Morphotype dependence of Globigerinoides ruber(white)and Trilobatus sacculifer Mg/Ca ratios in the western tropical Pacific:implications for reconstructing the mixed-layer depth

Planktonic foraminifer Globigerinoides ruber(white)and Trilobatus sacculifer are the most frequently used mixedlayer dwelling species for reconstructing past oceanic environments.Specifically,the Mg/Ca ratios of these two foraminiferal species have been used for reconstructing tropical/subtropical changes in sea surface temperature(SST).However,these two species have different morphotypes,of which the spatial and temporal differences in Mg/Ca ratios and their influencing factors are still unclear.Our objective is to investigate the potential differences between the Mg/Ca ratios of these different morphotypes of G.ruber(white)and T.sacculifer in the western Philippine Sea(WPS)and determine their implications for the reconstruction of SST and upper-ocean structure.Mg/Ca measurements are made on two basic morphotypes of G.ruber(white)[sensu stricto(s.s.)and sensu lato(s.l.)]and T.sacculifer[with(w)and without(w/o)a sac-like final chamber]on samples of Site MD06-3047B from the WPS.Our results reveal that Mg/Ca ratios of different G.ruber morphotypes show consistent differences;and those of T.sacculifer morphotypes show staged variations since MIS 3.It is suggested to select a single morphotype for reconstructing SST changes using the Mg/Ca ratios of G.ruber and T.sacculifer in the WPS.Furthermore,the Mg/Ca ratios between G.ruber s.s.and G.ruber s.l.[Δ(Mg/Ca)_(G.ruber s.s.-s.l.)]downcore MD06-3047B covaries with indexes of summer monsoon.Combining with the core-top results,showing regional variation of differences in theΔ(Mg/Ca)_(G.ruber s.s.-s.l.)over the western tropical Pacific,we propose thatΔ(Mg/Ca)_(G.ruber s.s.-s.l.)may tend to reflect summer mixed layer depth.

Mg/Ca,Ba/Ca,and S/Ca ratios as environmental and growth proxies for bivalve shells from the Haima cold seep,South China Sea

Bivalve shell fossils,cemented by authigenic carbonates,are widely spread in the Haima cold seep,Qiongdongnan Basin of the South China Sea(SCS).In this study,we examined an element profile of Gigantidas platifrons in the Haima cold seeps at a water depth of 1381 m.Based on the scanning electron microscope(SEM)analyses,the prismatic layer and nacreous layer were identified,which are characterized by prismatic structure and stratified structure,respectively.In addition,the profile can be subdivided into two parts:altered and unaltered zones.Laser inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(LA-ICP-MS)mapping shows that the element concentrations of the altered zones were influenced by the authigenic carbonate rocks,whereas the element concentrations of unaltered zones remain stable.In-situ X-ray diffraction(XRD)analyses show that the mineral constituent of the prismatic layer is mainly composed of aragonite.Along with the growth profile,Mg/Ca ratios of unaltered zones have minor variations,ranging 0.72-0.97 mmol/mol(mean=0.87 mmol/mol),with estimated temperatures of 3.8-4.1℃,indicating that the temperature of the surrounding seawater remains constant and agree with the measured data of 3.9℃which was conducted by a conductivity-temperature-depth system(CTD).The minor variations of Ba/Ca ratios(0.01-0.06 mmol/mol;mean=0.04 mmol/mol)indicate a relatively stabilized salinity of the surrounding seawater.S/Ca ratios show large variations of 0.04-4.15 mmol/mol(mean=1.37 mmol/mol).S/Ca ratios have regular variations which generally correspond to the variations of the Mg/Ca ratios,highlighting that the S/Ca ratios of bivalve shells show the potential to reflect the growth rate of the Gigantides.However,further studies should be carried out on the understanding of the links between the S/Ca ratios and seepage intensity of cold-seep fluids.

