the ground surface was not broken.The total duration of the rupture was~6.0 s,releasing the scalar moment of 2.5895×1017 N·m,equivalent to MW5.54.The moment rate reached the maximum only 1.4 seconds after the rupture initiation,and the 90%scalar moment was released in the first 4.6 s.In the first 1.4 seconds of the rupture process,the rupture velocity was estimated to be 2.6 km/s,slower than the local S-wave velocity.As the rupture neared its end,the rupture velocity decreased significantly.This study provides valuable insights into the seismic characteristics of the Pingyuan MW5.5 earthquake,shedding light on the previously unidentified buried fault responsible for the seismic activity in the region.Understanding the behavior of such faults is crucial for assessing seismic hazards and enhancing earthquake preparedness in the future.

High-Quality van der Waals Epitaxial CsPbBr_(3)Film Grown on Monolayer Graphene Covered TiO_(2)for High-Performance Solar Cells

Two-dimensional materials have been widely used to tune the growth and energy-level alignment of perovskites.However,their incomplete passivation and chaotic usage amounts are not conducive to the preparation of highquality perovskite films.Herein,we succeeded in obtaining higher-quality CsPbBr_(3)films by introducing large-area monolayer graphene as a stable physical overlay on top of TiO_(2)substrates.Benefiting from the inert and atomic smooth graphene surface,the CsPbBr_(3)film grown on top by the van der Waal epitaxy has higher crystallinity,improved(100)orientation,and an average domain size of up to 1.22μm.Meanwhile,a strong downward band bending is observed at the graphene/perovskite interface,improving the electron extraction to the electron transport layers(ETL).As a result,perovskite film grown on graphene has lower photoluminescence(PL)intensity,shorter carrier lifetime,and fewer defects.Finally,a photovoltaic device based on epitaxy CsPbBr_(3)film is fabricated,exhibiting power conversion efficiency(PCE)of up to 10.64%and stability over 2000 h in the air.

Cross-layer all-interface defect passivation with pre-buried additive toward efficient all-inorganic perovskite solar cells

The buried interface in the perovskite solar cell(PSC)has been regarded as a breakthrough to boost the power conversion efficiency and stability.However,a comprehensive manipulation of the buried interface in terms of the transport layer,buried interlayer,and perovskite layer has been largely overlooked.Herein,we propose the use of a volatile heterocyclic compound called 2-thiopheneacetic acid(TPA)as a pre-buried additive in the buried interface to achieve cross-layer all-interface defect passivation through an in situ bottom-up infiltration diffusion strategy.TPA not only suppresses the serious interfacial nonradiative recombination losses by precisely healing the interfacial and underlying defects but also effectively enhances the quality of perovskite film and releases the residual strain of perovskite film.Owing to this versatility,TPA-tailored CsPbBr3 PSCs deliver a record efficiency of 11.23% with enhanced long-term stability.This breakthrough in manipulating the buried interface using TPA opens new avenues for further improving the performance and reliability of PSC.

Buried interface management via bifunctional NH_(4)BF_(4)towards efficient CsPbI_(2)Br solar cells with a V_(oc)over 1.4 V

CsPbI_(2)Br perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have drawn tremendous attention due to their suitable bandgap,excellent photothermal stability,and great potential as an ideal candidate for top cells in tandem solar cells.However,the abundant defects at the buried interface and perovskite layer induce severe charge recombination,resulting in the open-circuit voltage(V_(oc))output and stability much lower than anticipated.Herein,a novel buried interface management strategy is developed to regulate interfacial carrier dynamics and CsPbI_(2)Br defects by introducing ammonium tetrafluoroborate(NH_(4)BF_(4)),thereby resulting in both high CsPbI_(2)Br crystallization and minimized interfacial energy losses.Specifically,NH_(4)^(+)ions could preferentially heal hydroxyl groups on the SnO_(2)surface and balance energy level alignment between SnO_(2)and CsPbI_(2)Br,enhancing charge transport efficiency,while BF_(4)^(-)anions as a quasi-halogen regulate crystal growth of CsPbI_(2)Br,thus reducing perovskite defects.Additionally,it is proved that eliminating hydroxyl groups at the buried interface enhances the iodide migration activation energy of CsPbI_(2)Br for strengthening the phase stability.As a result,the optimized CsPbI_(2)Br PSCs realize a remarkable efficiency of 17.09%and an ultrahigh V_(oc)output of 1.43 V,which is one of the highest values for CsPbI_(2)Br PSCs.

