Multi-scale Modeling and Finite Element Analyses of Thermal Conductivity of 3D C/SiC Composites Fabricating by Flexible-Oriented Woven Process

Thermal conductivity is one of the most significant criterion of three-dimensional carbon fiber-reinforced SiC matrix composites(3D C/SiC).Represent volume element(RVE)models of microscale,void/matrix and mesoscale proposed in this work are used to simulate the thermal conductivity behaviors of the 3D C/SiC composites.An entirely new process is introduced to weave the preform with three-dimensional orthogonal architecture.The 3D steady-state analysis step is created for assessing the thermal conductivity behaviors of the composites by applying periodic temperature boundary conditions.Three RVE models of cuboid,hexagonal and fiber random distribution are respectively developed to comparatively study the influence of fiber package pattern on the thermal conductivities at the microscale.Besides,the effect of void morphology on the thermal conductivity of the matrix is analyzed by the void/matrix models.The prediction results at the mesoscale correspond closely to the experimental values.The effect of the porosities and fiber volume fractions on the thermal conductivities is also taken into consideration.The multi-scale models mentioned in this paper can be used to predict the thermal conductivity behaviors of other composites with complex structures.

Ablation Processes for HfC-Coated 2.5D Needle-Punched Composites Used for Aerospace Engines Under Hypersonic Flight Conditions

The working environment of aerospace engines is extremely harsh with temperature exceeding 1700℃and accompanied by thermal coupling effects.In this condition,the materials employed in hypersonic aircraft undergo ablation issues,which can cause catastrophic accidents.Due to the excellent high-temperature stability and ablation resistance,HfC exhibits outstanding thermal expansion coefficient matching that of C/SiC composites.2.5D needle-punched C/SiC composites coated with HfC are prepared using a plasma spraying process,and a high-enthalpy arc-heated wind tunnel is employed to simulate the re-entry environment of aircraft at 8 Mach and an altitude of 32 km.The plasma-sprayed HfC-coated 2.5D needle-punched C/SiC composites are subjected to long-term dynamic testing,and their properties are investigated.Specifically,after the thermal assessment ablation experiment,the composite retains its overall structure and profile;the total mass ablation rate is 0.07445 g/s,the average linear ablation rate in the thickness direction is-0.0675μm/s,and the average linear ablation rate in the length direction is 13.907μm/s.Results verify that plasma-sprayed HfC coating exhibits excellent anti-oxidation and ablation resistance properties.Besides,the microstructure and ablation mechanism of the C/SiC composites are studied.It is believed that this work will offer guideline for the development of thermal protection materials and the assessment of structural thermal performance.

浆料浸渍辅助PIP工艺制备C/HfC-SiC复合材料的微观结构及性能研究

针对高速飞行器对于防热/承载一体化超高温陶瓷基复合材料的迫切需求,以及现有反应型HfC先驱体存在的成本高、效率低和致密效果差等不足,本研究将HfC亚微米粉体配制成稳定的陶瓷浆料,利用浆料加压浸渍辅助先驱体浸渍裂解(PIP)工艺制备了HfC基体均匀分布的C/HfC-SiC复合材料,探讨了HfC含量对于复合材料微观结构、力学与烧蚀性能的影响。结果表明,当HfC实际体积分数为13.1%~20.3%时,复合材料密度为2.20~2.58 g·cm^(-3),开孔率约为5%。通过单层碳布加压浸渍陶瓷浆料,HfC颗粒能够分散到纤维束内部,且在复合材料中分布比较均匀。提高HfC含量会降低复合材料纤维含量,其力学性能也呈现出降低趋势。当HfC体积分数为20.3%时,复合材料的密度、拉伸强度和断裂韧性分别为2.58 g·cm^(-3)、147 MPa和9.3 MPa·m^(1/2);经氧乙炔焰烧蚀60 s后,复合材料的线烧蚀率和质量烧蚀率分别为0.0062 mm/s和0.005 g/s,烧蚀过程中形成的熔融相Hf_(x)Si_(y)O_(z)能覆盖在材料表面,起到良好的保护作用。

