基于仿真互操作标准组织(S im u lation In teroperab ility S tandards O rgan ization,S ISO)C4ISR/M&S互操作技术参考模型和高层体系结构(H igh L eve lA rch itecture,HLA),C4ISR/M&S互操作HLA仿真设施为架构仿真系统运行...基于仿真互操作标准组织(S im u lation In teroperab ility S tandards O rgan ization,S ISO)C4ISR/M&S互操作技术参考模型和高层体系结构(H igh L eve lA rch itecture,HLA),C4ISR/M&S互操作HLA仿真设施为架构仿真系统运行体系提出了面向方面框架(A spect O rien ted F ram ew ork,AOF)和应用服务平台的技术。AOF能控制C4ISR/M&S互操作所引起的仿真系统结构复杂化,应用服务平台则能丰富仿真系统的运行环境,仿真设施可作为仿真系统通用运行体系的基础组件,支持复杂互操作系统开发。展开更多
M−N−C catalysts,with their transition metal atoms coordinated to nitrogen/carbon atoms as active sites,are gaining attention for their versatile heterogeneous electrocatalysis.Fabrication of these catalysts can be ach...M−N−C catalysts,with their transition metal atoms coordinated to nitrogen/carbon atoms as active sites,are gaining attention for their versatile heterogeneous electrocatalysis.Fabrication of these catalysts can be achieved through either bottom-up chemical synthesis or top-down pyrolysis procedures,where the former offers a well-defined structure and precise synthesis feasibility.This Perspective provides an overview of the history of the technical route dispute between pyrolysis and pyrolysis-free M−N−C catalysts,along with their respective advantages and disadvantages.Additionally,we emphasize the advantages of pyrolysis-free M−N−C catalysts,exemplified by several studies focused on precisely modulating the structure to regulate the activity,as well as the efforts of effectively integrating the active sites.Finally,we discuss the challenges and opportunities of pyrolysis-free M−N−C catalysts,with the aim of maximizing their inherent strengths of precise structure and promoting their industrial applications.展开更多
文摘基于仿真互操作标准组织(S im u lation In teroperab ility S tandards O rgan ization,S ISO)C4ISR/M&S互操作技术参考模型和高层体系结构(H igh L eve lA rch itecture,HLA),C4ISR/M&S互操作HLA仿真设施为架构仿真系统运行体系提出了面向方面框架(A spect O rien ted F ram ew ork,AOF)和应用服务平台的技术。AOF能控制C4ISR/M&S互操作所引起的仿真系统结构复杂化,应用服务平台则能丰富仿真系统的运行环境,仿真设施可作为仿真系统通用运行体系的基础组件,支持复杂互操作系统开发。
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(21825501,21905157)and the Tsinghua University Initiative Scientific Research Program.
文摘M−N−C catalysts,with their transition metal atoms coordinated to nitrogen/carbon atoms as active sites,are gaining attention for their versatile heterogeneous electrocatalysis.Fabrication of these catalysts can be achieved through either bottom-up chemical synthesis or top-down pyrolysis procedures,where the former offers a well-defined structure and precise synthesis feasibility.This Perspective provides an overview of the history of the technical route dispute between pyrolysis and pyrolysis-free M−N−C catalysts,along with their respective advantages and disadvantages.Additionally,we emphasize the advantages of pyrolysis-free M−N−C catalysts,exemplified by several studies focused on precisely modulating the structure to regulate the activity,as well as the efforts of effectively integrating the active sites.Finally,we discuss the challenges and opportunities of pyrolysis-free M−N−C catalysts,with the aim of maximizing their inherent strengths of precise structure and promoting their industrial applications.
