氯自由基介导的光催化芳基醚C(sp^(3))−H氧化生成酯

饱和的碳氢键氧化是合成化学和化学工业中一类重要的化学反应.然而,饱和C(sp^(3))−H键离解能(BDEs)较高、极性较弱,导致了底物难以活化和催化转化效率较低等问题.在过去的几十年,C(sp^(3))−H键的定向活化转化取得了重要的进展.其中,关于C(sp^(3))−H键催化氧化的研究主要涉及一些键能低的、预活化的C−H键,包括苄基型、亚甲基型、脂肪族X−CH_(2)(X=O,N)和甲苯等,含有未活化C(sp^(3))−H键的复杂化合物的选择性氧化仍具有挑战性.例如,芳基醚C(sp^(3))−H键功能化通常采用计量的过氧化物氧化剂,或者通过单电子氧化和碱促进的去质子化进一步构建C−C/C−N键,产物选择性较低,也带来了一些不利的环境影响.因此,有必要开发高效、温和的芳基醚C(sp^(3))−H键选择氧化方法,并将其应用于有机合成和药物开发.近年来,光催化C(sp^(3))−H键氧化因其操作简便、氧化还原中性等优点,已发展成为一种有用且多样的催化研究工具.本文发展了一种利用氧气作为氧化剂,在可见光驱动下选择性地将芳基醚C(sp^(3))−H键氧化成为甲酸苯酯类产物的新方法.使用Mes-10-phenyl-Acr^(+)−BF_(4)^(-)光催化剂,高效活化多种氯源(如盐酸、无机氯盐和有机氯化物)得到氯自由基,由于其具有较高的氧化能力(+2.03 V vs.SCE)和对氢原子的亲和力,能够通过氢原子转移过程活化芳基醚C(sp^(3))−键,攫取氢自由基得到相应的烷基碳自由基(•CH_(2)OPh)中间体,进一步被分子氧选择氧化得到酯类目标产物.研究结果表明,多种链状芳基醚和不同取代(如给电子基和吸电子基)芳基醚均可发生氧化反应,高收率地合成了一系列官能团丰富的甲酸苯酯类化合物.本文方法具有反应条件温和、操作简单、官能团耐受性好以及可规模化放大等优点,并且少量的水对反应没有明显影响.机理实验研究结果表明,芳基醚C(sp^(3))−H键的断裂是反应过程的决速步骤.紫外可见吸收光谱结果表明,氯离子与催化剂之间的相互作用强于底物,并且自由基捕获实验证实反应体系中存在氯自由基和烷基碳自由基物种,表明反应经历自由基路径.此外,电子顺磁共振测试结果表明,反应过程中存在单线态氧物种,可能是激发态的光催化剂直接与氧气发生能量转移得到;同位素实验(18O)揭示了甲酸苯酯类化合物氧的来源.综上,本文实现了温和条件下光催化芳基醚C(sp^(3))−H键选择氧化反应,高收率合成了一系列甲酸苯酯类化合物.该方法避免了化学计量的过氧化物和碱等添加剂的使用以及底物的过度氧化,阐明了催化反应机制,为其他醚类化合物的C(sp^(3))−H键氧化功能化提供了新思路,为后续化学合成和药物开发提供了参考和启示.

银催化苄基C(sp^(3))—H键与炔丙基C(sp^(3))—H键的位点选择性胺化

探讨了一种合成环状氨基磺酸酯的新方法。采用AgClO4/三(2-吡啶基甲基)胺催化体系,催化苄基C(sp^(3))—H键与炔丙基C(sp^(3))—H键的分子内位点选择性胺化反应,以89%收率和9.2∶1位点选择性得到了环状氨基磺酸酯。反应具有条件温和、官能团耐受性好、原子经济性和步骤经济性高等优点,为碳氮的构建提供了一种选择策略。

Electricity-driven enantioselective cross-dehydrogenative coupling of two C(sp^(3))-H bonds enabled by organocatalysis

An efficient and scalable electrochemical asymmetric protocol with metal-free catalysts and even without additional oxidants for the cross-dehydrogenative coupling reaction(CDC)of two C(sp^(3))-H bonds is reported.A series of aldehydes including natural products and various substrates containing C(sp^(3))-H bonds including xanthenes,acridines,cycloheptatrienes and even diarylmethane have been shown to undergo asymmetric CDC to afford a series of carbon-carbon bond coupling products with up to 94%yield and 98%ee.Mechanistic studies such as radical clock experiment suggest that the reaction proceeds via nucleophilic attack by enamine under electrochemical conditions.

