Ablation behaviour and mechanical performance of ZrB_(2)-ZrC-SiC modified carbon/carbon composites prepared by vacuum infiltration combined with reactive melt infiltration

The development of advanced aircraft relies on high performance thermal-structural materials,and carbon/carbon com-posites(C/C)composited with ultrahigh-temperature ceramics are ideal candidates.However,the traditional routes of compositing are either inefficient and expensive or lead to a non-uniform distribution of ceramics in the matrix.Compared with the traditional C/C-ZrC-SiC composites prepared by the reactive melt infiltration of ZrSi_(2),C/C-ZrB_(2)-ZrC-SiC composites prepared by the vacuum infiltration of ZrB_(2) combined with reactive melt infiltration have the higher content and more uniform distribution of the introduced ceramic phases.The mass and linear ablation rates of the C/C-ZrB_(2)-ZrC-SiC composites were respectively 68.9%and 29.7%lower than those of C/C-ZrC-SiC composites prepared by reactive melt infiltration.The ablation performance was improved because the volatilization of B_(2)O_(3),removes some of the heat,and the more uniformly distributed ZrO_(2),that helps produce a ZrO2-SiO2 continu-ous protective layer,hinders oxygen infiltration and decreases ablation.

Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Multiscale SiC_p Hybrid Reinforced 6061 Aluminum Matrix Composites

The performance of solid solution aging treatment on aluminum matrix composites prepared by powder metallurgy and reinforced with 6061 aluminum alloy powder as matrix;meanwhile, nano silicon carbide particles(nm Si Cp), submicron silicon carbide particles(1 μm Si Cp) and Ti particles were studied. The Al/Si Cp composite powder was prepared by high-energy ball milling, and then cold-pressed, sintered, hotextruded, and then heat-treated with different solution temperatures and aging times for the extruded composites. Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS), X-ray diffractometer(XRD) and extrusion testing were used to analyze and test the microstructure and mechanical properties of aluminum matrix composites. The results show that after the multi-stage solid solution at 530 ℃×2 h+535 ℃×2 h+540 ℃×2 h, the particles are mainly equiaxed grains and uniformly distributed. There is no reinforcement agglomeration, and the surface is dense and the insoluble phase is basically dissolved. In the matrix, the strengthening effect is good, and the hardness and compressive strength are 179.43 HV and 680.42 MPa, respectively. Under this solution process, when the aluminum matrix composites are aged at 170 ℃ for 10 h, the hardness and compressive strength can reach their peaks and increase to 195.82 HV and 721.48 MPa, respectively.

Multi-scale Modeling and Finite Element Analyses of Thermal Conductivity of 3D C/SiC Composites Fabricating by Flexible-Oriented Woven Process

Thermal conductivity is one of the most significant criterion of three-dimensional carbon fiber-reinforced SiC matrix composites(3D C/SiC).Represent volume element(RVE)models of microscale,void/matrix and mesoscale proposed in this work are used to simulate the thermal conductivity behaviors of the 3D C/SiC composites.An entirely new process is introduced to weave the preform with three-dimensional orthogonal architecture.The 3D steady-state analysis step is created for assessing the thermal conductivity behaviors of the composites by applying periodic temperature boundary conditions.Three RVE models of cuboid,hexagonal and fiber random distribution are respectively developed to comparatively study the influence of fiber package pattern on the thermal conductivities at the microscale.Besides,the effect of void morphology on the thermal conductivity of the matrix is analyzed by the void/matrix models.The prediction results at the mesoscale correspond closely to the experimental values.The effect of the porosities and fiber volume fractions on the thermal conductivities is also taken into consideration.The multi-scale models mentioned in this paper can be used to predict the thermal conductivity behaviors of other composites with complex structures.