A 1000-year record of Mg/Li and Li/Ca ratios of ostracod shells in Lake Qinghai,NE Tibetan Plateau

1 Introduction Lake Qinghai,famous as the largest inland saline lake in China,located on the high-altitude northeastern Tibetan Plateau,and four junctional zones of the East Asian summer monsoon(EASM),Indian summer monsoon(ISM),East Asian winter monsoon and the westerly jet stream prevail,making it sensitive to global climate change

Coral Ba/Ca and Mn/Ca Ratios as Proxies of Precipitation and Terrestrial Input at the Eastern Offshore Area of Hainan Island

Geochemical ratios in coral reef skeletons could be used as proxies to reconstruct past climatological and environmental records in data-poor regions. Using a 103-year data set(1902 to 2005), the annual variations in Ba/Ca and Mn/Ca ratios of Porites lutea skeletons at an eastern offshore area of Hainan Island(19?12'28.4''N, 110?37'38.8''E) were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma-optic emission spectrometry(ICP-OES). The analysis results showed that Ba/Ca ratios varied from a minimum of 3.120 μmol mol^(-1) in 1903 to a maximum of 10.064 μmol mol^(-1) in 1944, with an average of 5.256 μmol mol^(-1). Mn/Ca ratios varied from 0.206 to 5.708 μmol mol^(-1) with an annual average of 1.234 μmol mol^(-1), with peak values in 2001, 1964 and 1932, that correlated with strong rainfall events caused by typhoons. Variation in Ba/Ca and Mn/Ca ratios were compared with available river discharge and precipitation records, providing insight into past climatological events. Human activities and their indirect effects could impact the strength of the relationship between Ba/Ca and Mn/Ca ratios and observed precipitation and terrestrial input in the future.

Calcium-Magnesium Ca/Mg Ratios and Their Agronomic Implications for the Optimization of Phosphate Fertilization in Rainfed Rice Farming on Acidic Ferralsol in the Forest Zone of Ivory Coast

This study is a contribution to improving rice productivity on acidic plateau soils of the tropical rainforest zone. It is based on taking into account the cationic balances of the soil in order to optimize the phosphorus (P) nutrition of rice on these acidic soils, where this nutrient constitutes a limiting factor for agricultural production. Three (3) pot trials were conducted in Adiopodoumé in the forested south of Côte d’Ivoire. The interactive effects of calcium carbonate (0, 25, 50 and 75 kg Ca ha−1) and magnesium sulfate (0, 25, 50 and 75 kg Mg ha−1) were evaluated on the response of NERICA 5 rice at doses 0, 25, 50 and 75 kg P ha−1 of natural phosphate from Togo, applied only once at the start of the experiment. Additional fertilizers of nitrogen (N) (100 kg N ha−1) and potassium (K) (50 kg KCl ha−1) were added to each of the tests in a split-plot device. The test results revealed a paddy production potential of approximately 3 to 5 t⋅ha−1 for NERICA 5 on an acidic soil, under the effect of the interaction of P, Ca and Mg. The quadratic response of rice yield to the doses of these fertilizers would be more dependent on their balance, itself influenced by Ca nutrition. For the sustainability and maintenance of rice production in agro-ecology studied, it was recommended doses of 38 kg Ca ha−1, 34 kg Mg ha−1 in a Ca/Mg ratio (1/1) with intakes of 41 kg P ha−1, overall in a ratio 1/1/1 (P/Ca/Mg) more favorable to the availability of free iron considered a guiding element of mineral nutrition. Thus, these promising results should be confirmed in a real environment for better management of the fertilization of rice cultivated on acidic plateau soils in Côte d’Ivoire.

Influence of Ca/P ratio on the catalytic performance of hydroxyapatite for decarboxylation of itaconic acid to methacrylic acid