不同预制体结构制备C/C-SiC复合材料的微观结构演变及力学性能

采用缝合结构与针刺结构碳纤维预制体,经化学气相渗透法(CVI)和反应熔渗法(RMI)制备出C/C-SiC复合材料,系统研究了两种结构预制体制得的C/C多孔体微观结构、孔隙特征及C/C-SiC复合材料微观结构和弯曲性能。结果表明:缝合结构C/C多孔体孔径呈双峰分布,孔隙多为纤维束间孔,针刺结构C/C多孔体孔径呈单峰分布,由于网胎的加入使得部分纤维束间孔转变为连通的小孔隙网络,经过模拟后者Z向绝对渗透率略大于前者,有利于后者后续RMI致密化过程(高密度,低开孔率,低残余金属);缝合结构C/C-SiC复合材料平均弯曲强度高于针刺结构C/C-SiC复合材料,二者都呈现“假塑性”断裂方式;针刺结构C/C-SiC复合材料密度更高,残余Si含量更低,但其纤维体积含量较低,长直纤维的完整性较差,使得复合材料承载性能较低。

SiC-ZrC复相超高温陶瓷改性C/C复合材料的研究进展

SiC-ZrC复相超高温陶瓷改性C/C复合材料的制备工艺原理与单一陶瓷相改性C/C复合材料的工艺原理基本相同,但SiC-ZrC复相陶瓷具有耐高温、温域宽(1600~2500℃)、抗氧化、工艺适应性好等优点,在测试和应用中表现出优异的力学性能和抗烧蚀性能,能够有效填补目前高温段热防护材料的空缺,因此已经成为C/C复合材料基体掺杂改性的重要选择,在航天飞行器防热领域极具应用潜力。本文针对C/C-SiC-ZrC复合材料的发展潜力和应用空间,从制备工艺、结构特征以及性能特点三个方面综述了C/C-SiC-ZrC复合材料当前的研究进展,分析了制备工艺对复合材料微结构和性能的影响规律,提出了基于工程应用C/C-SiC-ZrC防热材料的发展建议。

沉积热解炭与树脂炭比例对C/C-SiC复合材料弯曲强度的影响

以针刺整体炭毡为坯体,采用树脂浸渍和化学气相沉积混合的方法制备得到相同密度的C/C多孔体,采用熔硅浸渗(RMI)制得C/C-SiC复合材料。研究了沉积热解炭与树脂炭比例对基体显微结构及弯曲性能的影响。结果表明:随着沉积得到的沉积热解炭含量增加,C/C-SiC复合材料基体内部孔隙率先降后升,而密度、弯曲强度先增后减。当沉积热解炭与树脂炭的比例为1∶1时,C/C-SiC复合材料密度与弯曲强度最高,分别达到2.03 g/cm^(3)和240 MPa。

改性C/SiC-ZrC复合材料热化学烧蚀仿真研究

基于C/SiC复合材料基体改性制备超高温陶瓷基复合材料,是满足高超音速飞行器对热防护系统材料所需更高要求的有效途径。基于热化学平衡理论构建了C/SiC-ZrC复合材料的烧蚀模型,选取文献中相同制备方式下两组不同体积分数的C/SiC-ZrC复合材料,并利用MATLAB计算出两组材料的无量纲烧蚀率,然后在COMSOL多物理场分析软件中建立数值仿真,将仿真结果与文献实验结果进行对比,误差分别为8.7%~16.9%和1.05%~11.07%,验证了模型的有效性。

ZrC纳米粉体改性C/C-SiC复合材料的微观结构和烧蚀性能

为改善C/C-SiC复合材料的抗烧蚀性能,以ZrC纳米粉体和Si粉为反应渗料,采用反应熔渗(reactive melt infiltration,RMI)法制备ZrC纳米粉体改性C/C-SiC复合材料。采用X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜和能谱仪等研究ZrC纳米粉体含量对C/C-SiC复合材料微观结构和烧蚀性能的影响。结果表明:随ZrC纳米粉体含量增加,复合材料的孔隙率增大,而密度变化不大。ZrC纳米粉体一部分弥散分布在SiC基体中,一部分则发生了团聚。烧蚀30 s后,ZrC纳米粉体摩尔分数为6%时,复合材料的质量烧蚀率和线烧蚀率最低,分别为2.0 mg/s和3.9μm/s。随ZrC纳米粉体含量增加,烧蚀过程中形成的ZrO_(2)含量增多,对SiO_(2)的钉扎作用明显增强,能有效提升C/C-SiC复合材料的抗烧蚀性能。