Compositional and Hollow Engineering of Silicon Carbide/Carbon Microspheres as High-Performance Microwave Absorbing Materials with Good Environmental Tolerance

Microwave absorbing materials(MAMs)characterized by high absorption efficiency and good environmental tolerance are highly desirable in practical applications.Both silicon carbide and carbon are considered as stable MAMs under some rigorous conditions,while their composites still fail to produce satisfactory microwave absorption performance regardless of the improvements as compared with the individuals.Herein,we have successfully implemented compositional and structural engineering to fabricate hollow Si C/C microspheres with controllable composition.The simultaneous modulation on dielectric properties and impedance matching can be easily achieved as the change in the composition of these composites.The formation of hollow structure not only favors lightweight feature,but also generates considerable contribution to microwave attenuation capacity.With the synergistic effect of composition and structure,the optimized SiC/C composite exhibits excellent performance,whose the strongest reflection loss intensity and broadest effective absorption reach-60.8 dB and 5.1 GHz,respectively,and its microwave absorption properties are actually superior to those of most SiC/C composites in previous studies.In addition,the stability tests of microwave absorption capacity after exposure to harsh conditions and Radar Cross Section simulation data demonstrate that hollow SiC/C microspheres from compositional and structural optimization have a bright prospect in practical applications.

Experimental Investigation of the Anisotropic Thermal Conductivity of C/SiC Composite Thin Slab

Fiber-reinforced composites possess anisotropic mechanical and heat transfer properties due to their anisotropic fibers and structure distribution.In C/Si C composites,the out-of-plane thermal conductivity has mainly been studied,whereas the in-plane thermal conductivity has received less attention due to their limited thickness.

Microwave absorption properties of Ni/C@SiC composites prepared by precursor impregnation and pyrolysis processes

In the present study,the unique three-dimensional graphene coated nickel(Ni/C)foam reinforced silicon carbide(Ni/C@SiC)composites were first obtained via the precursor impregnation and pyrolysis(PIP)processes.The microstructure images indicated that the SiC fillers were successfully prepared in the skeleton pores of the Ni/C foam.The influence of the PIP cycles on the microwave absorption performances was researched,and the results indicated that after the primary PIP process,Ni/C@SiC-I possessed the optimal microwave absorbing performance with a minimum reflection loss(RL)of-25.87 d B at 5.28 GHz and 5.00 mm.Besides,the RL values could be below-10.00 dB from 5.88 GHz to 7.74 GHz when the corresponding matching thickness was 3.85 mm.However,the microwave absorption properties of Ni/C@SiC-II and Ni/C@SiC-Ⅲwere tremendously degraded as the PIP times increased.At last,the electromagnetic parameter,dielectric loss,attenuation constant as well as impedance matching coefficient were further investigated to analyze the absorbing mechanism,which opened a new path for the certain scientific evaluation of the absorbing materials and had extremely important to the defence technology.

基于探测器响应机理的碳/碳构件CT图像环状伪影的校正方法

在碳/碳复合材料的计算机断层扫描(CT)中,由于探测器单元的响应非线性及不一致性导致重建图像出现严重的环状伪影,干扰图像中缺陷的检出,影响检测系统对被检构件的质量评价。结合碳/碳复合材料组分单一且密度均匀的特点,提出了一种基于探测器响应机理的CT图像环状伪影的校正方法,利用采集的劣化投影数据做预重建,对重建结果做阈值分割以获得被检测物体的三维模型。结合已知的材料和密度信息,对被检物体进行重投影,得到投影数据的理论值与实测值之间的映射关系,用于探测器响应校正以优化检测图像。与传统低通滤波的环状伪影校正方法相比,该方法考虑了环状伪影的物理成因并充分利用了检测对象的先验信息。研究结果表明,该校正方法在保留图像细节和纹理的同时,能够有效减少环状伪影,提升图像质量,消除伪影对于图形中缺陷识别的干扰,为提升检测系统对碳/碳复合材料构件缺陷的检出能力提供理论依据。

氮含量对Ti-B-C-N薄膜微观结构和性能的影响

采用反应磁控溅射法在高速钢基体上制备氮原子分数分别为10.8%,15.6%,28.1%,36.4%的Ti-B-C-N薄膜,研究了氮含量对薄膜微观结构、硬度和摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果表明:Ti-B-C-N薄膜均由α-Fe和Ti(C,N)纳米晶组成,具有Ti(C,N)纳米晶镶嵌在非晶基体相中的纳米复合结构;随着氮含量增加,非晶相含量增加,Ti(C,N)纳米晶的含量和晶粒尺寸减小;随着氮含量增加,Ti-B-C-N薄膜的显微硬度增大,摩擦因数和磨损率均减小,表面磨痕变浅,磨损机制由剥落和微观犁削转变为微观抛光。

