C-type lectin receptors(CLRs)are powerful pattern-recognition receptors that discern‘self’and‘non-self’in our body and protect us from invasive pathogens by mediating immune recognition and response.The gastrointe...C-type lectin receptors(CLRs)are powerful pattern-recognition receptors that discern‘self’and‘non-self’in our body and protect us from invasive pathogens by mediating immune recognition and response.The gastrointestinal tract is very important for the maintenance of homeostasis;it is the largest shelter for the billions of microorganisms in the body and CLRs play a crucial regulatory role in this system.This study focuses on several CLRs,including Dectin-1,Dectin-2,Dectin-3 and Mincle.We summarize the roles of CLRs in maintaining gastrointestinal immune-system homeostasis,especially their functions in mediating immune recognition and responses in the gut,discuss their relationships to some diseases,highlight the significance of CLR-mediated sensing of microbial and non-microbial compounds in the gut immune system and identify new therapeutic targets.展开更多
This paper introduces a new economic model of a wartime economy, the war economic capability model--WEC-Model. The WEC-Model assesses the eco- nornic impact of an armed conflict in three different stages： （1） initi...This paper introduces a new economic model of a wartime economy, the war economic capability model--WEC-Model. The WEC-Model assesses the eco- nornic impact of an armed conflict in three different stages： （1） initial armed conflict and diplomatic negotiations; （2） military armed conflict; and （3） winners and losers in the post-armed conflict stage. The analysis makes use of new indicators such as economic desgrowth （-δ）, armed conflict intensity （αi）, armed conflict losses （-π）, economic wear （Л）, level of armed conflict tension （ζ）, level of diplomatic nego- tiations （η）, and total economic leaking （Ωt. To illustrate the model, we apply it to evaluate an imaginary armed conflict between the People＇s Republic of China and Japan.展开更多
基金This work is supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81572354 and 81772542 to T.W.)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province in China(BK20161400 to T.W.).
文摘C-type lectin receptors(CLRs)are powerful pattern-recognition receptors that discern‘self’and‘non-self’in our body and protect us from invasive pathogens by mediating immune recognition and response.The gastrointestinal tract is very important for the maintenance of homeostasis;it is the largest shelter for the billions of microorganisms in the body and CLRs play a crucial regulatory role in this system.This study focuses on several CLRs,including Dectin-1,Dectin-2,Dectin-3 and Mincle.We summarize the roles of CLRs in maintaining gastrointestinal immune-system homeostasis,especially their functions in mediating immune recognition and responses in the gut,discuss their relationships to some diseases,highlight the significance of CLR-mediated sensing of microbial and non-microbial compounds in the gut immune system and identify new therapeutic targets.
文摘This paper introduces a new economic model of a wartime economy, the war economic capability model--WEC-Model. The WEC-Model assesses the eco- nornic impact of an armed conflict in three different stages： （1） initial armed conflict and diplomatic negotiations; （2） military armed conflict; and （3） winners and losers in the post-armed conflict stage. The analysis makes use of new indicators such as economic desgrowth （-δ）, armed conflict intensity （αi）, armed conflict losses （-π）, economic wear （Л）, level of armed conflict tension （ζ）, level of diplomatic nego- tiations （η）, and total economic leaking （Ωt. To illustrate the model, we apply it to evaluate an imaginary armed conflict between the People＇s Republic of China and Japan.