Inverting the rock mass P-wave velocity field ahead of deep buried tunnel face while borehole drilling

Imaging the wave velocity field surrounding a borehole while drilling is a promising and urgently needed approach for extending the exploration range of the borehole point.This paper develops a drilling process detection(DPD)system consisting of a multifunctional sensor and a pilot geophone installed at the top of the drilling rod,geophones at the tunnel face,a laser rangefinder,and an onsite computer.A weighted adjoint-state first arrival travel time tomography method is used to invert the P-wave velocity field of rock mass while borehole drilling.A field experiment in the ongoing construction of a deep buried tunnel in southwestern China demonstrated the DPD system and the tomography method.Time-frequency analysis of typical borehole drilling detection data shows that the impact drilling source is a pulse-like seismic exploration wavelet.A velocity field of the rock mass in a triangular area defined by the borehole trajectory and geophone receiving line can be obtained.Both the borehole core and optical image validate the inverted P-wave velocity field.A numerical simulation of a checkerboard benchmark model is used to test the tomography method.The rapid convergence of the misfits and consistent agreement between the inverted and observed travel times validate the P-wave velocity imaging.

TiO_(2)Electron Transport Layer with p-n Homojunctions for Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells

Low-temperature processed electron transport layer(ETL)of TiO_(2)that is widely used in planar perovskite solar cells(PSCs)has inherent low carrier mobility,resulting in insufficient photogenerated elec-tron transport and thus recombination loss at buried interface.Herein,we demonstrate an effective strategy of laser embedding of p-n homojunctions in the TiO_(2)ETL to accelerate electron transport in PSCs,through localized build-in electric fields that enables boosted electron mobility by two orders of magnitude.Such embedding is found significantly helpful for not only the enhanced crystallization quality of TiO_(2)ETL,but the fabrication of perovskite films with larger-grain and the less-trap-states.The embedded p-n homojunction enables also the modulation of interfacial energy level between perovskite layers and ETLs,favoring for the reduced voltage deficit of PSCs.Benefiting from these merits,the formamidinium lead iodide(FAPbI_(3))PSCs employing such ETLs deliver a champion efficiency of 25.50%,along with much-improved device stability under harsh conditions,i.e.,maintain over 95%of their initial efficiency after operation at maximum power point under continuous heat and illumination for 500 h,as well as mixed-cation PSCs with a champion efficiency of 22.02%and over 3000 h of ambient storage under humidity stability of 40%.Present study offers new possibilities of regulating charge transport layers via p-n homojunction embedding for high performance optoelectronics.

Thermal and exhumation history of the Songnan Low Uplift,Qiongdongnan Basin:constraints from the apatite fission-track and zircon(U-Th)/He thermochronology

Significant advancements have been made in the study of Mesozoic granite buried hills in the Songnan Low Uplift(SNLU)of the Qiongdongnan Basin.These findings indicate that the bedrock buried hills in this basin hold great potential for exploration.Borehole samples taken from the granite buried hills in the SNLU were analyzed using apatite fission track(AFT)and zircon(U-Th)/He data to unravel the thermal history of the basement rock.This information is crucial for understanding the processes of exhumation and alteration that occurred after its formation.Thermal modeling of a sample from the western bulge of the SNLU revealed a prolonged cooling event from the late Mesozoic to the Oligocene period(~80-23.8 Ma),followed by a heating stage from the Miocene epoch until the present(~23.8 Ma to present).In contrast,the sample from the eastern bulge experienced a more complex thermal history.It underwent two cooling stages during the late Mesozoic to late Eocene period(~80-36.4 Ma)and the late Oligocene period(~30-23.8 Ma),interspersed with two heating phases during the late Eocene to early Oligocene period(~36.4-30 Ma)and the Miocene epoch to recent times(~23.8-0 Ma),respectively.The differences in exhumation histories between the western and eastern bulges during the late Eocene to Oligocene period in the SNLU can likely be attributed to differences in fault activity.Unlike typical passive continental margin basins,the SNLU has experienced accelerated subsidence after the rifting phase,which began around 5.2 Ma ago.The possible mechanism for this abnormal post-rifting subsidence may be the decay or movement of the deep thermal source and the rapid cooling of the asthenosphere.Long-term and multi-episodic cooling and exhumation processes play a key role in the alteration of bedrock and contribute to the formation of reservoirs.On the other hand,rapid post-rifting subsidence(sedimentation)promotes the formation of cap rocks.

Enhancing lead-free photovoltaic performance:Minimizing buried surface voids in tin perovskite films through weakly polar solvent pre-treatment strategy

Buried interfacial voids have always been a notorious phenomenon observed in the fabrication of lead perovskite films. The existence of interfacial voids at the buried interface will capture the carrier, suppress carrier transport efficiencies, and affect the stability of photovoltaic devices. However, the impact of these buried interfacial voids on tin perovskites, a promising avenue for advancing lead-free photovoltaics, has been largely overlooked. Here, we utilize an innovative weakly polar solvent pretreatment strategy(WPSPS) to mitigate buried interfacial voids of tin perovskites. Our investigation reveals the presence of numerous voids in tin perovskites during annealing, attributed to trapped dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO) used in film formation. The WPSPS method facilitates accelerated DMSO evaporation, effectively reducing residual DMSO. Interestingly, the WPSPS shifts the energy level of PEDOT:PSS downward, making it more aligned with the perovskite. This alignment enhances the efficiency of charge carrier transport. As the result, tin perovskite film quality is significantly improved,achieving a maximum power conversion efficiency approaching 12% with only an 8.3% efficiency loss after 1700 h of stability tests, which compares well with the state-of-the-art stability of tin-based perovskite solar cells.