Synthesis of biheteroaryls via 2-methyl quinoline C(sp^(3))-H functionalization under metal-free conditions

An acetic acid-promoted C(sp^(3))-H functionalization of 2-methyl quinoline,enaminoesters and elemental sulfur for the synthesis of 3,4,5-trisubstituted isothiazoles under metal-free conditions has been developed.This approach provides viable access to various 5-(quinolin-2-yl)isothiazoles in moderate to good yields with good functional group tolerance.Moreover,the success of the gram-scale reaction gives this reaction a great potential application.

新型C3-含硅基取代手性脯氨酸型催化剂的高效构筑

为将C-H活化策略应用于手性有机催化剂的开发,选择以L-脯氨酸为原料、C(sp^(3))-H硅烷化反应为关键步骤,设计合成了两种新型的C3-三甲基硅基取代的手性脯氨酸催化剂,并将其分别应用于对硝基苯甲醛与丙酮的分子间不对称aldol反应和亚胺与β-甲基丁醛的分子间不对称Mannich反应,均可以良好对映选择性实现目标产物的合成.该策略有效丰富了脯氨酸结构的修饰手段,为新型含硅小分子催化剂的开发提供了新方法.

Electro-reductive carboxylation of acyclic C(sp^(3))–C(sp^(3))bonds in aromatic hydrocarbons with CO_(2)

Despite the recent advances in the selective functionalization of C–C bonds in specific substrates,cleavage and functionalization of C–C bonds in acyclic substrates,such as ethane derivatives,remains challenging.In contrast to the well-developed functionalization of one carbon fragment after C–C bond cleavage,herein,we report a novel electro-reductive carboxylation of C(sp^(3))–C(sp^(3))bond in multi-aryl ethanes with carbon dioxide(CO_(2))by utilizing both carbon fragments.Thus,this reaction exhibits an atom-,step-economic approach for the synthesis of carboxylic acids,fulfilling principal aspirations of organic synthesis.Moreover,this method features mild reaction conditions,broad substrate scope,and good functional group tolerance.Symmetric and asymmetric substrates bearing primary,secondary,or tertiary C(sp^(3))–C(sp^(3))bonds are all amenable to this strategy,enabling one or two structurally different carboxylic acids to be facilely constructed at the same time.Mechanistic investigations indicate that carbanions might be the key intermediates in this reaction,which could be captured by CO_(2)efficiently.

Rhodium-catalyzed enantioselective in situ C(sp^(3))-H heteroarylation by a desymmetrization approach

A rhodium-catalyzed desymmetrization reaction for enantioselective methyl C-H arylation is achieved by utilizing an in situ arylating reagent via nucleophilic cyclization of o-aminoaryl alkyne.The reaction results in chiral indoles containing all-carbon quaternary stereocenters under atmospheric conditions,with a wide range of substrates exhibiting good enantioselectivity(44 examples).Mechnism and DFT studies show that the stereocontrol is reasonably achieved through the collaborative control of a large silicon substituted chiral ligand and C-H···π,LP···πinteractions between aryl rings of the carboxylate group and the substrate.Control experiments demonstrate that Rh-aryl bond formation via in situ nucleophilic cyclization is more critical for reaction efficiency than via C-H activation of the nucleophilic cyclization byproduct.

Efficient Photolytic Halogenation and Oxidation of Unactivated Alkyl sp^(3) C—H Bonds with Iodine(III)

A metal-free,green,and sustainable functionalization of unactivated alkyl sp^(3) C—H bonds is reported using iodine(III)as a feasible dehydrogenation agent under visible light or KBr,and alkyl chlorides,bromides,alcohols,and ketones could be constructed by addition of different coupling reagents.Cheap and safe iodobenzene diacetate was used to form a radical to activate the alkyl sp^(3) C—H bond in a highly efficient manner,which can construct different alkylation products by adding corresponding coupling reagents.

