Objective:To investigate the neuroprotective effect of C-phycocyanin in a mouse model of rotenone-induced Parkinson’s disease.Methods:C-phycocyanin(50 mg/kg,i.p.,daily)was administered to rotenone(30 mg/kg,p.o.,daily...Objective:To investigate the neuroprotective effect of C-phycocyanin in a mouse model of rotenone-induced Parkinson’s disease.Methods:C-phycocyanin(50 mg/kg,i.p.,daily)was administered to rotenone(30 mg/kg,p.o.,daily)treated mice for 28 days.Behavioral studies(Y-maze,rotarod,round beam walk,and wire-hang tests)were carried out to assess neurobehavioral deficits.Glutathione and malondialdehyde were determined in both serum and striatal tissue.Molecular proteins(AKT,AMPK,NF-κB,BDNF,and alpha-synuclein)in the striatum were estimated using ELISA.Histopathological analyses(hematoxylin and eosin stainning as well as Nissl staining)were carried out to assess structural abnormalities in the striatum.Results:C-phycocyanin significantly increased BDNF levels and decreased alpha-synuclein levels.It also slightly upregulated AMPK and AKT levels without significant difference compared with the rotenone group.Additionally,rotenone-induced elevated oxidative stress and structural abnormalities in the striatum were markedly mitigated by C-phycocyanin.Conclusions:C-phycocyanin might have potential neuroprotective effects against Parkinson’s disease.Further studies are warranted to verify its efficacy and to understand the molecular mechanisms behind the neuroprotective effects of C-phycocyanin in Parkinson’s disease.展开更多
The synthesized C-phycocyanins （C-PCs） doped silica biomaterials were characterized by the SEM and BET surface area analysis measurement. The morphology of C-PCs doped silica biomaterials indicates that the surface ...The synthesized C-phycocyanins （C-PCs） doped silica biomaterials were characterized by the SEM and BET surface area analysis measurement. The morphology of C-PCs doped silica biomaterials indicates that the surface of the silica cluster is formed by a great number of silica particles with an average size of between 30 and 40 nm. Silica itself is a porous structure with the average pore diameter of 2.95 nm. Pores with their diameter less than 5 nm account for 84.07%. In addition, the C-PCs can be utilized as a fluorescent protein probe to monitor influence of the protein encapsulation and to study matrix and protein interaction and stability of protein in silica matrix. Application of protein encapsulation silica materials requires biomolecules to keep bioactivity and stability on potentially unfavorable industrial conditions. The C-PCs in solution or in silicate matrix irradiated by ultraviolet ray can result in photobleaching, whereas the protein in the silica is less affected. The measured photodamage rate constant of C-PCs in buffer solution is 25 times faster than that of C-PCs in silica matrix. However, the lifetime of C-PCs in silica matrix or phosphate buffer is unaffected. These studies suggest that entrapment of C-PCs into silica matrixes not only can maintain their biological activity but also noticeably improve their photostability.展开更多
为了降低天然大分子功能蛋白的分离纯化成本,以琼脂为原料自制弱阴离子交换层析介质DEAE-琼脂凝胶微球。将DEAE-琼脂凝胶微球应用于坛紫菜R-藻红蛋白（R-PE）和螺旋藻C-藻蓝蛋白（C-PC）的提取分离,最佳洗脱条件为：层析柱规格h=35.0 cm...为了降低天然大分子功能蛋白的分离纯化成本,以琼脂为原料自制弱阴离子交换层析介质DEAE-琼脂凝胶微球。将DEAE-琼脂凝胶微球应用于坛紫菜R-藻红蛋白（R-PE）和螺旋藻C-藻蓝蛋白（C-PC）的提取分离,最佳洗脱条件为：层析柱规格h=35.0 cm,φ=1.0 cm,V=27.5 m L;流速v=0.33 m L/min;洗脱缓冲液为0.01 mol/L磷酸盐溶液（含有0.05~0.5 mol/L Na Cl溶液）;0.01 mol/L磷酸盐缓冲液（含0.1 mol/L Na Cl）洗脱出纯度为5.0的坛紫菜R-PE;0.01 mol/L磷酸盐缓冲液（含0.2 mol/L Na Cl）洗脱出纯度为4.4的螺旋藻C-PC。自制层析介质成本低廉、耗能少、可大量制备、分离效果好,可用于坛紫菜R-PE、螺旋藻C-PC的产业化制备。展开更多
Age related cataract is the leading cause of blindness associated with accumulation of oxidative stress in the eye lens.The present investigation reveals the rational of the beneficial effects of the natural compound ...Age related cataract is the leading cause of blindness associated with accumulation of oxidative stress in the eye lens.The present investigation reveals the rational of the beneficial effects of the natural compound C-phycocyanin(CPC)is beneficial when administered to rat pups to protect against the secondary effects of sodium selenite induced cataractogenesis.A single subcutaneous dose of sodium selenite(19 lmol/kg body weight)on the 