氯自由基介导的光催化芳基醚C(sp^(3))−H氧化生成酯

饱和的碳氢键氧化是合成化学和化学工业中一类重要的化学反应.然而,饱和C(sp^(3))−H键离解能(BDEs)较高、极性较弱,导致了底物难以活化和催化转化效率较低等问题.在过去的几十年,C(sp^(3))−H键的定向活化转化取得了重要的进展.其中,关于C(sp^(3))−H键催化氧化的研究主要涉及一些键能低的、预活化的C−H键,包括苄基型、亚甲基型、脂肪族X−CH_(2)(X=O,N)和甲苯等,含有未活化C(sp^(3))−H键的复杂化合物的选择性氧化仍具有挑战性.例如,芳基醚C(sp^(3))−H键功能化通常采用计量的过氧化物氧化剂,或者通过单电子氧化和碱促进的去质子化进一步构建C−C/C−N键,产物选择性较低,也带来了一些不利的环境影响.因此,有必要开发高效、温和的芳基醚C(sp^(3))−H键选择氧化方法,并将其应用于有机合成和药物开发.近年来,光催化C(sp^(3))−H键氧化因其操作简便、氧化还原中性等优点,已发展成为一种有用且多样的催化研究工具.本文发展了一种利用氧气作为氧化剂,在可见光驱动下选择性地将芳基醚C(sp^(3))−H键氧化成为甲酸苯酯类产物的新方法.使用Mes-10-phenyl-Acr^(+)−BF_(4)^(-)光催化剂,高效活化多种氯源(如盐酸、无机氯盐和有机氯化物)得到氯自由基,由于其具有较高的氧化能力(+2.03 V vs.SCE)和对氢原子的亲和力,能够通过氢原子转移过程活化芳基醚C(sp^(3))−键,攫取氢自由基得到相应的烷基碳自由基(•CH_(2)OPh)中间体,进一步被分子氧选择氧化得到酯类目标产物.研究结果表明,多种链状芳基醚和不同取代(如给电子基和吸电子基)芳基醚均可发生氧化反应,高收率地合成了一系列官能团丰富的甲酸苯酯类化合物.本文方法具有反应条件温和、操作简单、官能团耐受性好以及可规模化放大等优点,并且少量的水对反应没有明显影响.机理实验研究结果表明,芳基醚C(sp^(3))−H键的断裂是反应过程的决速步骤.紫外可见吸收光谱结果表明,氯离子与催化剂之间的相互作用强于底物,并且自由基捕获实验证实反应体系中存在氯自由基和烷基碳自由基物种,表明反应经历自由基路径.此外,电子顺磁共振测试结果表明,反应过程中存在单线态氧物种,可能是激发态的光催化剂直接与氧气发生能量转移得到;同位素实验(18O)揭示了甲酸苯酯类化合物氧的来源.综上,本文实现了温和条件下光催化芳基醚C(sp^(3))−H键选择氧化反应,高收率合成了一系列甲酸苯酯类化合物.该方法避免了化学计量的过氧化物和碱等添加剂的使用以及底物的过度氧化,阐明了催化反应机制,为其他醚类化合物的C(sp^(3))−H键氧化功能化提供了新思路,为后续化学合成和药物开发提供了参考和启示.

Synthesis of biheteroaryls via 2-methyl quinoline C(sp^(3))-H functionalization under metal-free conditions

An acetic acid-promoted C(sp^(3))-H functionalization of 2-methyl quinoline,enaminoesters and elemental sulfur for the synthesis of 3,4,5-trisubstituted isothiazoles under metal-free conditions has been developed.This approach provides viable access to various 5-(quinolin-2-yl)isothiazoles in moderate to good yields with good functional group tolerance.Moreover,the success of the gram-scale reaction gives this reaction a great potential application.

3′-吲哚-3-氧化吲哚与苯基溴化物的多样性转化及其产物对肿瘤细胞A549和HepG2的抑制作用

3′-吲哚-3-氧化吲哚作为一类重要的合成子,实现其C3-位和吲哚C2-位选择性转化具有一定的挑战性。本文以3′-吲哚-3-氧化吲哚与不同的苯基溴化物为起始原料,在金属钯和无机碱等条件的参与作用下,分别合成得到了3-(2-溴苄基)-3-(3′-吲哚基)氧化吲哚(3a~3d,收率75%~90%)、螺[5,6-二氢苯并咔唑-11,3′-氧化吲哚](4a~4d,收率45%~60%)、螺[5H-茚并吲哚-10,3′-氧化吲哚](6a~6c,收率42%~48%)、(2-苯基-1H-吲哚-3-基)氧化吲哚(8a、 8b,收率51%和69%),产物结构由^(1)H NMR、^(13)C NMR、高分辨质谱和单晶X-射线衍射分析表征。对合成得到的部分化合物考察了其对肿瘤细胞的抑制活性,发现部分化合物对肿瘤细胞A549(3a, IC_(50)=25.285μmol/L)和HepG2(3a, IC_(50)=21.806μmol/L;3d, IC_(50)=32.732μmol/L;4d, IC_(50)=26.923μmol/L)具有一定的抑制作用。

