Synthesis and Characterization of Phenyl Camellia oleifera Seed Oil Ester Plasticizing PVC

Plasticizers are essential additives in the processing of polyvinyl chloride(PVC),with phthalate plasticizers being widely used.However,these conventional plasticizers have been shown to be harmful to human health and environmentally unfriendly,necessitating the exploration of eco-friendly bio-based alternatives.In this study,Camellia oleifera seed oil,a specialty resource in China,was utilized as a raw material and reacted with 4,4′-Methylenebis(N,N-diglycidylaniline)(AG-80)to synthesize Phenyl Camellia seed Oil Ester(PCSOE).PCSOE was employed as a plasticizer to prepare modified PVC films with varying concentrations,with the conventional plasticizer dioctyl phthalate(DOP)serving as a control.Experimental results demonstrate that PSCOE-plasticized PVC films exhibit enhanced hydrophilicity,tensile strength,and thermal stability compared to DOP-modified PVC films.The contact angle of PSCOE-plasticized PVC films ranges from 66.26°to 78.48°,which is generally lower than the contact angle of DOP-modified PVC films at 78.40°,indicating improved hydrophilicity due to the modification with PCSOE.The tensile strength of PSCOE-plasticized PVC films ranges from 17.73 to 20.17 MPa,all surpassing the value of 16.41 MPa for DOP-modified PVC films.Moreover,the temperatures corresponding to 5%,10%,and 50%weight loss for PVC samples modified with PCSOE are higher than those for DOP.Hence,PCSOE presents a viable alternative to DOP as a plasticizer for PVC materials.

Profiling the effects of microwave-assisted and soxhlet extraction techniques on the physicochemical attributes of Moringa oleifera seed oil and proteins

There is a constant search for biomaterials from natural products like plants for food and industrial applications.The work embodied in this report aimed at investigating the effects of microwave-assisted and soxhlet extraction(MAE and SE) techniques on the functional physicochemical quality characteristics of Moringa oleifera seed oil and proteins extracts. M. oleifera seeds were ground to fine powders and oil was extracted by microwave-assisted and soxhlet extraction techniques using petroleum ether. Quality attributes including yield percent, moisture content,iodine, saponification, specific gravity, viscosity, p H, thiobarbituric acid, acid and peroxide values were measured. Mineral and vitamin contents, chemical/functional groups, fatty acid(FA) composition, and reducing power of the oil were evaluated. Metabolomics of protein extracted from the defatted powders were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR). M. oleifera oil from MAE and SE methods had good yield(34.25 ± 0.0%,28.75 ± 0.0%), low moisture content(0.008 ± 0.0%, 0.011 ± 0.0%), non-drying and unsaturated, moderately saponified, less dense(0.91 ± 0.01, 0.92 ± 0.02 g m L^(-1)), had Newtonian flow, were weakly acidic, showed good content of FAs, recorded strong potential for long shelf-life, showed stability against oxidative rancidity and enzymatic hydrolysis, had very rich deposits of micro-and macro-nutrients as well as water-soluble and lipidsoluble vitamins, and functional groups in the oil were reflective of its content of long-and medium-chain triglycerides(LCT and MCT). Monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids(MUFA and SFA) were detected and the oil has excellent ferric ion reducing power. NMR metabolomic assay revealed the presence of nine essential amino acids(EAAs) in the protein extract. MAE technique is a feasible and acceptable alternative for high throughput extraction of M. oleifera oil with high yield and excellent quality attributes. The study revealed that MAE did not impart any remarkable advantage(s) on the physicochemical properties of M. oleifera seed oil and protein compared to SE technique.