10th day of postpartum is adequate to induce cataract in rat pups.Serum biochemical parameters,such as the level of electrolytes,mean activities of anti-oxidant enzymes i.e.superoxide dismutase,catalase and reduced glutathione were observed to be significantly altered during selenite induced cataractogenic process.Histopathological examination revealed signs of degradation of normal cell architecture in the liver,kidney and eye lens.Interestingly,the deleterious effects of sodium selenite toxicity were restored with the simultaneous treatment with C-PC.The results suggest that an administration of 200 mg/kg body weight of C-PC has the ability to prevent/alter the secondary changes reflected in the serum biochemical and histological modifications in rats exposed to sodium selenite.These results complement the beneficial role of C-PC of cyanobacterial origin as a efficacious anti-cataractogenic agent against sodium selenite toxicity.展开更多
Excessive alcohol consumption leads to liver disease. Extensive evidence suggests that C-phycocyanin(C-PC), a chromophore phycocyanobilin derived from Spirulina platensis, exerts protective eff ects against chemical-i...Excessive alcohol consumption leads to liver disease. Extensive evidence suggests that C-phycocyanin(C-PC), a chromophore phycocyanobilin derived from Spirulina platensis, exerts protective eff ects against chemical-induced organ damage. In this study, we investigated whether C-PC could protect against ethanol-induced acute liver injury. Serum alanine aminotransferase(ALT), aspartate aminotransferase(AST), triglyceride(TG), total cholesterol(CHOL), low-density lipoprotein(LDL), liver homogenate malondialdehyde(MDA), superoxide dismutase(SOD) content were measured, and pathological examination of liver sections were examined. C-PC showed obvious inhibitory eff ects on serum ALT, AST, TG, CHOL, LDL and MDA, and SOD content significantly increased in the liver. The structure of hepatic lobules was clear, liver sinus returned to normal, and liver cell cords were arranged in neat rows. Cloudiness, swelling, inflammatory cell infiltration and spotty necrosis of liver cells were significantly reduced. Therefore, C-PC can significantly protect against ethanol-induced acute liver injury.展开更多
Influence of Hg(II) and Pb(II) ions on C-Phycocyanin (C-PC) from cyanobacteria Spirulina platensis was investigated using Fluorescence spectroscopy. Fluorescence measurements demonstrate quenching of C-PC emission by ...Influence of Hg(II) and Pb(II) ions on C-Phycocyanin (C-PC) from cyanobacteria Spirulina platensis was investigated using Fluorescence spectroscopy. Fluorescence measurements demonstrate quenching of C-PC emission by Hg(II) and Pb(II), and blue shifts in the fluorescence spectra. The effect of DNA on the fluorescence of Hg(II)-and Pb(II)-C-PC (from Spirulina platensis) complexes was also studied. It was shown that the fluorescence intensity of Hg-C-PC after addition of DNA gave rise to the fluorescence buildup. At the same time, addition of DNA to the Pb(II)-C-PC complexes showed no such effect. In the case of Hg(II)-C-PC, fluorescence intensity significantly decreases in time, while for Pb(II)-C-PC, decrease of the fluorescence intensity is not significant, but blue shift of the peak takes place.展开更多
On the basis of bioinformatics analysis, six putative promoters were isolated from the upstream sequence of c-phycocyanin gene of Arthrospira platensis FACHB341 through site-directed mutagenesis, and the transcription...On the basis of bioinformatics analysis, six putative promoters were isolated from the upstream sequence of c-phycocyanin gene of Arthrospira platensis FACHB341 through site-directed mutagenesis, and the transcriptional pattern of c-phycocyanin gene was determined by SmartRace. Results showed that each isolated promoter drived the expression of gfp in E. coli, and Promoter Ⅲ was the strongest one according to the GFP level. Only one transcript of c-phycocyanin gene was found under experimental conditions, and the transcription start site G was located at the - 285 bp upstream of the start codon, from which it could be inferred that the transcript was from the promotion of Promoter Ⅰ.展开更多