Simultaneously Enhanced Activity and Selectivity for C(sp^(3))-H Bond Oxidation Under Visible Light by Nitrogen Doping

Selective oxidation of saturated C(sp^(3))-H bonds in hydrocarbon to target chemicals under mild conditions remains a signifi-cant but challenging task because of the chemical inertness and high dissociation energy of C(sp^(3))-H bonds.Semiconductor photocatalysis can induce the generation of holes and oxidative radicals,off ering an alternative way toward selective oxidation of hydrocarbons under ambient conditions.Herein,we constructed N-doped TiO_(2) nanotubes(N-TNTs)that exhibited remark-able activity and selectivity for toluene oxidation under visible light,delivering the conversion of toluene and selectivity of benzaldehyde of 32% and>99%,respectively.Further mechanistic studies demonstrated that the incorporation of nitrogen induced the generation of N-doping level above the O 2p valance band,directly contributing to the visible-light response of TiO_(2).Furthermore,hydroxyl radicals generated by photogenerated holes at the orbit of O 2p were found to be unselective for the oxidation of toluene,aff ording both benzaldehyde and benzoic acid.The incorporation of nitrogen was able to inhibit the generation of hydroxyl radicals,terminating the formation of benzoic acid.

通过醚的α-位C(sp^(3))—H键官能化合成醚类衍生物的研究进展

醚及其类衍生物是有机化合物中的重要组成部分,许多生物活性分子、药物和天然产物中也存在醚类结构。近年来通过醚类分子(包括环醚和非环醚)的α-位C(sp^(3))—H官能化来合成了多种不同类型的醚类衍生物已取得了令人瞩目的研究成果。本综述从醚α-位C(sp^(3))—H官能化所需的反应条件出发,对2017年到2020年来的研究成果进行了综述。

光催化甲苯衍生物、环烷烃与无机亚磺酸盐的位点选择性C(sp^(3))-H砜基化

烃类是最基础的有机分子之一,具有品种丰富、来源广泛、价格低廉等优势,其多样性、选择性转化一直备受合成化学家关注.然而,这些化合物中通常存在多个键能高、极性低、相互间差异性小的C(sp^(3))-H键,因此,实现高效、选择性C-H官能化极具挑战性.近年来,可见光催化广泛应用于有机合成中,与氢转移催化相结合所发展的可见光氢转移光催化策略在C(sp^(3))-H官能化反应中展现了较大的潜力,特别是为化学、位点、立体选择性等问题的解决带来了新机遇.尽管如此,能在激发态有效切断烷烃、环烷烃等中未活化的C(sp^(3))-H键,被用于直接氢转移光催化的催化剂种类很少,主要局限于十钨酸盐、芳香酮衍生物等,因此,发展新型氢转移光催化剂和新反应具有重要意义.近期人们发现,一种共轭多元醌分子(5,7,12,14-并五苯四酮,PT)具有较好的光物理性质、电化学性能及溶解性,可被用作直接氢转移光催化剂.为了深入研究其催化活性及在惰性烃类化合物转化中的应用,本文利用PT与铜盐协同作用,开发了一种高效、高选择性的C(sp^(3))-H砜基化反应,以无机亚磺酸盐作为砜基化试剂,将一系列甲苯衍生物、环烷烃、药物类似物等转化为具有潜在生物活性和重要合成应用的砜类产物.该反应条件温和、操作简单,不需要使用贵金属催化剂和配体,反应原料均已商品化且价格较便宜.通过自由基淬灭与捕获、自由基钟、控制实验、荧光淬灭等机理实验,证明了反应的自由基历程和铜介导的金属有机过程.X射线光电子能谱证明过程中伴随着零价铜的产生,反应仅需要1.2当量的二价铜盐作为氧化剂,为多样性C‒H官能化反应提出了新的策略和路径.此外,该方法还成功应用于药物类似物的后期官能化,展现了良好的官能团兼容性和位点选择性,进一步证明了其应用价值.综上所述,本文以一种商品化的共轭多元醌作为直接氢转移光催化剂,铜盐为氧化剂,无机亚磺酸盐为砜基化试剂,开发了一种经济低毒、温和易操作的甲苯衍生物、环烷烃C(sp^(3))-H官能化新方法,为砜类化合物的合成与开发利用提供了高效、高选择性的途径,也为药物分子后期官能化提供了有效的手段.