Conditions for the enrichment of karst hydrothermal resources in Bohai Bay Basin

Drilling for karst hydrothermal resources in eastern China has posed challenges,including disparities between the temperature and yield of geothermal water.It is evident that relying solely on geothermal anomalies or indications of karst reservoirs is inadequate for the exploration of karst hydrothermal resources.This study seeks to elucidate the cause of geothermal sweet spots by analyzing the interplay between geothermal anomalies and karst reservoirs and the underlying geological conditions for karst hydrothermal enrichment.Key findings include:(1)the Bohai Bay Basin has been geologically favorable for the development of karst hydrothermal resources since the Mesozoic era;(2)the karst hydrothermal enrichment varies significantly between the basin’s margin and its interior.On the basin margin,the enrichment is largely driven by groundwater activity and faults,particularly where faults facilitate the upwelling of geothermal water.In contrast,within the basin’s interior,karst hydrothermal resources are predominantly influenced by buried hills and are especially enriched in areas facilitating the discharge of deep geothermal waters.

Acoustic location echo signal extraction of buried non-metallic pipelines based on EMD and wavelet threshold joint denoising

In the acoustic detection process of buried non-metallic pipelines,the echo signal is often interfered by a large amount of noise,which makes it extremely difficult to effectively extract useful signals.An denoising algorithm based on empirical mode decomposition(EMD)and wavelet thresholding was proposed.This method fully considered the nonlinear and non-stationary characteristics of the echo signal,making the denoising effect more significant.Its feasibility and effectiveness were verified through numerical simulation.When the input SNR(SNRin)is between-10 dB and 10 dB,the output SNR(SNRout)of the combined denoising algorithm increases by 12.0%-34.1%compared to the wavelet thresholding method and by 19.60%-56.8%compared to the EMD denoising method.Additionally,the RMSE of the combined denoising algorithm decreases by 18.1%-48.0%compared to the wavelet thresholding method and by 22.1%-48.8%compared to the EMD denoising method.These results indicated that this joint denoising algorithm could not only effectively reduce noise interference,but also significantly improve the positioning accuracy of acoustic detection.The research results could provide technical support for denoising the echo signals of buried non-metallic pipelines,which was conducive to improving the acoustic detection and positioning accuracy of underground non-metallic pipelines.

CFD Investigation of Diffusion Law and Harmful Boundary of Buried Natural Gas Pipeline in the Mountainous Environment

The leakage gas from a buried natural gas pipelines has the great potential to cause economic losses and environmental pollution owing to the complexity of the mountainous environment.In this study,computational fluid dynamics(CFD)method was applied to investigate the diffusion law and hazard range of buried natural gas pipeline leakage in mountainous environment.Based on cloud chart,concentration at the monitoring site and hazard range of lower explosion limit(LEL)and upper explosion limit(UEL),the influences of leakage hole direction and shape,soil property,burial depth,obstacle type on the diffusion law and hazard range are analyzed.Results show that the leakage gas is not radially diffused until it reaches the ground,and the velocity of gas diffusion to the ground and the hazard range decrease as the angle between the leaking direction and the buoyancy direction increases.Triangular and square leak holes have a faster diffusion rate and a wider hazard range than circular.The diffusion rate of leakage gas in soil rises as soil granularity and porosity increase.The time of leakage gas diffusion to the ground increases significantly with the increase of burial depth,and the hazard range reduces as burial depth increases.Boulder-type obstacles will alter the diffusion path of the leakage gas and accelerate the expansion of the hazard distance,while trench-type obstacles will cause the natural gas to accumulate in the trench and form a high concentration region slowing the expansion of the surface gas concentration.