PHYCOBILIPROTEINS. which include phycoerythrin, phycocyanin, phycoerythroeyanin and allophycocyanin, are intensively coloured, highly fluorescent, water soluble chromoproteins. They are composed of at least two dissim...PHYCOBILIPROTEINS. which include phycoerythrin, phycocyanin, phycoerythroeyanin and allophycocyanin, are intensively coloured, highly fluorescent, water soluble chromoproteins. They are composed of at least two dissimilar polypeptides, α and β subunits, in a molar ratio of 1:1. The subunits possess linear tetrapyrrole prosthetic groups covalently linked to the primary structure via cysteine thioether linkages. In blue-green and red algae, phycobiliproteins occur in a supramolecular structure, the phycobilisome, located on the surface of thylakoid to展开更多
The antenna system of algae for photosynthesis is a functional entity composed of various phycobiliproteins and the linker polypeptides. Up to now, high-resolution crystal structure data have been available only for t...The antenna system of algae for photosynthesis is a functional entity composed of various phycobiliproteins and the linker polypeptides. Up to now, high-resolution crystal structure data have been available only for the isolated phycohiliproteins. To have an understanding of the functional connection between different phycobiliproteins, it is necessary to study the complexes composed of different phycobiliproteins. The energy transfer processes in C-phycocyanin complexes were studied through computer simulation because it is dificult to be studied by conventional experimental methods. The main pathways of energy flow and the dynamic property of the energy transfer were obtained. A fast transfer process between two neighboring disks was observed through analyzing the distribution curves of excitation energy over time. According to the definition of the time constants for energy transfer in time-resolved spectrum techniques, for a complex with three C-phycocyanin hexamer disks, a fluorescence-rising component with several picoseconds was obtained in disk 2 and 20 ps in disk 3 when the chromophores in disk 1 were excited by an ideal Δ pulsed laser beam. The results showed clearly that the energy transfer between the disks in an antenna rod was very fast and that energy transfer was fast and efficient in an intact antenna system of algae.展开更多
The spectroscopic characteristics and pathways of energy transfer in the C--phycocyaninmonomer (αβ) and trimer(αβ)_3 isolated from cyanobacterium Westiellopsis prolifica havebeen investigated by absorption, excita...The spectroscopic characteristics and pathways of energy transfer in the C--phycocyaninmonomer (αβ) and trimer(αβ)_3 isolated from cyanobacterium Westiellopsis prolifica havebeen investigated by absorption, excitation, fluorescence, fluorescence excitation polarizationand fluorescence polarization spectra and the deconvolution of those spectra. The phenome-non of an energy--back--transfer within a C--phycocyanin trimer has been found, and a tentativemodel of the bidirectional energy transfer is proposed by us, which describes well our exper-imental results.展开更多
A new mimic system of photosymhetic apparatus was constructed from C-phycocyanin and phthalocyanine zinc. C-FC was solubilized in the reverse micelles of non ionic surfactant Tween-80, cosurfactant pentanol, and solve...A new mimic system of photosymhetic apparatus was constructed from C-phycocyanin and phthalocyanine zinc. C-FC was solubilized in the reverse micelles of non ionic surfactant Tween-80, cosurfactant pentanol, and solvent cyclohexane, in which the overall concentration of surfactant was 20% (w/v) and the mass ratio of Tween-80 to pentanol was 4:1. When the molar ratio of water to Tween-80 (R w)?S9.0, the characteristic properties of C-PC were maintained. When it was excited, the energy transfer from C-PC to phthalocyanine zinc took place. The energy transfer efficiency was only related with the concentration of phthalocyanine, but not that of C-PC. Furthermore, the energy transfer was roughly in keeping with Perrin formulation, which indicated that the energy transfer took place approximately through dipole-dipole interaction in rigid system. The radii of the quenching sphere were calculated from the experimental results. For example, when the concentration of phthalocyanine zinc was 2.10×10-4 mol/L, the radius of the quenching sphere of the system was 10.9 nm.展开更多