晶粒尺寸对界面含Cr-O-C防黏层Cu/Ni复合体拉伸性能的影响

通过分子动力学方法研究含Cr-O-C防黏层的具有不同晶粒尺寸的Cu/Ni复合体的拉伸变形。结果表明:当Cu/Ni复合体的晶粒尺寸大于12 nm时,不论界面不含Cr、O和C原子或含有定量Cr、O和C原子,复合体的屈服强度随着晶粒尺寸的减小呈现增大趋势,符合细晶强化规律,晶粒塑性变形主要受晶体内部的位错滑移控制,最大应力增加9.52%;当晶粒尺寸小于12 nm时,由于晶界所占比例的增加,拉伸过程的塑性变形更多受晶界变形控制,屈服强度下降。Cr-O-C界面弱化了Cu/Ni复合体的强度,随着界面上Cr、O和C原子数量的增加,Cu/Ni复合体的抗拉强度随之降低,最大应力下降56.40%,Cu/Ni复合体内部的位错数量也随之降低,转移到Ni表面的Cu原子数量随之减少。

C/Sn复合薄膜的磁控溅射制备及其作为锂离子电池负极材料的电化学性能

采用磁控溅射的方法在铜箔上制备了C/Sn复合薄膜并将其作为锂离子电池负极材料,研究了C/Sn复合薄膜中Sn质量分数对其电化学性能的影响。研究发现,随着复合薄膜中Sn质量分数的增加,其首圈放电比容量增加,在一定范围内增加Sn质量分数,首圈库仑效率增加,但当Sn质量分数过多时其库仑效率降低。Sn质量分数分别为89.20%、91.61%、93.85%、95.81%的四种复合薄膜,在电流密度为500 mA/g时的首圈放电比容量分别为1195.4、1372.97、1574.86、1642.30 mA·h/g,首圈库仑效率分别为86.84%、87.88%、94.06%、80.66%。循环200圈后,四种复合薄膜的比容量衰减率分别为0.70%、6.13%、11.32%、18.88%。研究结果表明,当复合薄膜中Sn质量分数为89.20%时,其具有最优的倍率性能和循环稳定性能,随着复合薄膜中Sn质量分数的增加,其倍率性能及循环稳定性变差。

PIP法制备C/SiOC复合材料的微结构演变与力学性能

碳纤维增强硅树脂衍生SiOC(C/SiOC)复合材料具有高性价比的优势,是一种应用前景良好的高温结构材料。以碳纤维针刺毡作为增强体,通过先驱体浸渍裂解(precursor infiltration pyrolysis,PIP)工艺制备C/SiOC复合材料。在首周期引入热模压交联工艺,通过优化热模压温度和压力,在不破坏针刺毡结构的前提下,有效提高了纤维体积分数和复合材料致密度,使C/SiOC复合材料的室温弯曲强度和断裂韧度分别提升至331 MPa和16.0 MPa·m^(1/2)。对C/SiOC复合材料的致密化过程的结构演变进行了分析,结果表明,基体优先填充纤维束内孔隙,复合材料的孔隙大部分集中分布在Z向纤维附近。随着制备周期的增加,复合材料的孔隙率逐渐降低,孔隙由连通孔转变为孤立孔。经过8周期“浸渍-交联-裂解”工艺,复合材料基本完成致密化。

The mitigation of pitch-derived carbon with different structures on the volume expansion of silicon in Si/C composite anode

The microstructures of carbon precursors significantly affect the electrochemical performance of Si/C composite anodes.However,the interaction between Si and carbon materials with different structures is still unclear.Pitch-based materials undergoing different thermal treatments are superior sources for synthesizing carbons with different structures.Herein,different types of mesophase pitch(domain,flow-domain and mosaic structure) obtained from controllable thermal condensation are utilized to prepare Si/C composite materials and the corresponding models are established through finite element simulation to explore the correlation between the lithium storage properties of Si/C composites and the structures of carbon materials.The results indicate that the flow-domain texture pitch P2 has a better ability to buffer the volume expansion of silicon particles for its highly ordered arrangement of carbon crystallites inside could disperse the swelling stress uniformly alongside the particle surface.The sample Si@P2 exhibits the highest capacity of 1328 mA h/g after 200 cycles at a current density of 0.1 A/g as well as the best rate performance and stability.While sample Si@P3 in which the mosaic texture pitch P3 composed of random orientation of crystallites undergoes the fastest capacity decay.These findings suggest that highly ordered carbon materials are more suitable for the synthesis of Si/C composite anodes and provide insights for understanding the interaction between carbon and silicon during the charging/discharging process.