Plasticizing Effect of Camellia oleifera Seed-Oil-Based Plasticizer on PVC Material Modification

In this study,as the plasticizer,Camellia oleifera seed-oil-based cyclohexyl ester(COSOCE)was prepared by the reaction of cyclohexene oxide and refined C.oleifera seed oil(RCOSO)obtained by acidification hydrolysis after saponification.In addition,the structure of the target product was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy,nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)spectroscopy,and Raman spectroscopy.COSOCE was used as plasticizer-modified polyvinyl chloride(PVC)membranes.The structure of the COSOCE-modified PVC membranes were characterized by Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).The properties of the COSOCE-modified PVC membrane were characterized by contact angle measurements,universal testing machine,thermogravimetric analysis(TGA),and differential scanning calorimetry(DSC).The results revealed that(1)The COSOCE-modified PVC membranes exhibit a good microscopic morphology.Combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS)and contact angle measurement results,the COSOCE-modified PVC membranes are confirmed to be a hydrophilic material.(2)The modified PVC membrane with 60%COSOCE exhibited the best mechanical properties.The tensile strength reached 23.56±2.94 MPa.(3)COSOCE-modified PVC material exhibited better thermal stability,with a loss rate of less than 75%at the end of the first decomposition stage.Compared with that of the dioctyl-phthalate(DOP)-modified PVC membrane,the initial decomposition temperature of PVC was increased by 1.17°C–8.17°C,and the residual rate was increased by 0.67%–5.75%.The carbon–carbon double bond in the COSOCE molecular structure can remove the free radicals generated during the degradation of PVC material and slow down the decomposition rate of PVC.In addition,the double bond can be cross-linked partially with the PVC molecular chain containing the conjugated polyene structure,thereby increasing the movement resistance of the PVC molecular chain segment.Hence,COSOCE can replace DOP as a PVC plasticizer.

油茶籽油品质性状研究进展

油茶籽油的品质和质量是衡量油茶品质的关键标准之一。目前,油茶籽油品质高低的评价指标主要集中在理化性质、脂肪酸组成及功能性营养成分等方面。其中不饱和脂肪酸总量、角鲨烯、维生素E的含量以及酸值、过氧化值等是评价油茶籽油品质的重要依据之一。随着油茶籽油品质性状的比较研究逐渐增多,对于这些性状合成相关基因的集中研究显得不够深入,并且大多数基因之间的相互作用机制尚未清楚。为进一步了解品质性状对油茶良种选育的影响,为选育高品质油茶品种提供参考,本文综述了油茶籽油脂肪酸组成及生物活性成分等品质性状的研究,并探讨了影响品质性状的因素。同时,分析了脂肪酸和功能性营养成分合成代谢相关基因的深层次分子研究进展,对开发油茶重要品质性状关联的分子标记具有指导意义。

10t/d双螺杆榨油机压榨油茶籽的工艺研究

为提高油茶籽油的品质,减少传统油茶籽制油工艺对油茶籽油的营养成分损失,对日处理10t双螺杆榨油机压榨油茶籽的工艺进行了研究。结果表明,最佳工艺条件为:油茶籽经过分级处理后入榨油茶仁水分控制在9%、油茶仁中含壳控制在8%时,压榨饼中残油率为2.49%,且产品符合一级油的国家标准。与市场上销售的油茶籽油相比,通过本工艺获得的油茶籽油中α-生育酚的保留率更高,从而进一步提高油茶籽油的营养价值,可为我国油茶籽油的高值化加工提供了技术参考。

Effects of Exogenous Vc on Seed Germination and Physiological Properties of Oil Sunflower(Helianthus annuus) under Salt Stress