Excitation energy transfer processes and mechanism in C-PC hexamer have been studied in detail by picosecond time-resolved fluorescencs isotropic and anisotropic spectroscopy methods. The experimental results show tha...Excitation energy transfer processes and mechanism in C-PC hexamer have been studied in detail by picosecond time-resolved fluorescencs isotropic and anisotropic spectroscopy methods. The experimental results show that there are two types of principal channels, with large probability or amplitude, for linking two trimers viam?m and s?s energy transfer pathways, the energy-transfer time constants of them are about 20 and 10 ps, respectively. Indeed, there exists the evidence for energy-transfer channels of s?f steps in the same monomer and threef?f steps in the same trimer of the C-PC hexamer unit, with small probability or amplitude, and the time constants of them might be ca. 50 and 45 ps separately. Also, the present results show that the hexamer possesses an optimal structure for energy-transfer and for the first time confirm that the dominant energy-transfer processes except those between 1 m?2f, 2m?3f and 3m?1f and so on, in isolated C-PC hexamer, could be described by F?rster dipole-dipole resonance mechanism.展开更多
文摘Objective:To investigate the neuroprotective effect of C-phycocyanin in a mouse model of rotenone-induced Parkinson’s disease.Methods:C-phycocyanin(50 mg/kg,i.p.,daily)was administered to rotenone(30 mg/kg,p.o.,daily)treated mice for 28 days.Behavioral studies(Y-maze,rotarod,round beam walk,and wire-hang tests)were carried out to assess neurobehavioral deficits.Glutathione and malondialdehyde were determined in both serum and striatal tissue.Molecular proteins(AKT,AMPK,NF-κB,BDNF,and alpha-synuclein)in the striatum were estimated using ELISA.Histopathological analyses(hematoxylin and eosin stainning as well as Nissl staining)were carried out to assess structural abnormalities in the striatum.Results:C-phycocyanin significantly increased BDNF levels and decreased alpha-synuclein levels.It also slightly upregulated AMPK and AKT levels without significant difference compared with the rotenone group.Additionally,rotenone-induced elevated oxidative stress and structural abnormalities in the striatum were markedly mitigated by C-phycocyanin.Conclusions:C-phycocyanin might have potential neuroprotective effects against Parkinson’s disease.Further studies are warranted to verify its efficacy and to understand the molecular mechanisms behind the neuroprotective effects of C-phycocyanin in Parkinson’s disease.
基金Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 20873005)Beijing Natural Science Fundation (No.2083028)+1 种基金the Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars, State Education Ministry422 Funds from University of Science and Technology Beijing
文摘The synthesized C-phycocyanins （C-PCs） doped silica biomaterials were characterized by the SEM and BET surface area analysis measurement. The morphology of C-PCs doped silica biomaterials indicates that the surface of the silica cluster is formed by a great number of silica particles with an average size of between 30 and 40 nm. Silica itself is a porous structure with the average pore diameter of 2.95 nm. Pores with their diameter less than 5 nm account for 84.07%. In addition, the C-PCs can be utilized as a fluorescent protein probe to monitor influence of the protein encapsulation and to study matrix and protein interaction and stability of protein in silica matrix. Application of protein encapsulation silica materials requires biomolecules to keep bioactivity and stability on potentially unfavorable industrial conditions. The C-PCs in solution or in silicate matrix irradiated by ultraviolet ray can result in photobleaching, whereas the protein in the silica is less affected. The measured photodamage rate constant of C-PCs in buffer solution is 25 times faster than that of C-PCs in silica matrix. However, the lifetime of C-PCs in silica matrix or phosphate buffer is unaffected. These studies suggest that entrapment of C-PCs into silica matrixes not only can maintain their biological activity but also noticeably improve their photostability.