Methacrylic acid,an important organic chemical,is commercially manufactured starting from fossil feedstock.The decarboxylation of itaconic acid derived for biomass is a green route to the synthesis of methacrylic acid.In view of the problems existing in the researches on this route such as use of noble metal catalyst,harsh reaction conditions and low desired-product yield,we prepared a series of hydroxyapatite catalysts with different Ca/P molar ratios and evaluated their catalytic performance.The results showed that the hydroxyapatite catalyst with a Ca/P molar ratio of 1.58 had the best catalytic activity.The highest yield of MAA up to 61.2%was achieved with basically complete conversion of itaconic acid under the suitable reaction conditions of 1 equivalent of NaOH,2 MPa of N_(2),250℃,and 2 h.On this basis,a reaction network for the decarboxylation of itaconic acid to methacrylic acid catalyzed by hydroxyapatite was established.With the aid of catalyst characterization using X-ray powder diffraction,NH3/CO2 temperature-programmed desorption,N_(2)physisorption,inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry,and scanning electron microscopy,we found that the distribution of surface acid sites and basic sites,crystal growth orientation,texture properties and morphology of hydroxyapatite varied with the Ca/P molar ratio.Furthermore,the change of the crystal growth orientation and its influence on the surface acidity and alkalinity were clarified.

Sea surface temperature variations recorded on coralline Sr/Ca ratios during Mid-Late Holocene in Leizhou Peninsula

High-resolution Sr/Ca ratios of two Porites cor- als from Leizhou Peninsula were measured using inductively coupled plasma atomic spectrometry (ICP-AES). TIMS U-Th dating reveals that the life-spans of the two corals are 489—500 AD and 539—530 BC, respectively. Monthly sea surface temperatures (SSTs) during these two periods can be reconstructed from their skeletal Sr/Ca ratios. The results reveal that SSTs during 539—530 BC were roughly the same as those during 1990—2000 AD in this area, indicating a relative warm climate period. However, the period of 489— 500 AD was significantly cooler, with annual mean SST, the 10-a average of minimum monthly winter SSTs and the 10-a average of maximum monthly summer SSTs being about 2, 2.9 and 1℃ lower than that in the 1990s, respectively. Such climate patterns agree well with the phenological results re- corded in the historic documents in other areas of China.

Sea surface temperature evolution in the western South China Sea since MIS 12 as evidenced by planktonic foraminiferal assemblages and Globigerinoides ruber Mg/Ca ratio

Based on the detailed planktonic foraminifera faunal count and Globigerinoides ruber Mg/Ca ratio analysis of Core MD05-2901,we reconstructed the longest Mg/Ca sea surface temperature(SST) sequence of the upwelling area off Vietnam in the western South China Sea(SCS).Ocean environment,especially the SST variation,over the last 450 ka is discussed in this study.SST variation has typical glacial/interglacial alternations from 23.03°C to 29.93°C with a glacial/interglacial difference of 4.8°C on average.SST during the interglacial periods fluctuates significantly,up to 5.6°C,which is larger than the average glacial/interglacial difference.SST variation during the glacial periods is much smaller.Spectrum analysis shows that SST change dominates on the typical Milankovitch cycles,such as 112,40.7 and 23.6 ka.Evident leading of SST variation against the δ 18 O can be observed during the Terminations 1,4,and 5,which is confirmed by their cross-spectrum analysis on these cycles.MD05-2901 is the first core in the South China Sea that has multi-SST records,such as SST Mg/Ca,k' 37 U-SST and planktonic foraminiferal fauna-based SST.SSTs from different methods can be correlated with each other in glacial/interglacial time scale,whereas SST Mg/Ca records abrupt climate change events more clearly.SST Mg/Ca at MD05-2901 since MIS 5 is 0.6°C lower than that of the southern SCS on average,but equivalent to or even 2°C lower than that of the northern SCS during some interglacial period.The SST character of MD05-2901 reflects less influence of latitude,but an important role of the regional upwelling driven by the eastern Asian summer monsoon,and suggests a stronger upwelling during the interglacial periods in the western SCS.