[Objective] This study aimed to provide the theoretical and technical basis for alleviating salt damages in production practice of oil sunflower （Helianthus annuus）. [Method] Seeds of oil sunflower were used as experimental materials and treated with 120 mmol/L NaCI solution and 0-200 mg/L Vc solution during the germina- tion process, to investigate the effects of exogenous Vc on seed germination and physiological properties of oil sunflower under salt stress. [Result] Under salt stress, with the increase of Vc concentration, germination potential and germination rate of oil sunflower seeds, superoxide dismutase （SOD） and peroxidase （POD） activities and proline （Pro） content of oil sunflower seedlings increased first and then declined, which reached the maixmum in 80 mg/L Vc treatment, 120 mg/L Vc treatment and 80 mg/L Vc treatment, respectively; malondialdehyde （MDA） content of oil sunflower seedlings declined first and then increased, which reached the minimum in 160 mg/L Vc treatment. [Conclusion] To varying degrees, Vc could improve germination potential and germination rate of oil sunflower seeds and promote seedling growth under salt stress, thus alleviating the damages of salt stress to seed germination and seedling growth of oil sunflower.

影响油茶籽油品质的因素分析

油茶籽油属于高品质的烹饪食用油,还是一种新型的天然植物油。其营养价值丰富,且有益于人体健康,在世界范围内受到了广泛的研究与关注。然而,油茶籽油的品质受其品种特性、栽培方式、土壤性质、管理措施、加工工艺、海拔高度等诸多因素的影响,使油茶籽油的理化指标和成分含量等发生变化,因此有必要研究影响其品质的因素。本文对影响油茶籽油品质的因素,如产地、预处理方式、加工工艺、贮藏方式等进行了综合评述。

鲜油茶果快速制油工艺研究

为提高油茶果的制油效率,对传统油茶果制油工艺进行改进,采用先整果压破果壳再鼓风加热进行干燥达到蒲、壳与仁分离,得到的油茶籽仁经破碎烘干后进行压榨制油,经冷冻过滤得到成品油。对油茶籽仁烘干工艺条件和压榨工艺条件进行优化,以常温过滤为对照,对成品油的品质进行测定并考察了其在45℃储存18个月的稳定性。结果表明:油茶果干燥采用先压破果壳再鼓风加热可节约爆蒲(果壳炸开)时间0.5 h;油茶籽仁最佳烘干条件为烘干温度140℃,油茶籽仁颗粒直径6~8 mm,采用鼓风干燥;油茶籽仁含水率和油茶籽壳添加量对出油率有明显的影响,在添加30%油茶籽壳条件下,当含水率为3%时,出油率最高;油茶籽原油采用冷冻过滤得到的成品油的酸值(KOH)、过氧化值和苯并芘含量分别为0.6 mg/g、0.2 g/100 g和3μg/kg,符合食品安全国家标准要求,且储存稳定性优于常温过滤。该工艺节约了油茶果制油时间,提高了出油率和成品油的储存稳定性,可实现油茶籽油的快速制备。

不同加工工艺油茶籽油品质及其挥发性风味研究

以油茶籽为原料,对预处理后获得的油茶籽粉和制油、精炼工艺下的油茶籽油的理化性质、营养成分和挥发性风味成分进行研究。结果表明:预处理工艺采用自然晾晒法制得的油茶籽粉的酸价及过氧化值低于烘干处理油茶籽粉;角鲨烯、维生素E总量、α-生育酚、β-生育酚含量均显著高于烘干处理油茶籽粉;自然晾晒粉也保持了油茶籽的原生态风味。制油工艺采用低温冷榨工艺制得的油茶籽油的酸价及过氧化值较低;角鲨烯、维生素E含量较高;且挥发性风味成分较丰富。精炼后油茶籽油的氧化稳定性较好,但生物活性物质损失严重,风味也较弱。综上,自然晾晒结合低温冷榨及适度精炼工艺可以生产更具营养和风味特色的油茶籽油产品。

油茶籽油和橄榄油中主要化学成分分析

油茶籽油含有丰富的不饱和脂肪酸和多种功能活性成分,具有抗氧化、降血压等多重作用,而橄榄油则富含单不饱和脂肪酸、抗氧化酚类化合物及甾醇类物质,具有抗炎、抗氧化等多种生物学功能。油茶籽油和橄榄油作为两种常见的食用植物油,因其独特的营养成分和健康益处而受到广泛关注。本文综述了油茶籽油和橄榄油中的主要化学成分,并进行对比分析,旨在为进一步开发和使用油茶籽油和橄榄油提供理论依据。