文摘为了降低天然大分子功能蛋白的分离纯化成本,以琼脂为原料自制弱阴离子交换层析介质DEAE-琼脂凝胶微球。将DEAE-琼脂凝胶微球应用于坛紫菜R-藻红蛋白（R-PE）和螺旋藻C-藻蓝蛋白（C-PC）的提取分离,最佳洗脱条件为：层析柱规格h=35.0 cm,φ=1.0 cm,V=27.5 m L;流速v=0.33 m L/min;洗脱缓冲液为0.01 mol/L磷酸盐溶液（含有0.05~0.5 mol/L Na Cl溶液）;0.01 mol/L磷酸盐缓冲液（含0.1 mol/L Na Cl）洗脱出纯度为5.0的坛紫菜R-PE;0.01 mol/L磷酸盐缓冲液（含0.2 mol/L Na Cl）洗脱出纯度为4.4的螺旋藻C-PC。自制层析介质成本低廉、耗能少、可大量制备、分离效果好,可用于坛紫菜R-PE、螺旋藻C-PC的产业化制备。
文摘Age related cataract is the leading cause of blindness associated with accumulation of oxidative stress in the eye lens.The present investigation reveals the rational of the beneficial effects of the natural compound C-phycocyanin(CPC)is beneficial when administered to rat pups to protect against the secondary effects of sodium selenite induced cataractogenesis.A single subcutaneous dose of sodium selenite(19 lmol/kg body weight)on the 10th day of postpartum is adequate to induce cataract in rat pups.Serum biochemical parameters,such as the level of electrolytes,mean activities of anti-oxidant enzymes i.e.superoxide dismutase,catalase and reduced glutathione were observed to be significantly altered during selenite induced cataractogenic process.Histopathological examination revealed signs of degradation of normal cell architecture in the liver,kidney and eye lens.Interestingly,the deleterious effects of sodium selenite toxicity were restored with the simultaneous treatment with C-PC.The results suggest that an administration of 200 mg/kg body weight of C-PC has the ability to prevent/alter the secondary changes reflected in the serum biochemical and histological modifications in rats exposed to sodium selenite.These results complement the beneficial role of C-PC of cyanobacterial origin as a efficacious anti-cataractogenic agent against sodium selenite toxicity.
基金Supported by the National Special Research Fund for Non-Profit Marine Sector(No.201205027)the Taishan Scholar Program of Shandong Province
文摘Excessive alcohol consumption leads to liver disease. Extensive evidence suggests that C-phycocyanin(C-PC), a chromophore phycocyanobilin derived from Spirulina platensis, exerts protective eff ects against chemical-induced organ damage. In this study, we investigated whether C-PC could protect against ethanol-induced acute liver injury. Serum alanine aminotransferase(ALT), aspartate aminotransferase(AST), triglyceride(TG), total cholesterol(CHOL), low-density lipoprotein(LDL), liver homogenate malondialdehyde(MDA), superoxide dismutase(SOD) content were measured, and pathological examination of liver sections were examined. C-PC showed obvious inhibitory eff ects on serum ALT, AST, TG, CHOL, LDL and MDA, and SOD content significantly increased in the liver. The structure of hepatic lobules was clear, liver sinus returned to normal, and liver cell cords were arranged in neat rows. Cloudiness, swelling, inflammatory cell infiltration and spotty necrosis of liver cells were significantly reduced. Therefore, C-PC can significantly protect against ethanol-induced acute liver injury.
文摘Influence of Hg(II) and Pb(II) ions on C-Phycocyanin (C-PC) from cyanobacteria Spirulina platensis was investigated using Fluorescence spectroscopy. Fluorescence measurements demonstrate quenching of C-PC emission by Hg(II) and Pb(II), and blue shifts in the fluorescence spectra. The effect of DNA on the fluorescence of Hg(II)-and Pb(II)-C-PC (from Spirulina platensis) complexes was also studied. It was shown that the fluorescence intensity of Hg-C-PC after addition of DNA gave rise to the fluorescence buildup. At the same time, addition of DNA to the Pb(II)-C-PC complexes showed no such effect. In the case of Hg(II)-C-PC, fluorescence intensity significantly decreases in time, while for Pb(II)-C-PC, decrease of the fluorescence intensity is not significant, but blue shift of the peak takes place.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.30471317.
文摘On the basis of bioinformatics analysis, six putative promoters were isolated from the upstream sequence of c-phycocyanin gene of Arthrospira platensis FACHB341 through site-directed mutagenesis, and the transcriptional pattern of c-phycocyanin gene was determined by SmartRace. Results showed that each isolated promoter drived the expression of gfp in E. coli, and Promoter Ⅲ was the strongest one according to the GFP level. Only one transcript of c-phycocyanin gene was found under experimental conditions, and the transcription start site G was located at the - 285 bp upstream of the start codon, from which it could be inferred that the transcript was from the promotion of Promoter Ⅰ.