C/SiC/MoSi_2-SiC-Si multilayer coating for oxidation protection of carbon/carbon composites

C/SiC/MoSi2-SiC-Si oxidation protective multilayer coating for carbon/carbon （C/C） composites was prepared by pack cementation and slurry method. The microstructure, element distribution and phase composition of the as-received coating were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy （EDS） and X-ray diffraction （XRD）. The results show that the multilayer coating was composed of MoSi2, SiC and Si. It could effectively protect C/C composites against oxidation for 200 h with the mass loss of 3.25% at 1873 K in static air. The mass loss of the coated C/C composites results from the volatilization of SiO2 and the formation of cracks and bubble holes in the coating.

Effect of ZrC-SiC content on microstructure and ablation properties of C/C composites

C/C-ZrC-SiC composites with different ZrC-SiC contents were fabricated by precursor infiltration and pyrolysis. The effect of ceramic content on the microstructure and ablation resistance was investigated. Both the C/C-SiC and C/C-ZrC-SiC composites exhibited good ablation resistance under the plasma flame above 2300℃. Withtheincreaseof ZrC content, a continuous oxide layer and a solid Zr-Si-O mesophase were formed during the ablation. And the structure of the formed oxides layer closely linked with the contents of ZrC-SiC ceramics. The solid ZrO2-ZrC and Zr-Si-O mesophase could increase the viscosity of SiO2 moderately and improve the anti-scouring ability. The continuous SiO2-ZrO2-ZrC-SiC layer would serve as a thermal and oxygen barrier for preventing the substratefrom further ablation. The C/C-ZrC-SiC composites with 27.2%ZrC and 7.56%SiC shows superior ablation resistance, and the mass and linear ablation rates are-3.51 mg/s and-1.88 μm/s, respectively.

Oxidation Behavior of C/C-SiC Gradient Matrix Composites

Oxidation behavior of C/C-SiC gradient matrix composites and C/C composites were compared in stationary air. The results show that oxidation threshold of C-SiC materials increases with the amount of SiC particles in the codeposition matrix. Oxidation rate of C/C-SiC gradient matrix composites is significantly lower than that of C/C material. The micro-oxidation process was observed by SEM.

Preparation and properties of C/C-SiC brake composites fabricated by warm compacted-in situ reaction

Carbon fibre reinforced carbon and silicon carbide dual matrix composites（C/C-SiC） were fabricated by the warm compacted-in situ reaction.The microstructure,mechanical properties,tribological properties,and wear mechanism of C/C-SiC composites at different brake speeds were investigated.The results indicate that the composites are composed of 58wt%C,37wt%SiC,and 5wt%Si.The density and open porosity are 2.0 g.cm^（-3） and 10%,respectively.The C/C-SiC brake composites exhibit good mechanical properties.The flexural strength can reach up to 160 MPa,and the impact strength can reach 2.5 kJ.m^（-2）.The C/C-SiC brake composites show excellent tribological performances.The friction coefficient is between 0.57 and 0.67 at the brake speeds from 8 to 24 m·s^（-1）.The brake is stable,and the wear rate is less than 2.02×10^（-6） cm^3·J^（-1）.These results show that the C/C-SiC brake composites are the promising candidates for advanced brake and clutch systems.

Oxidation behavior of oxidation protective coatings for C/C-SiC composites at 1500 ℃

Porous carbon/carbon preforms were infiltrated with melted silicon to form C/C-SiC composites. Three-layer Si-Mo coating prepared by slurry painting and SiC/Si-Mo multilayer coating prepared by chemical vapor deposition(CVD) alternated with slurry painting were applied on C/C-SiC composites, respectively. The oxidation of three samples at 1 500 ℃ was compared. The results show that the C/C-SiC substrate is distorted quickly. Three-layer Si-Mo coating is out of service soon due to the formation of many bubbles on surface. The mass loss of coated sample is 0.76% after 1 h oxidation. The sample with SiC/Si-Mo multilayer coating gains mass even after 105 h oxidation. SiC/Si-Mo multilayer coating can provide longtime protection for C/C-SiC composites and has excellent thermal shock resistance. This is attributed to the combination of dense SiC layer and porous Si-Mo layer. Dense SiC layer plays the dual role of physical and chemical barrier, and resists the oxidation of porous Si-Mo layer. Porous Si-Mo layer improves the thermal shock resistance of the coating.