Preliminary determination of calcium,phosphorus,and the calcium/phosphorus ratio in cortical bone of Chinstrap penguin using synchrotron X-ray fluorescence analysis

Synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence （SR-XRF） approach was applied to analyzing of Chinstrap penguin （ Pygoscelis Antarctica） cortical bone. The method enabled the in situ determination of Ca and P concentrations and the Ca/P ratio in cortical bone. The preliminary results show that ： （ 1 ） there is the bone site-related difference for Ca and P concentrations. The mean values for the investigated parameters （ on a dry-weight basis） are： 30.7% （Ca） and 14.9% （P） for the femoral cortical bone, 21.4% （Ca） and 11.5% （P） for wing cortical bone. （2） The variation for the Ca/P ratio in cortical bone is lower than those for Ca and P separately. This is in agreement with the previous report that the specificity of the Ca/P ratio is better than that of Ca and P concentrations and is more reliable for the diagnosis of bone disorders. The authors suggest that further studies be conducted to establish norreal values of Ca, P and Ca/P ratio for polar animals and provide a basis for the diagnosis of bone disorders.

Seasonal dynamics of N:P ratio stoichiometry and Ca fraction for four dominant plants in the Alxa Desert

Desert plants take on unique physiologically adaptive mechanisms in response to an adverse environment. In this study, we determined the concentrations of leaf nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P), and calcium(Ca) fraction for dominant species of Artemisia ordosica, A. frigida, Calligonum mongolicum, and Oxytropis aciphylla in the Alxa Desert and discussed seasonal changes of their leaf N:P ratio and Ca fraction. The results showed that, from May to September, the N:P ratios of A. ordosica and C. mongolicum gradually and significantly increased, while those of A. frigida, and O. aciphylla had an increase trend that was not significant; the physiologically active Ca of A. ordosica and A. frigida increased significantly,while that of C. mongolicum and O. aciphylla decreased significantly. The physiologically inert calcium of C. mongolicum increased extremely significantly, while that of others was not significant. There was a significantly positive correlation between the N:P ratio and physiologically active Ca for A. ordosica, and the N:P ratio was significantly and negatively correlated with physiologically active Ca for O. aciphylla. These findings revealed that the physiological regulation mechanism was different for the plants either in earlier stage or later stage of plant-community succession.

STUDIES ON THE PHOSPHORUS REQUIREMENT AND PROPER CALCIUM/PHOSPHORUS RATIO IN THE DIET OF THE BLACK SEA BREAM(SPARUS MACROCEPHALUS)

An experiment on the phosphorus requirement and the proper Ca/P ratio in the diet of the black sea bream using the phosphorus gradient method (with casein as basic diet, sodium dihydrogen phosphate as source of phosphorus, and calcium lactate as source of calcium) showed that growth was greatly affected by the diet’s phosphorus content and Ca/P ratio. Inadequate phosphorus in the diet resulted in slow growth and poor food conversion ratio (FCR). Analyses of the fish body showed it contained a high level of lipid but a low level of moisture, ash, calcium and phosphorus. The optimal values of phosphorus and Ca/P ratio in the black sea bream diet are 0.68% and 1:2 respectively. Phosphorus in excess of this optimum value resulted in slow growth or even death. The results of this experiment clearly indicated that phosphorus is the principal mineral additive affecting black sea bream growth.

官厅、密云水库上游流域土壤Sr、Mg、Ca对相关气候要素的指示意义

为探索表生环境下土壤Sr、Mg、Ca对降水量(P)、相对湿度(RH)、气温、日照时长等气候要素的指示意义,本文以官厅、密云水库上游流域为例,利用研究区农用地土壤数据和近20年气候资料,采用多元统计分析等方法研究土壤Sr、Mg、Ca与相关气候要素之间的关系,在0.05水平上建立土壤元素比值与相关气候要素的多元线性回归模型:R_(Mg/Ca)=-1.68+(3.59×P+12.62×RH)×10^(-3),调整后复相关系数R2为0.86;R_(Sr/Ca)=-3.49×10^(-2)+(4.95×P+47.11×RH)×10^(-5),调整后复相关系数R2为0.73。模型的拟合优度均较好。研究结果表明:表生环境下土壤Sr、Mg、Ca呈显著正相关,具有相似的地球化学行为或受类似影响机制控制;降水和相对湿度是影响土壤Sr、Mg、Ca元素分布与分配特征的主要气候要素,其中降水影响更为显著,表现出气候环境越湿润土壤元素含量越低、气候环境越干燥元素含量越高的变化特点;土壤Mg/Ca值、Sr/Ca值对相关气候要素亦有较好指示作用,且效果优于Sr、Mg、Ca,一般情况下元素比值高值区往往反映相对湿润气候环境,而低值区往往反映相对干燥气候环境。