文摘PHYCOBILIPROTEINS. which include phycoerythrin, phycocyanin, phycoerythroeyanin and allophycocyanin, are intensively coloured, highly fluorescent, water soluble chromoproteins. They are composed of at least two dissimilar polypeptides, α and β subunits, in a molar ratio of 1:1. The subunits possess linear tetrapyrrole prosthetic groups covalently linked to the primary structure via cysteine thioether linkages. In blue-green and red algae, phycobiliproteins occur in a supramolecular structure, the phycobilisome, located on the surface of thylakoid to
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 29773049).
文摘The antenna system of algae for photosynthesis is a functional entity composed of various phycobiliproteins and the linker polypeptides. Up to now, high-resolution crystal structure data have been available only for the isolated phycohiliproteins. To have an understanding of the functional connection between different phycobiliproteins, it is necessary to study the complexes composed of different phycobiliproteins. The energy transfer processes in C-phycocyanin complexes were studied through computer simulation because it is dificult to be studied by conventional experimental methods. The main pathways of energy flow and the dynamic property of the energy transfer were obtained. A fast transfer process between two neighboring disks was observed through analyzing the distribution curves of excitation energy over time. According to the definition of the time constants for energy transfer in time-resolved spectrum techniques, for a complex with three C-phycocyanin hexamer disks, a fluorescence-rising component with several picoseconds was obtained in disk 2 and 20 ps in disk 3 when the chromophores in disk 1 were excited by an ideal Δ pulsed laser beam. The results showed clearly that the energy transfer between the disks in an antenna rod was very fast and that energy transfer was fast and efficient in an intact antenna system of algae.
基金Project supported by Academia Sinica and the Third World Academy of Sciences.
文摘The spectroscopic characteristics and pathways of energy transfer in the C--phycocyaninmonomer (αβ) and trimer(αβ)_3 isolated from cyanobacterium Westiellopsis prolifica havebeen investigated by absorption, excitation, fluorescence, fluorescence excitation polarizationand fluorescence polarization spectra and the deconvolution of those spectra. The phenome-non of an energy--back--transfer within a C--phycocyanin trimer has been found, and a tentativemodel of the bidirectional energy transfer is proposed by us, which describes well our exper-imental results.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 29773049)
文摘A new mimic system of photosymhetic apparatus was constructed from C-phycocyanin and phthalocyanine zinc. C-FC was solubilized in the reverse micelles of non ionic surfactant Tween-80, cosurfactant pentanol, and solvent cyclohexane, in which the overall concentration of surfactant was 20% (w/v) and the mass ratio of Tween-80 to pentanol was 4:1. When the molar ratio of water to Tween-80 (R w)?S9.0, the characteristic properties of C-PC were maintained. When it was excited, the energy transfer from C-PC to phthalocyanine zinc took place. The energy transfer efficiency was only related with the concentration of phthalocyanine, but not that of C-PC. Furthermore, the energy transfer was roughly in keeping with Perrin formulation, which indicated that the energy transfer took place approximately through dipole-dipole interaction in rigid system. The radii of the quenching sphere were calculated from the experimental results. For example, when the concentration of phthalocyanine zinc was 2.10×10-4 mol/L, the radius of the quenching sphere of the system was 10.9 nm.
文摘Excitation energy transfer processes and mechanism in C-PC hexamer have been studied in detail by picosecond time-resolved fluorescencs isotropic and anisotropic spectroscopy methods. The experimental results show that there are two types of principal channels, with large probability or amplitude, for linking two trimers viam?m and s?s energy transfer pathways, the energy-transfer time constants of them are about 20 and 10 ps, respectively. Indeed, there exists the evidence for energy-transfer channels of s?f steps in the same monomer and threef?f steps in the same trimer of the C-PC hexamer unit, with small probability or amplitude, and the time constants of them might be ca. 50 and 45 ps separately. Also, the present results show that the hexamer possesses an optimal structure for energy-transfer and for the first time confirm that the dominant energy-transfer processes except those between 1 m?2f, 2m?3f and 3m?1f and so on, in isolated C-PC hexamer, could be described by F?rster dipole-dipole resonance mechanism.