Tribological characteristics of C/C-SiC braking composites under dry and wet conditions

C/C-SiC braking composites,based on reinforcement of carbon fibers and matrices of carbon and silicon carbide,were fabricated by warm compaction and in situ reaction process.The tribological characteristics of C/C-SiC braking composites under dry and wet conditions were investigated by means of MM-1000 type of friction testing machine.The influence of dry and wet conditions on the tribological characteristics of the C/C-SiC composites was ascertained.Under dry condition,C/C-SiC braking composites show superior tribological characteristics,including high coefficient of friction (0.38),good abrasive resistance (thickness loss is 1.10 μm per cycle) and steady breaking.The main wear mechanism is plastic deformation and abrasion caused by plough.Under wet condition,frictional films form on the worn surface.The coefficient of friction (0.35) could maintain mostly,and the thickness loss (0.70 μm per cycle) reduces to a certain extent.Furthermore,braking curves are steady and adhesion and oxidation are the main wear mechanisms.

ZrC-SiC-MoSi_(2)涂覆C/C-SiC-ZrC陶瓷基复合材料在氧乙炔焰下的烧蚀行为及机理

为进一步提高C/C复合材料在不同烧蚀环境下的烧蚀性能,采用浆料刷涂法在C/C-SiC-ZrC陶瓷基复合材料上制备Zr含量分别为34%和60%(质量分数)的ZrC-SiC-MoSi_(2)涂层,并且利用氧乙炔焰研究涂层C/C-SiC-ZrC复合材料在3种不同氧气及乙炔流量下的烧蚀行为。结果表明:随着Zr含量的增加,涂层内部的ZrC和SiC颗粒尺寸明显减小,且颗粒分布更加均匀。Zr含量为60%的涂层线烧蚀率随氧气和乙炔流量的增加而增加,而Zr含量为34%的涂层线烧蚀率随氧气和乙炔流量的增加,先增加后降低。此外,详细讨论ZrC-SiC-MoSi_(2)涂层在不同条件下的烧蚀机理。随着氧气和乙炔流量的增加,主要的烧蚀机制由氧化变为氧化和蒸发的结合作用,最后变为氧化、蒸发及剥蚀的结合作用。

Characterization of SiC nanowires prepared on C/C composite without catalyst by CVD

SiC nanowires were prepared on C/C composite surface without catalyst by chemical vapor deposition（CVD） using CH3 SiCl3 as precursor.SEM images of the CVD-product reveal that some long nanowires have grown to tens of micrometers with some gathered as a ball.Some short nanowires agglomerate like chestnut shell with many thorns accompanied by some deposited nano-particles.XRD,Raman-spectrum and FTIR patterns indicate that the product is a typical β-SiC.TEM images show that the nanowires have a wide diameter range from 10 to 100 nm,and some thin nanowires are bonded to the thick one by amorphous CVD-SiC.A SiC branch generates from an amorphous section of a thick one with an angle of 70° between them,which is consistent with the [111] axis stacking angle of the crystal.SAED and fast Fourier transform（FFT） patterns reveal that the nanowires can grow along with different axes,and the bamboo-nodes section is full of stacking faults and twin crystal.The twisted SiC lattice planes reveal that the screw dislocation growth is the main mechanism for the CVD-SiC nanowires.