超高温陶瓷改性C/C复合材料抗氧化烧蚀性能研究进展

碳/碳(C/C)复合材料具有高强、轻质和耐温等优势,在航天领域取得广泛应用;但由于其抗氧化性能较差,难以满足高超声速飞行器长时飞行、大气层再入飞行和跨大气层飞行的服役环境。利用超高温陶瓷改性C/C复合材料(C/C-UHTC)可以显著提高C/C复合材料的抗氧化烧蚀性能,有望满足新一代飞行器长时间抗氧化、抗烧蚀及结构强度的要求。本文总结了C/C-UHTC复合材料烧蚀性能的常用测试方法,包括氧-乙炔烧蚀、等离子烧蚀、激光烧蚀和风洞烧蚀,简要介绍了各种烧蚀性能测试方法的特点。此外,对近年来Zr系和Hf系单组元、双组元和三组元C/C-UHTC复合材料的烧蚀性能及烧蚀机理进行详细阐述。

Yolk-shell Si/C composites with multiple Si nanoparticles encapsulated into double carbon shells as lithium-ion battery anodes

The conceptual design of yolk-shell structured Si/C composites is considered to be an effective way to improve the recyclability and conductivity of Si-based anode materials. Herein, a new type of yolk-shell structured Si/C composite (denoted as TSC-PDA-B) has been intelligently designed by rational engineering and precise control. In the novel structure, the multiple Si nanoparticles with small size are successfully encapsulated into the porous carbon shells with double layers benefiting from the strong etching effect of HF. The TSC-PDA-B product prepared is evaluated as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The TSC-PDA-B product exhibits an excellent lithium storage performance with a high initial capacity of 2108 mAh g^-1 at a current density of 100 mA g^-1 and superior cycling performance of 1113 mAh g^-1 over 200 cycles. The enhancement of lithium storage performance may be attributed to the construction of hybrid structure including small Si nanoparticles, high surface area, and double carbon shells, which can not only increase electrical conductiv让y and intimate electrical contact with Si nanoparticles, but also provide built-in buffer voids for Si nanoparticles to expand freely without damaging the carbon layer. The present findings can provide some scientific insights into the design and the application of advanced Si-based anode materials in energy storage fields.

Effects of Preform and Pyrolytic Carbon Structure on Thermophysical Properties of 2D Carbon／Carbon Composites

Four kinds of carbon/carbon (C/C) composites, including the needled carbon fiber felt/the pyrolytic carbon (two different pyrolytic carbon microstructures), the chopped carbon fiber/the resin + pyrolytic carbon (PyrC), and the carbon cloth/PyrC, named as the composites 1#, 4#, 2#, and 3#, are prepared respectively. Effects of the preform and pyrolytic carbon structure on the thermophysical properties of 2D C/C composites are studied. The C/C composites possess low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE). In a range of some temperatures, the negative expansion emerges in x-y direction for four C/C composites. From 0 to 900℃, the CTE is small and almost linear with the temperatures. The C/C composites have high thermal conductivities (TCs). As a function of temperature, TCs of the C/C composites are varied with the structures of preform and pyrc as well as the direction of heat transfer. In x-y and z direction, TCs differ greatly and that in x-y direction (25.6-174 W/m·K) is several times larger than that in z direction(3.5-50 W/m·K).

Preparation and properties of C/C-SiC brake composites fabricated by warm compacted-in situ reaction

Carbon fibre reinforced carbon and silicon carbide dual matrix composites（C/C-SiC） were fabricated by the warm compacted-in situ reaction.The microstructure,mechanical properties,tribological properties,and wear mechanism of C/C-SiC composites at different brake speeds were investigated.The results indicate that the composites are composed of 58wt%C,37wt%SiC,and 5wt%Si.The density and open porosity are 2.0 g.cm^（-3） and 10%,respectively.The C/C-SiC brake composites exhibit good mechanical properties.The flexural strength can reach up to 160 MPa,and the impact strength can reach 2.5 kJ.m^（-2）.The C/C-SiC brake composites show excellent tribological performances.The friction coefficient is between 0.57 and 0.67 at the brake speeds from 8 to 24 m·s^（-1）.The brake is stable,and the wear rate is less than 2.02×10^（-6） cm^3·J^（-1）.These results show that the C/C-SiC brake composites are the promising candidates for advanced brake and clutch systems.