油茶籽油中高油酸植物油掺假的快速检测方法验证

目的:采用GB/T5539—2008山茶油纯度试验方法验证油茶籽油中的高油酸植物油掺假情况。方法:以3个纯茶油和9个高油酸植物油建立0%、10%、20%、30%、50%、100%6个掺假梯度的掺假模型,采用GB/T5539—2008山茶油纯度试验法对模型进行测试,根据结果所显示颜色由浅及深赋予0~5六个得分等级,分析测试结果和规律。结论:山茶油纯度试验法适用于高油酸植物油的掺假检测适用,且随着掺假浓度的提高,结果所赋得分值越高,结果随之呈现梯度变化。该法对植物油检测的灵敏度存在差异性,高油酸菜籽油的灵敏性最高,高油酸葵花籽油的灵敏性最低。该研究为油茶籽油中高油酸植物油的掺假研究提供了一定的参考。

辣木籽油抗菌膜制备及对牛肉保鲜效果的研究

为了延长牛肉保质期,提高牛肉的安全性、营养及质量,研发一种辣木籽油抗菌膜用于牛肉的防腐保鲜。以壳聚糖为成膜物质,甘油为增塑剂,辣木籽油为抗菌剂,制备辣木籽油抗菌膜,并对牛肉的感观评分、pH、颜色、菌落总数和大肠菌群数量进行测定。结果表明:辣木籽油抗菌膜能延缓牛肉感官品质下降,抑制牛肉pH升高和色泽下降,抑制牛肉菌落总数和大肠菌群数量增加。辣木籽油含量为6%的抗菌膜对牛肉具有较好的保鲜效果。该研究为辣木籽油抗菌膜应用于牛肉保鲜提供参考。

油茶鲜果预处理方式对低温压榨油茶籽油品质的影响

为更多地保留活性成分,提高油茶籽油品质,研究了油茶鲜果6种不同预处理方式(剥壳-摊晒、直接摊晒、堆沤-摊晒、剥壳-烘干、直接烘干、堆沤-烘干)对油茶籽主要成分以及低温压榨油茶籽油中3种理化指标(酸值、过氧化值、多环芳烃)和4种微量活性成分(维生素E、维生素K_(1)、角鲨烯、多酚)的影响。结果表明:油茶鲜果预处理方式对油茶籽主要成分(脂肪、蛋白质、淀粉)影响不大;6种不同预处理方式对低温压榨油茶籽油的理化指标和微量活性成分均有一定的影响,其中剥壳-烘干处理油茶鲜果在油茶籽油的酸值、多环芳烃、维生素E、角鲨烯指标上较其他预处理方式存在一定优势。综上,采用剥壳-烘干对油茶鲜果进行预处理,可在一定程度上提高油茶籽油品质。

Processing technology of Camellia oleifera seed

Camellia oleifera industry plays a key role in the safety of edible oils in China,and its seed has great potential for comprehensive utilization.This review mainly introduced processing technology of Camellia seed,which included pretreatment,extraction,and high value utilization.The comprehensive utilization and nutritional value of Camellia seed were discussed.Microwave is the best pretreatment method,and shelling technology can improve oil yield.Cold pressing technology was widely accepted and aqueous enzymatic method had wide prospects.Comprehensive utilization technology of Camellia oleifera cake mainly focused on saponin extracting.In the future,processing technology of Camellia seed will be further developed in the direction of improving comprehensive utilization rate to meet new consumption demand.