Photoelectrochemical Iron-Catalyzed C(sp^(3))-H Borylation of Alkanes in a Position-Selective Manner

Catalytic C-H borylation is of prime topical importance,since easily available feedstock chemicals can thereby be transformed into valuable transient functional groups in the absence of directing groups.Herein,we disclose an iron-catalyzed C(sp^(3))-H borylation of simple,non-prefunctionalized alkanes,providing access to value-added products in a single step by means of photoelectrochemistry.The power of merging photo-and electrochemistry was mirrored by ample scope and exceedingly mild reaction conditions.Moreover,an outstanding position-selectivity in favor of primary C(sp^(3))-H proved viable within the photoelectrochemical borylation through a chemo-selective anodic overoxidation manifold.The ferro-photoelectrochemistry strategy avoids toxic precious transition metals,enabling C(sp^(3))-H borylations in a site-selective fashion.

氢原子转移介导的C(sp^(3))-H键选择性硼基化

作为一种高度原子经济性和步骤经济性的策略,C(sp^(3))-H键的选择性官能团化一直备受关注.其中硼基化反应以低毒害、高效多样的转化能力,倾注了合成化学家最多的努力.然而,由于C(sp^(3))-H键的惰性,控制C(sp^(3))-H键硼基化的化学选择性和区域选择性是一项重大的挑战.作为一种新兴的方法,利用氢原子转移(HAT)实现C(sp^(3))-H键选择性硼基化相比以往过渡金属催化的过程有着其独特之处.此专题中,我们对最近兴起的各种HAT介导的C(sp^(3))-H键选择性硼基化的方法进行了分析.从分子内和分子间的HAT的角度分类,重点介绍了各种方法不同选择性的来源,并对所涉及的机理进行了具体的讨论.最后,我们整理了目前方法的局限性,并对这一领域的前景进行了展望.

Nano palladium catalyzed C(sp^(3))-H bonds arylation by a transient directing strategy

Reported herein is the first example of heterogeneous palladium catalyzed C(sp^(3))-H bonds arylation by a transient-ligand-directed strategy.Using supported palladium(metallic state) na nopariticles as catalyst,a wide range of aryl iodides undergo the coupling with various o-methylbenzaldehyde derivatives to assemble a library of highly selective and functionalized o-benzylbenzaldehydes.The stability of the catalyst was easily recovered four runs without significant loss of activity.The XPS analysis of the catalyst before and after reaction indicated that the reaction might be carried out by a catalytic cycle starting with Pd~0.

Recent advances in directα-C(sp^(3))-H bond functionalization of thioethers

Thioether skeletons are widely present in drugs,natural products,functional materials,and life science.In the past decade,the selective C–H functionalization of thioethers has been extensively studied to construct novel thioether derivatives.This mini-review systematically introduces the recent advances in the field of the directα-C(sp^(3))-H functionalization of thioethers.

Recent advances in sulfenylation of C(sp^3)-H bond under transition metal-free conditions

In recent years,the transition metal-free sulfenylation of C-H bond for C-S formation has been rapidly advanced and has become an eco-friendly synthetic tool for pharmacists and organic chemists.Various natural or bioactive molecules such as(hetero)arenes,olefins,carbonyl compounds,alkanes,have been employed for sulfenylating reactions.This review will focus on the recent five-year advances in C-S bond formation via direct sulfenylation of C(sp^3)-H bonds under metal-free conditions and elaborate their mechanisms from a new perspective.

电化学促进未活化C(sp^(3))—H官能团化研究进展

有机电合成以无痕电子代替传统的化学氧化剂或还原剂,具有绿色易放大等优势.未活化C(sp^(3))—H键的官能团化可以将目标官能团直接引入分子中进行修饰,避免预官能团化,兼具原子经济性和步骤经济性.随着有机电合成发展的日益成熟,电化学促进未活化C(sp^(3))—H官能团化成为了有机合成的研究热点之一.根据官能团类型对反应进行分类,总结了近年来涉及未活化C(sp^(3))—H官能化的研究成果,重点分析了反应优势、底物特点以及反应机理,最后展望了面临的挑战及未来的发展趋势.