甘氨酸衍生物C(sp^3)―H官能团化反应在喹啉类化合物合成中的应用

C(sp^3)―H键官能团化反应被认为是构建C―C键的最直接和高效的合成方法。近年来,通过甘氨酸衍生物C(sp^3)―H官能团化反应来合成喹啉类化合物的研究逐渐引起研究者的广泛关注。本文简要介绍了甘氨酸衍生物C(sp^3)―H官能团化反应研究现状,并总结了不同催化体系下此类反应在喹啉衍生物合成中的应用,目的在于通过对前沿科研内容的介绍,开拓大学生的知识视野,激发他们对于科学探索的兴趣。

电化学促进未活化C(sp^(3))—H官能团化研究进展

有机电合成以无痕电子代替传统的化学氧化剂或还原剂,具有绿色易放大等优势.未活化C(sp^(3))—H键的官能团化可以将目标官能团直接引入分子中进行修饰,避免预官能团化,兼具原子经济性和步骤经济性.随着有机电合成发展的日益成熟,电化学促进未活化C(sp^(3))—H官能团化成为了有机合成的研究热点之一.根据官能团类型对反应进行分类,总结了近年来涉及未活化C(sp^(3))—H官能化的研究成果,重点分析了反应优势、底物特点以及反应机理,最后展望了面临的挑战及未来的发展趋势.

Efficient Photolytic Halogenation and Oxidation of Unactivated Alkyl sp^(3) C—H Bonds with Iodine(III)

A metal-free,green,and sustainable functionalization of unactivated alkyl sp^(3) C—H bonds is reported using iodine(III)as a feasible dehydrogenation agent under visible light or KBr,and alkyl chlorides,bromides,alcohols,and ketones could be constructed by addition of different coupling reagents.Cheap and safe iodobenzene diacetate was used to form a radical to activate the alkyl sp^(3) C—H bond in a highly efficient manner,which can construct different alkylation products by adding corresponding coupling reagents.

Nucleophilic Radicals as Hydrogen Atom Abstractors in C(sp3)-H Functionalization Reactions

Hydrogen atom transfer(HAT)is an elementary mechanistic step in organic synthesis.The photoredox-catalyzed HAT has transformed organic synthesis by enabling the activation and subsequent cross-coupling of traditionally inert yet ubiquitous C(sp^(3))-H bonds.

喹啉酮C-3位直接官能团化研究进展

C-3位取代的喹啉酮是一类重要的杂环化合物,在材料和医药等方面具有较为广泛的应用。通过C-H直接官能团化来构建3-喹啉酮衍生物是最为简便和有效的方法,引起了人们极大的关注。近年来,在金属或非金属催化下一系列高效、绿色的合成3-喹啉酮衍生物的方法已经被实现。本文按照不同的官能团化反应类型进行分类,综述了3-喹啉酮衍生物合成的研究进展。

C(sp^3)–H bond functionalization of non-cyclic ethers by decarboxylative oxidative coupling with α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acids

A copper-catalyzed decarboxylative oxidative coupling of α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acids with non-cyclic ethers is developed.This method provides a new approach for C(sp^3)–H bond functionalization of non-cyclic ethers. Mechanism study shows the reaction involves a radical process.

铜催化环状烯烃烯丙位C(sp^(3))—H磺酰化反应研究

发展了一种温和的铜催化烯丙位C(sp^(3))—H直接高效磺酰化方法,以简单环状烯烃和亚磺酸钠为反应原料,以中等至良好的收率合成了一系列烯丙基砜衍生物.机理研究表明,该反应可能经历了自由基中间体.

Metal-free direct C(sp^(3))-H functionalization of 2-alkylthiobenzoic acid to access 1,3-benzooxathiin-4-one

Metal-free direct α-C(sp^(3))-H intramolecular cyclization of 2-alkylthiobenzoic acid in the presence of Selectfluor is described.This novel strategy provides a facile and efficient method to access important 1,3-benzooxathiin-4-one derivatives with good functional groups tolerance and yields.

Unactivated C(sp^(3))–H functionalization via vinyl cations

Direct functionalization of inert C(sp^(3))–H bonds is a topic of immense contemporary interest and exceptional value in organic synthesis.The recent research has established a novel and practical protocol which features the engagement of vinyl cation species to functionalize C(sp^(3))–H bonds.The discussion of the topic is arranged by the strategies to generate the reactive intermediates,including ionization of vinyl triflates,addition of electrophiles to alkynes,tandem cyclization of enynes or diynes,and decomposition ofβ-hydroxy-α-diazo ketones.This review closes with a personal perspective on the dynamic research area of unactivated C(sp^(3))–H functionalization via vinyl cations.Hopefully,it will provide timely illumination and beneficial guidance for organic chemists who are interested in this area.Meanwhile continued development of the field is strongly anticipated in the future.