近红外光谱技术快速定量油茶籽含油率及脂肪酸组成

【目的】利用近红外光谱技术构建定量预测模型,及时获得油茶重要的经济性状指标并进行评价,以简便快速、绿色安全而又准确地测定大批量油茶样品的含油率和脂肪酸组成,为油茶良种选育提供数据基础和依据。【方法】用气相色谱法测定100份油茶样品的含油率(Oil content,OC)及棕榈油酸(Palmitoleic acid,POA)、棕榈酸(Palmitic Acid,PA)、硬脂酸(Stearic acid,SA)、油酸(Oleic acid,OA)、亚油酸(Linoleic acid,LOA)、亚麻酸(α-Linolenic acid,ALA)、不饱和脂肪酸(Unsaturated fat acid,USFA)、饱和脂肪酸(Saturated fat acid,SFA)的含量水平,并作为试验测定值。对其中90份样本用近红外光谱技术,采用漫反射扫描方式,采集经过粉碎处理的油茶样品光谱,光谱序列通过光谱残差和特征残差结合的方法进行优化预处理,对光谱数据进行标准归一化,并结合导数法方法处理,结合偏最小二乘法建立油茶样品含油率和主要脂肪酸组成的定量预测模型。另外10份样本作为模型的外部验证。【结果】构建的油茶籽粉OC、PA、POA、SA、OA、LOA、ALA、USFA和SFA近红外光谱定量模型,建模集回归系数(RC)和验证集回归系数(RP)均在0.69以上,其中OC和LOA均达到0.90以上,模型效果较好。9个定量模型中效果最差的为SA,RC和RP分别为0.7028和06917。各指标定量分析模型中建模均方根误差(SEC)和验证均方根误差(SEP)的比值在0.80~1.26之间,其中ALA和USFA的SEC/SEP比值最接近1,分别为0.99和1.00,其定量模型较佳。油茶样品脂肪酸组成模型SEC/SEP比值的相对偏差在0.034~0.220,说明构建的定量模型结果很好。【结论】近红外光谱技术能实现快速、绿色安全和准确评价油茶样品的含油率和主要脂肪酸组成,用所构建的定量模型测定油茶籽粉的含油率和脂肪酸组成含量结果误差小,有较好的预测效果,在加快油茶等木本油料树种的良种选育方面具有很好的应用前景。

表面接枝C—S—H的岩沥青对高温油井水泥石力学性能的影响

研究了表面接枝C—S—H的岩沥青对高温油井水泥石力学性能和微观结构的影响,采用压力试验机及XRD、TG、SEM和EDS对油井水泥石的力学性能和微观结构进行了测试和表征。研究结果表明,与纯水泥石相比,掺入1%未改性岩沥青的水泥石3 d抗压强度下降了2.98%,而掺入1%表面接枝C—S—H岩沥青的水泥石3 d抗压强度提高了4.26%。物相分析和热重实验表明,表面接枝C—S—H岩沥青的加入不会引起水化产物类型的变化,而掺量为3%表面接枝C—S—H的岩沥青水泥石养护3 d的失重量比纯水泥石高1.01%,说明表面接枝C—S—H的岩沥青可以促进水泥的水化。水泥石的微观形貌和元素分析表明,未改性岩沥青在180℃下热解导致沥青颗粒破碎,而接枝C—S—H的岩沥青表面形成的富Si层可以避免沥青颗粒因气孔而引起破碎,使得未改性岩沥青水泥石界面处的C元素含量较接枝C—S—H的岩沥青水泥石高29.14%,未改性岩沥青水泥石基体中C元素含量较接枝C—S—H的岩沥青水泥石高13.76%。