Ca/Si比对赤泥-固硫灰基免烧砖性能的影响研究

针对赤泥、固硫灰成分复杂、产量大等限制其难以有效利用的关键问题,提出以赤泥、固硫灰等固体废弃物为主要原料制备赤泥-固硫灰基免烧砖的技术研究。通过改变赤泥和固硫灰用量调节免烧砖的Ca/Si比,对其力学性能、耐久性能和微观结构进行分析。结果表明,随着Ca/Si比的增加,免烧砖的强度呈现先增加后减小的趋势,当Ca/Si比为1.2时,免烧砖强度最高值26.63 MPa,达到MU25标准,具有较好的力学性能;经过耐水测试和抗冻测试后强度损失较小,具有较好耐久性;免烧砖的水化产物为C-S-H凝胶、C-A-S-H凝胶和钙矾石,对强度的发展起积极的促进作用,促进了力学性能和耐久性能的提升。该研究为赤泥、固硫灰等固废的综合利用提供了新的思路。

钢液钙处理过程有效钙硫比对303 t超大钢锭中硫化物形貌的影响

通过工业实验研究了钙处理对303 t的16Mn重型管板铸锭中硫化物形貌的控制.未钙处理的锻件缺陷主要分布在轴向上靠近顶部、径向上在距中心1/2以内位置,缺陷主要为大尺寸Ⅱ类MnS夹杂物.采用Micro-CT检测了铸锭顶部中心位置MnS夹杂物三维分布,夹杂物为长条状和片状,数密度为0.77 mm^(-3),最大直径为1370μm.在真空脱气后对钢液进行钙处理,钙处理不仅将钢液中原生Al_(2)O_(3)夹杂物改性为液态钙铝酸盐,并且钙会在钢液凝固和冷却过程中优于锰先与硫结合生成CaS.通过FactSage热力学计算得到,钙处理将MnS夹杂物的析出温度由1244.7℃降低至1227.9℃,同时减少了MnS夹杂物析出量.钙在改性硫化物之前先改性了钢中氧化物,因此提出了有效钙硫比Ca/Seff.用来表征钙处理对硫化物形貌的影响,Ca/Seff.的含义为改性硫化物的有效钙和钢中硫的原子浓度比,可以直接根据钢液的总氧T.O含量、总硫T.S含量和总钙T.Ca含量计算得到,此公式适用于硫质量分数小于30×10^(-6)的低硫钢.随着钢中Ca/Seff.增加,铸锭顶部硫化物长宽比逐渐减小.钙处理后钢中有效钙硫比Ca/Seff.应大于0.8,铸锭顶部硫化物平均长宽比小于1.2,CaS和MnS复合硫化物以钙铝酸盐夹杂物为核心析出,硫化物为球形且尺寸显著减小,此时钙处理改性铸锭中硫化物效果较好.

重庆地区石笋记录中Mg／Ca比值及古气候意义

在重庆梁天湾洞石笋LT1431．9～15.02ka．B．P．古气候重建成果已发表的此基础上，本文选取Mg／Ca比值这一新的替代指标，探讨其在重庆地区独特的水热组合模式下的古气候指示意义，从而进一步探讨了该时段的气候变化。研究结果发现，重庆地区Mg／Ca比值与碳同位素的正相关关系较好（R^2=0．60），可能与碳酸钙溶液在到达洞顶之前提前沉淀或滴率减小机制有关，它间接响应了降水的变化。运用Mg／Ca值变化对古气候的重建结果与以前的研究基本相符，说明Mg／Ca比值可以作为古降水的指标，但需同碳氧稳定同位素结合起来讨论，以便相互验证，提高古环境解译的准确性。