碳纤维预制体结构对CVI-GSI C/C-SiC复合材料微观结构与力学性能的影响

采用不同面密度和丝束大小的碳纤维布,通过不同z向缝合方式编织了两种碳布叠层结构的碳纤维预制体,再经化学气相渗透法(chemical vapor infiltration,CVI)与气相渗硅法(gaseous silicon infiltration,GSI)联用制备了C/C-SiC复合材料。研究了碳纤维预制体结构对CVI-GSI C/C-SiC复合材料微观结构与力学性能的影响。结果表明,由纤维体积分数与C/C素坯密度都相同的预制体所制备的两种复合材料的密度、各相组成、结构与性能均大不相同。较小的碳纤维丝束(1K)和碳布面密度(92 g/m^(2)),以及锁式缝合留下的较大孔隙为GSI反应中Si蒸气的渗透提供了更加充足的通道,最终制备的T1复合材料孔隙率低、结构均匀、性能更高,其弯曲强度、模量和断裂韧度分别为300.97 MPa,51.75 GPa,11.32 MPa·m^(1/2)。初始预制体结构和C/C中间体结构的综合调控是CVI-GSI联用工艺制备高性能C/C-SiC复合材料的关键。

C/C多孔体的高温热处理对C/C-SiC复合材料摩擦磨损行为的影响

低密度C/C多孔体的结构与性能调控是制备具有优异摩擦磨损性能的C/C-SiC复合材料的关键。本研究采用化学气相渗积法制备了C/C多孔体,并对其进行2100℃高温热处理,再通过反应熔渗法制备了C/C-SiC复合材料,研究了C/C多孔体高温热处理对C/C-SiC复合材料微观结构、导热性能和摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果表明,经2100℃热处理的C/C多孔体孔隙率和石墨化程度增加,用其制备的C/C-SiC复合材料比C/C多孔体未经热处理的密度更大(2.22 g/cm^(3)),孔隙率由5.1%降低至3.4%, SiC陶瓷相含量比热处理前提高11.9%。石墨化程度越高,声子的平均自由程越大,因此其室温的导热率提升到3.1倍, 1200℃导热率提升到1.2倍。经过热处理的热解炭更软,摩擦面易形成连续且稳定的摩擦膜,因此摩擦系数更稳定,并且在测试载荷为3、6和9 N下磨损率均显著降低,下降幅度达到47.8%、41.9%和11.7%,平均摩擦系数分别为0.47、0.38和0.39。综上所述,对C/C多孔体进行高温热处理可使C/C-SiC复合材料的导热性能提升,更耐磨并且表现出更稳定的摩擦系数。

Oxidation behavior of C/C composites with SiC/ZrSiO_4-SiO_2 coating

A SiC/ZrSiO4？SiO2 （SZS） coating was successfully fabricated on the carbon/carbon （C/C） composites by pack cementation, slurry painting and sintering to improve the anti-oxidation property and thermal shock resistance. The anti-oxidation properties under different oxygen partial pressures （OPP） and thermal shock resistance of the SZS coating were investigated. The results show that the SZS coated sample under low OPP, corresponding to the ambient air, during isothermal oxidation was 0.54% in mass gain after 111 h oxidation at 1500 ° C and less than 0.03% in mass loss after 50 h oxidation in high OPP, corresponding to the air flow rate of 36 L/h. Additionally, the residual compressive strengths （RCS） of the SZS coated samples after oxidation for 50 h in high OPP and 80 h in low OPP remain about 70% and 72.5% of those of original C/C samples, respectively. Moreover, the mass loss of SZS coated samples subjected to the thermal cycle from 1500 ° C in high OPP to boiling water for 30 times was merely 1.61%.

C/SiC复合材料数据库及机器学习性能预测平台的设计与开发

以MySQL Workbench 8.0为数据库平台,采用三层浏览器/服务器架构,利用PyCharm 2022开发了一套基于Web界面和机器学习技术的C/SiC复合材料数据库系统,该系统包括材料数据库和机器学习模型2部分,具有对材料组分结构、制备工艺、试验性能等材料研发各阶段的信息查询、添加、修改、删除、搜索以及支持信息管理、设计分析视图、案例推理辅助设计、用户与系统管理等功能。基于神经网络回归算法训练机器学习模型,利用材料微观结构参数预测材料力学性能,对不同微观结构参数的影响权重进行评价,并部署在系统平台中;通过Web用户界面调用机器学习模型,对预留的验证集数据进行拉伸模量和弯曲模量预测。结果表明:机器学习模型预测材料力学性能的精度达到95%左右,训练出来的预测模型具有良好的精度与泛化能力。