辣木籽油的提取及其中神经酸的纯化工艺研究

为促进辣木籽油中神经酸的开发利用,以辣木籽为原料,采用低温压榨法、超临界CO_(2)萃取法、索氏抽提法提取辣木籽油,筛选合适的提油方法,再以辣木籽油为原料制备混合脂肪酸,通过低温结晶法纯化辣木籽油中的神经酸,通过单因素实验和响应面实验优化神经酸的纯化工艺。结果表明:低温压榨法提取的辣木籽原油中神经酸含量较高,达到0.88%;低温结晶法纯化辣木籽油中神经酸的最优工艺条件为料液比(混合脂肪酸与结晶溶剂质量体积比)1∶4.2、结晶温度-21℃、结晶时间2.3 h,该条件下所得产品中神经酸含量为(5.36±0.01)%,相比辣木籽原油中神经酸含量提升了5.1倍。通过低温压榨法提取辣木籽油,再采用低温结晶法纯化神经酸,能够获得神经酸含量较高的产品。

信阳茶油提取工艺优化及脂肪酸组成分析

该文以信阳新县地区油茶籽为原料,采用超声波辅助有机溶剂法提取信阳地区油茶籽油,利用气相色谱技术对油茶籽油进行脂肪酸组成分析。选取液料比、超声时间、超声温度、超声功率为自变量,以得油率为评定指标,在单因素试验的基础上进行响应面法优化试验。结果显示,液料比、超声功率对信阳茶油提取影响极显著,提取最佳工艺条件为液料比19∶1(mL/g)、超声功率200 W、超声时间63 min、超声温度60℃,该条件下得油率为39.14%。提取的油茶籽油中共鉴定出11种脂肪酸,其中饱和脂肪酸5种,占总脂肪酸9.98%;不饱和脂肪酸6种,占总脂肪酸90.02%。脂肪酸组成中油酸含量高达80.3%。

水酶法提取的油茶籽油品质及稳定性分析

本文以水酶法提取油茶籽油(SMSC)为研究对象,通过酸价、过氧化值及结构等探究其理化组成,并与市售溶剂法(RJSC)和热压法(RYSC)提取的油茶籽油进行对比分析,此外还探究了其稳定性。研究发现,与RJSC和RYSC相比,SMSC品质较好,酸价、水分及挥发物及过氧化物含量达到一级质量标准,分别为0.84 mg/g、0.10%、0.02 g/100 g,碘值达87.46 g/100 g,维生素E含量为10.57 mg/100 g、角鲨烯含量为5.63 mg/g。脂肪酸组成相近,SMSC中饱和脂肪酸含量为10.83%,油酸含量为79.70%,亚油酸含量为8.60%。紫外光谱和红外光谱分析表明,提取方式对油茶籽油官能团无明显影响,油茶籽油中含有较高含量醛基及不饱和键,符合脂肪酸链的特征。历时五个月的稳定性试验表明,SMSC稳定性受抗氧化剂及温度的影响,-20℃条件下的油茶籽油最为稳定,酸价增幅为1.52 mg/g,过氧化值增幅为0.07 g/100 g。综上,油茶籽油具有良好的营养品质及贮藏稳定性。

热处理对辣木籽油稳定性的影响

辣木籽油在加工中易因高温而氧化和降解,导致其品质降低,因此探索辣木籽油的热稳定性对拓展该新资源油脂的用途具有重要意义。以棕榈油作为参照,研究加热温度和加热时间对水酶法提取的辣木籽油稳定性的影响。结果表明,随着加热温度的升高和加热时间的延长,辣木籽油和棕榈油的总氧化值、酸价均呈现上升趋势,生育酚含量呈现下降趋势。200℃时,辣木籽油和棕榈油总氧化值较未加热时分别升高了2.1 meq/kg和12.0 meq/kg;辣木籽油和棕榈油的酸价分别为各自对应初始酸价的1.1倍和1.3倍;辣木籽油α-生育酚保留率为棕榈油的1.2倍。120 min时,辣木籽油和棕榈油的酸价分别增加了23.8%和52.6%;辣木籽油α-生育酚保留率比棕榈油高12.4%。热重分析结果显示,辣木籽油氧化分解起始温度比棕榈油高15.9℃,且质量损失比棕榈油低3.1%。因此,辣木籽油的热稳定性能优于棕榈油,具有作为煎炸专用油的潜在应用价值。