南海北部珊瑚Sr/Ca和Mg/Ca温度计及高分辨率SST记录重建尝试

利用全谱直读等离子体光谱 (ICP AES)的分析方法精确分析了南海珊瑚的Sr Ca和Mg Ca比值 ,结合实测表层海水温度 (SST) ,标定了海南岛南部三亚海域和西沙海域两个滨珊瑚的Sr Ca和Mg Ca温度计。在此基础上 ,尝试对两个南海北部全新世时期的珊瑚进行SST记录重建。结果显示约 5 4 0aB .P .(小冰期 )西沙海域夏季月均SST较现代低约 1℃ ,而约 6 5 0 0aB .P .(大暖期 )海南岛三亚海域夏季月均SST则高出现代 1.0～ 1.5℃。

贝雷法参数CA比对沥青混合料性能的影响

通过贝雷法选择5种不同CA比的沥青混合料级配,对其进行马歇尔试验、粗集料松装空隙率试验、车辙试验和旋转压实试验,分析了CA比对沥青混合料各项性能的影响.结果表明:CA比对沥青混合料的空隙率、矿料间隙率、粗集料骨架的形成、抗车辙性能和压实性能具有显著影响;CA比在0.4～0.6之间的沥青混合料具有较好的稳定性;CA比同沥青混合料中整个集料骨架的形成之间并无较好的规律性关系.

Ca对小麦幼苗降低盐害效应的研究

将三叶期小麦(Triticum aestivum,“预源1号”)移栽在含100mmol/L NaCl以及不同浓度CaCl的1/2强度Hoagland溶液中,另加适量的聚乙二醇(PEG)使其等渗,进行通气培养。实验结果表明,100mmol/L NaCl处理的小麦幼苗,质膜透性和过氧化作用增大,膜脂中的单半乳糖二甘油酯(MGDG)和双半乳糖二甘油酯(DGDG)增加和磷脂酰乙醇胺(PE)、磷脂酰胆碱(PC)等减少,经不同浓度的Na^+和 Ca^+之比处理,上述效应均呈下降趋势,Na^+/Ca^(2+)=10时,对盐效应的降低作用最大。通过自由基清除剂和SOD抑制剂试验,证明盐害效应与膜脂过氧化水平提高以及膜脂和膜脂肪酸组分变化有关,同时证明,Ca^(2+)对盐害效应的降低作用也与其有关。

Sr/Ca比变化对红色荧光粉Ca_(1-x)Sr_xS:Eu^(2+)的影响

在CO气氛下采用固相反应法合成了发红光的Ca1-xSrxS∶Eu2+荧光粉,研究了基质阳离子Sr/Ca比变化对其晶体性质及发光性能的影响。结果表明,随着Sr/Ca比的减少,荧光粉的晶胞参数逐渐降低;同时,由于受电子云膨胀效应和晶体场影响,发射主峰向长波方向移动,红色比逐渐增大,色纯度提高。

基于EPMA的耳石Sr：Ca比分析及其在鱼类生活履历反演中的应用实例研究

利用基于电子探针(EPMA)的耳石Sr:Ca比和Sr含量分析方法研究了长江口水域刀鲚、凤鲚、带鱼和长吻的生活履历及生活史型。结果发现,刀鲚中除存在淡海水洄游性个体生活史型外,还存在出生并生活于河口或近海的非洄游性个体生活史型,其平均耳石Sr:Ca比在不同水环境履历的基准值为:淡水<2.0×10-3、河口(3.5—6.0)×10-3、海水>6.0×10-3。凤鲚中也有出生并生活于河口水域的个体(4.8×10-3)和出生于河口或近海水域(>7.8×10-3)、周期性地迁徙于二者之间的个体两种生活史型。带鱼(4.9×10-3)和长吻则分别表现出其个体均一的近海和淡水生活史履历。研究结果证实了鱼类耳石内Sr含量水平遵从海水>河口>淡水生活履历这一特征。但受鱼类所经历的水温、盐度等环境史变化及鱼类自身的生理发育状况等因素的影响,耳石内Sr的沉积量水平存在显著的种间或种内差异。这些差异显著的独特元素标识是识别鱼类个体生活履历和重新构建鱼类生活史的重要元素指纹。