C(sp^(3))-H bond functionalization of oximes derivatives via 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer induced by iminyl radical

Oximes derivatives have been vastly used in organic synthesis. In this review, C(sp^(3))-H bond functionalization of oximes derivatives via iminyl radical induced 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer was discussed. According to the different type of products, this review was divided into three parts: (1) C(sp^(3))-H bond functionalization for C-C bond formation. (2) C(sp^(3))-H bond functionalization for C-N bond formation. (3) C(sp^(3))-H bond functionalization for C-S, C-F bond formation.

Dimensional Reduction of Eu-Based Metal-Organic Framework as Catalysts for Oxidation Catalysis of C(sp^(3))-H Bond

Comprehensive Summary Developing new catalysts for highly selectivity and conversion of saturated C(sp^(3))-H bonds is of great significance.In order to obtain catalysts with high catalytic performance,six Eu-based MOFs with different structural characteristics were obtained by using europium ions and different organic acid ligands,namely Eu-1~Eu-6.Eu-1,Eu-2 and Eu-3 featured three-dimensional structures,while Eu-4 and Eu-5 featured two-dimensional structures.

Alumina-supported heteropoly acid:An efficient catalyst for the synthesis of azaarene substituted 3-hydroxy-2-oxindole derivatives via C(sp^3)-H bond functionalization

A method of C（sp^3）-H bond functionalization of methyl azaarenes catalyzed by alumina-supported heteropoly acid and addition to isatins was developed. This transformation could be used for the synthesis of biologically important 3-hydroxy-2-oxindole derivatives in good to excellent yields and the catalyst could be reused for six times without significant decrease in activity.

Rhodium-Catalyzed C(sp^(3))–H Arylation of 8-Methylquinolines with Arylsilanes

We herein describe a Cp^(*)Rh^(Ⅲ)-catalyzed C(sp^(3))–H mono-arylation of 8-methylquinolines with benign arylsilanes.The use of 1-adamantane carboxylic acid can benefit the efficiency in this transformation,and AgF was both activator and reoxidant.Control experiments indicated inability of C—H cleavage in determining the rate of the reaction.

Direct C(sp^(3))-H Sulfonylation of Xanthene Derivatives with Sodium Sulfinates by Oxidative Copper Catalysis

By employing a readily available CuCI/DDQ catalyst system,we herein report a direct C(sp^(3))-H sulfonylation of xanthene derivates with odorless sodium sulfinates.Various 9H-xanthenes,thioxanthenes,and 9,10-dihydroacridines are efficiently transformed into the desired benzylic sulfonyl products via a radical/radical cross-coupling process,proceeding with the merits of broad substrate scope,operational simplicity,good functional group compatibility,and mild reaction conditions.

BrΦnsted acid-promoted ‘on-water’ C(sp^3)-H functionalization fot the synthesis of isoindolinone/[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives targeting the SKP2-CKS1 interaction

The isoindolinone and biaryl scaffolds are prevalent in natural products and drug molecules,which have showed broad and interesting biological activities.The efficient construction of such hybridized molecules and biological evaluation are of great interest to medicinal chemistry community.In this communication,we report an efficient BrΦnsted acid-promoted C(sp^3)-H functionalization approach that enables the rapid construction of biologically important isoindolinone/[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine hybrids from 5-methyl-7-(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine,2-formylbenzoic acid and various anilines.The title compounds were generated in high to excellent yields(up to 96%)regardless of the electronic nature and steric effects of the substituents.In this reaction,an isoindolinone scaffold,one C-C single bond,and two C-N bonds were formed simultaneously with high atom economy.In this work,we have envisioned that the methyl group linked to the electron-deficient Nheterocycles could be used as a new synthetic handle for late-state diversification and may have broad applications in the field of organic and medicinal chemistry.Besides,the title compounds have exhibited promising activity against the SKP2-CKS1 interaction.