A multi-mineral model for predicting petrophysical properties of complex metamorphic reservoirs:Case study of the Bozhong Depression,Bohai Sea

Interpreting reservoir properties through log data and logging responses in complex strata is critical for efficient petroleum exploitation,particularly for metamorphic rocks.However,the unsatisfactory accuracy of such interpretations in complex reservoirs has hindered their widespread application,resulting in severe inconvenience.In this study,we proposed a multi-mineral model based on the least-square method and an optimal principle to interpret the logging responses and petrophysical properties of complex hydrocarbon reservoirs.We began by selecting the main minerals based on a comprehensive analysis of log data,X-ray diffraction,petrographic thin sections and scanning electron microscopy(SEM)for three wells in the Bozhong 19-6 structural zone.In combination of the physical properties of these minerals with logging responses,we constructed the multi-mineral model,which can predict the log curves,petrophysical properties and mineral profile.The predicted and measured log data are evaluated using a weighted average error,which shows that the multi-mineral model has satisfactory prediction performance with errors below 11%in most intervals.Finally,we apply the model to a new well“x”in the Bozhong 19-6 structural zone,and the predicted logging responses match well with measured data with the weighted average error below 11.8%for most intervals.Moreover,the lithology is dominated by plagioclase,K-feldspar,and quartz as shown by the mineral profile,which correlates with the lithology of the Archean metamorphic rocks in this region.It is concluded that the multi-mineral model presented in this study provides reasonable methods for interpreting log data in complex metamorphic hydrocarbon reservoirs and could assist in efficient development in the future.

Identification of the Diffusion Coefficients of Pollutants ( N O 3 - and Mn2+) through the Walls of Concrete Tank and Vulnerability of the Stored Water Quality

The populations of urban centers in Congo-Brazzaville have decided to develop various methods of water storage (concrete or masonry underground tanks) for domestic use, due to shortages in the distribution of water through the public network. However, questions remain as to the physico-chemical quality of the water stored in these tanks, when these structures are built in wet and relatively polluted areas. This paper presents a model of pollutant diffusion through the cementitious matrix (concrete) of tank walls simulated at a buried reservoir. The results of the experimental and numerical simulations show that certain concrete parameters, such as porosity, permeability and diffusivity, have a significant influence on the transfer of pollutants through the concrete walls, thus altering the physico-chemical quality of the stored water. The numerical models (1D) used to predict pollutant transfer and the quality of the stored water are consistent with those of the optimal control for identifying the diffusion coefficient. Major ion concentrations appear to be correlated with system porosity and diffusion coefficient. Nevertheless, the identification of the diffusion coefficient from the optimal control method, based on an explicit numerical resolution of a finite volume PDE for the approximation of the experiment, is not consistent with that of the optimal control method.

南极洲:失落的世界

南极洲并不总是一片荒凉的冰雪之地,这块地球最南端的大陆曾经是布满河流和森林、孕育着生命的家园。科学家们利用卫星观测和雷达影像,一睹南极洲——失落的世界。1 Antarctica has not always been a land of ice and snow.Earths southernmost continent once was home to rivers and forests full of life.2 Scientists are using satellite observations and radar imagery to look deep under the ice.The researchers reported finding a large ancient landscape buried under the continents ice sheet.It is full of valleys and ridges(山脊),shaped by rivers before being covered by glaciers long ago.

Volatile Solid and Bury Period Influence on Odorous Material Production in Simulating Landfill Treatment

Odor pollution in landfill area has attracted more social attention in China. It is very important to control the generation of odor pollutants in situ. Analyzing odorous materials production form buried waste, simulated columns of different volatile solid (VS) content and different buried period waste were designed. Gas compounds produced from the columns were collected and analyzed by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC) method. It has remarkable relationship between VS content and concentrations of odorous material. When VS content more than 40%, the total amount of odorous compounds increases remarkably. It can be inferred that reduced VS content of original waste may effective decreasing odorous materials production in landfill area. The old rubbish produced more odorous compounds than that of fresh one in simulated columns.

Interface engineering of inverted wide-bandgap perovskite solar cells for tandem photovoltaics

Wide-bandgap perovskite solar cells(WBG PSCs)have garnered significant research attention for their potential in tandem solar cells.However,they face challenges such as high open-circuit voltage losses and severe phase instability.These issues are primarily owing to the formation of defects,ion migration,and energy level mismatches at the interface of WBG perovskite devices.Meanwhile,inverted PSCs demonstrate superior stability potential and compatibility with tandem devices,making them the most promising application for WBG perovskite materials.Consequently,interface modulation for such devices has become imperative.In this review,from the perspective of applicability in tandem devices,we first provided a concise overview of WBG perovskite research and its efficiency progress in inverted devices.We further discussed interface carrier dynamics and the potential impact of interfaces on such device performance.Afterward,we presented a comprehensive summary of interface engineering in inverted WBG perovskite(1.60 eV-1.80 eV)solar cells.The research particularly explored both the upper and buried interfaces of WBG absorbers in the inverted PSCs,thoroughly investigating interface design strategies and outlining promising research directions.Finally,this review provides insight into the future development of interface engineering for high-performance and large-area WBG PSCs.

时代广场的蟋蟀(三)

老鼠和猫在现实生活中是冤家,可在这本书中却成了好朋友,一起看看老鼠、蟋蟀、猫之间的友谊吧。Chester buried his head in the Kleenex.He didn’t want to see his new friend,Tucker Mouse,get killed.