Radical Functionalization of Remote C(sp^(3))-H Bonds Mediated by Unprotected Alcohols and Amides

Aliphatic alcohols and amides are highly valued,ubiquitous chemicals in synthetic chemistry.Radical-promoted regioselective functionalization of unactivated C(sp^(3))–H bonds offers an atom and step economic manner for direct transformation of aliphatic alcohols and amides,especially structural elaboration of complex natural products and bioactive molecules without de novo synthesis.Despite the rapid growth of hydrogen atom transfer(HAT)processes mediated by O-or N-centered radicals generated from prefunctionalized precursors of alcohols and amides in the past few years,exploration of remote C(sp^(3))–H functionalization via HAT mediated by unprotected alcohols or amides lags behind,due to the difficult homolysis of O–H and N–H bonds with high bond-dissociation energies(BDEs).In this minireview,the recent advances in regioselective C(sp^(3))–H functionalization mediated by unprotected alcohols and amides are summarized.

Alumina-supported heteropoly acid:An efficient catalyst for the synthesis of azaarene substituted 3-hydroxy-2-oxindole derivatives via C(sp^3)-H bond functionalization

A method of C（sp^3）-H bond functionalization of methyl azaarenes catalyzed by alumina-supported heteropoly acid and addition to isatins was developed. This transformation could be used for the synthesis of biologically important 3-hydroxy-2-oxindole derivatives in good to excellent yields and the catalyst could be reused for six times without significant decrease in activity.

Radical Mechanism of IrⅢ/NiⅡ Metallaphotoredox-Catalyzed C(sp^(3))-H Functionalization Triggered by Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer:Theoretical Insight

Photoredox catalysis can be induced to activate organic substrates or to modulate the oxidation state of transition-metal catalysts via unique singleelectron transfer processes,so as to achieve challenging C(sp^(3))-H functionalization under mild conditions.However,the specific reaction mechanism and relevant electron transfer process still need to be clarified.Here,a highly regioselective Ir^(Ⅲ)/Ni^(Ⅱ)-metallaphotoredox-catalyzed hydroalkylation of asymmetrical internal alkyne with an etherα-hetero C(sp^(3))-H bond has been investigated by density functional theory(DFT)calculations.A novel radical mechanism was predicted to merge oxidative quenching(Ir^(Ⅲ)-*Ir^(Ⅲ)-Ir^(Ⅳ)-Ir^(Ⅲ))and nickel catalytic cycles(NiⅡ-NiⅢ-NiI-NiⅢ-NiⅡ)for this C(sp^(3))-H functionalization to construct C(sp^(3))-C(sp^(2))bonds.It consists of seven major steps:the single-electron transfer involved in the photoredox cycle for generating active Ni(Ⅰ)-chloride complexes,proton-coupled electron transfer process to provide α-carbon-centered tetrahydrofuran(THF)radicals,radical capture by Ni(Ⅱ),reductive elimination to obtain 2-chlorotetrahydrofuran,alkyne oxidative hydrometallation,innersphere electron transfer,and σ-bond metathesis to yield the desired alkyne hydroalkylation product.Importantly,both the thermodynamic performance for redox potentials and the kinetic exploration for energy barriers and electron-transfer rates have also been evaluated for the corresponding electron transfer processes.In addition,the steric effects play a major role in determining the regioselectivity of alkyne oxidative hydrometallation.

Recent advances in directα-C(sp^(3))-H bond functionalization of thioethers

Thioether skeletons are widely present in drugs,natural products,functional materials,and life science.In the past decade,the selective C–H functionalization of thioethers has been extensively studied to construct novel thioether derivatives.This mini-review systematically introduces the recent advances in the field of the directα-C(sp^(3))-H functionalization of thioethers.

Multipurpose sulfoximine-mediated radicalγ-heteroarylation of unactivated C(sp^(3))–H bonds

A conceptually novel,trifunctional sulfoximine-mediatedγ-functionalization of unactivated C(sp^(3))–H bonds has been achieved.The reaction is initiated by the photo-induced homolytic cleavage of an N–S bond in the absence of photosensitizer,and proceeds sequentially through a cascade of 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer,1,4-functional group migration,desulfoximination and a Minisci reaction.A major feature of this approach is the use of sulfoximine as a traceless directing group.Other positive properties include mild conditions,simple operation,exclusive site-selectivity,high product diversity and the avoidance of additional photosensitizers.The protocol provides a new reaction mode for HAT-induced C(sp^(3))–H functionalization,and allows a much broader chemical space for sulfoximine studies.