W-Mo-Si/SiC Oxidation Protective Coating for Carbon/Carbon Composites

A W-Mo-Si/SiC double-layer oxidation protective coating for carbon/carbon （C/C） composites was prepared by a two-step pack cementation technique. XRD （X-ray diffraction） and SEM （scanning electron microscopy）results show that the coating obtained by the first step pack cementation was a thin inner buffer layer of SiC with some cracks and pores, and a new phase of （WxMo1-x）Si2 appeared after the second step pack cementation. Oxidation test shows that, after oxidation in air at 1773 K for 175 h and thermal cycling between 1773 K and room temperature for 18 times, the weight loss of the W-Mo-Si/SiC coated C/C composites was only 2.06%. The oxidation protective failure of the W-Mo-Si/SiC coating was attributed to the formation of some penetrable cracks in the coating.

OXIDATION RESISTANCE AND SELF-SEALING PROPERTY OF CERAMIC COATINGS FOR C/C COMPOSITES

The oxidation behavior and damage mechanism of modifiers and compounds of many types of ceramic coatings were investigated experimentally. A MoSi 2/SiC coating was produced by infiltration process. The oxidation behavior of the coated C/C composites was studied at various temperatures below 1650℃. The oxidation results showed that the MoSi 2/SiC coating for thermal protection of C/C composites has high oxidation resistance at temperature up to 1650℃. In the present work, a new model of an oxidation protective, self sealing multi layer coating system was proposed for C/C composites. The multi layer coating possessing the self sealing property was obtained by pack cementation and infiltration process. The protection coating system for C/C composites consists of an inner layer of SiC and an outer layer of porous refractory oxides filled by modified SiO 2 glass. Isothermal and cyclic thermal oxidation tests showed the multi layer coating was capable of protecting the C/C composites in an oxidizing atmosphere at temperature up to 1800℃.

C/C-HfC复合材料的抗烧蚀性能

以无机铪溶液为前驱体,采用化学气相渗透法(CVI)和前驱体浸渍裂解法(PIP)制备密度为2.14 g/cm^(3)的C/C-HfC复合材料,分析其微观结构和组成,测试材料的抗烧蚀性能。结果表明:HfC陶瓷均匀地分散于基体的孔隙中,且与基体结合紧密。引入HfC陶瓷可以显著增强C/C复合材料的抗烧蚀性能。在相同的热流条件下,烧蚀时间为120 s时,C/C-HfC复合材料的线烧蚀率为6.20×10^(-2)mm·s^(-1),质量烧蚀率为2.03×10^(-2)g·s^(-1),分别比C/C复合材料降低了48.33%和40.12%。在烧蚀过程中,HfC会与热流中的氧气反应生成熔融的HfO_(2),均匀地覆盖在基体的表面形成保护层,隔绝热流,防止基体被氧化,同时阻止热量的传递。熔融HfO_(2)的蒸发也会带走表面的部分热量。随着烧蚀时间的增加,HfO_(2)的损耗会逐渐上升,基体表面的保护层会逐渐被破坏,热流对基体产生的烧蚀损伤会更为严重。

Three-Dimensional Reconstructed Finite Element Model for C/C Composites by Micro-CT

The precise microscopic feature of carbon-carbon(C/C)composites is essential for an accurate prediction of their mechanical behavior.After fabrication,actual microscopic feature differs from simple ideal spatial model.Micro-computed-tomography(CT)scan can well describe internal microstructures of composites.Therefore,a reconstructed model is developed based on mirco-CT,by a series of prodcedures including extracting components,generating new binary images and establishing a finite element(FE)model.Compared with the model designed by reconstructed commercial software MIMICS,the presented reconstructed FE model is superior in terms of high mesh quality and controllable mesh quantity.The precision of the model is verified by experiment.