Docosahexaenoic acid(DHA)is a biologically active fatty acid that reduces the accumulation of lipids.However,the molecular mechanism underlying this process,particularly in fish,is not well understood.Recent studies s...Docosahexaenoic acid(DHA)is a biologically active fatty acid that reduces the accumulation of lipids.However,the molecular mechanism underlying this process,particularly in fish,is not well understood.Recent studies show that endoplasmic reticulum(ER)stress triggers the activation of the unfolded protein response,which has been revealed to play an essential role in lipid metabolism.In this study,we explored the effect of DHA on ER stress and investigated the potential molecular mechanisms underlying DHA-induced adipocyte lipolysis in grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idella)both in vivo and in vitro.We found that DHA remarkably reduced the triglyceride content,increased the secretion of glycerol,pro-moted lipolysis in adipocytes and evoked ER stress,whereas inhibiting ER stress using 4-phenyl butyric acid(4-PBA)inhibited the effects of DHA(P<0.05).These results implied that ER stress potentially participates in DHA-induced adipocyte lipolysis.Additionally,STF-083010,a specific inositol-requiring enzyme 1a(IRE1a)-inhibitor,attenuated the effects of DHA on lipolysis,demonstrating that IRE1a and X-box binding protein 1 potentially participate in DHA-induced lipolysis.DHA also activated the cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP)-dependent protein kinase A(PKA)pathway by increasing the level of cAMP and activating the PKA enzyme(P<0.05).Nevertheless,H89,a PKA inhibitor,weakened DHA-induced lipolysis by inhibiting the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway.Furthermore,inhibiting ER stress us-ing 4-PBA also inhibited lipolysis and alleviated DHA-induced activation of the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway,suggesting that ER stress may participate in DHA-induced lipolysis through the activation of the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway.Our data illustrate that DHA supplementation can be a promising nutritional strategy for ameliorating lipid accumulation in grass carp.The present study elucidated the molecular mechanism for DHA-induced lipolysis in grass carp adipocytes and emphasized the impor-tance of ER stress and the cAMP/PKA pathway in DHA-induced lipolysis.These results deepen our un-derstanding of ameliorating lipids deposition in freshwater fish by targeting DHA.展开更多
目的:探讨J型针刀通过PACAP-cAMP-PKA信号通路改善脊髓损伤后神经源性膀胱大鼠逼尿肌的作用机制。方法:36只SD雄性大鼠随机分为6组:空白组、假手术组、模型组、J型针刀治疗组、治疗+Bupivacaine抑制剂组、治疗+H-89抑制剂组,各6只。采...目的:探讨J型针刀通过PACAP-cAMP-PKA信号通路改善脊髓损伤后神经源性膀胱大鼠逼尿肌的作用机制。方法:36只SD雄性大鼠随机分为6组:空白组、假手术组、模型组、J型针刀治疗组、治疗+Bupivacaine抑制剂组、治疗+H-89抑制剂组,各6只。采用脊髓横断法制作神经源性膀胱模型。空白组为正常SD大鼠;假手术组为切开相关部位组织,无脊髓切断;其余4组予以手术脊髓切断造模。J型针刀治疗组造模后第19天予J型针刀针刺大鼠次髎穴,2 d 1次,共治疗7次。干预结束后各组行HE染色观察膀胱逼尿肌组织形态变化,Elisa检测膀胱逼尿肌组织中c AMP、PKA含量,免疫组化检测膀胱逼尿肌组织中PACAP38蛋白表达,Western blot检测膀胱逼尿肌组织中PKA、p-MLC蛋白表达。结果:HE染色结果显示,与空白组相比,模型组中膀胱逼尿肌组织严重坏死,可见大量炎症细胞浸润;与模型组相比,J型针刀治疗组、治疗+Bupivacaine抑制剂组及治疗+H-89抑制剂组均有不同程度坏死组织修复情况。免疫组化检测PACAP38蛋白表达在模型组中表达量最低,针刀治疗之后,PACAP38表达量均不同程度上调;与J型针刀治疗组相比,治疗+Bupivacaine抑制剂组及治疗+H-89抑制剂组PACAP38蛋白表达均不同程度下调(P<0.05),但高于模型组(P<0.05)。Elisa检测结果显示,cAMP、PKA表达量模型组显著下调(P<0.05),J型针刀治疗组与模型组比显著上调(P<0.05),治疗+Bupivacaine抑制剂组及治疗+H-89抑制剂组比无显著差异(P>0.05)。WB结果显示:与空白组相比,模型组PKA、p-MLC蛋白表达上调;针刀治疗组表达量下调,其中PKA蛋白表达有显著性(P<0.05),p-MLC蛋白表达无显著性(P>0.05)。与J型针刀治疗组比,PKA蛋白表达量在治疗+Bupivacaine抑制剂组及治疗+H-89抑制剂组中无显著差异(P>0.05),p-MLC蛋白表达量显著下降(P<0.05)。结论:J型针刀针刺次髎穴可改善脊髓损伤后神经源性膀胱大鼠膀胱功能,其机制与J型针刀上调膀胱逼尿肌中PACAP38、cAMP、PKA表达,激活PACAP-cAMP-PKA信号通路,从而促进逼尿肌舒张有关。展开更多
目的:基于环磷酸腺苷/蛋白激酶A(c AMP/PKA)信号通路探究参榆洗液对痔术后大鼠疼痛的影响。方法:构建痔术后大鼠模型,将造模成功的56只SD大鼠随机分为模型组、溶剂模型组、参榆洗液组、参榆洗液+Forskolin(c AMP/PKA信号通路激动剂)组、...目的:基于环磷酸腺苷/蛋白激酶A(c AMP/PKA)信号通路探究参榆洗液对痔术后大鼠疼痛的影响。方法:构建痔术后大鼠模型,将造模成功的56只SD大鼠随机分为模型组、溶剂模型组、参榆洗液组、参榆洗液+Forskolin(c AMP/PKA信号通路激动剂)组、Forskolin组、H-89(c AMP/PKA信号通路抑制剂)组、NS-398(PGE_(2)抑制剂)组,每组8只;另取8只大鼠为空白组。各组大鼠给予对应药物干预,连续7 d。给药结束后1 d,观察大鼠一般状态及疼痛相关动物学行为,观察创面变化并计算创面愈合率,苏木精-伊红(HE)染色观察各组大鼠创面组织病理学改变,蛋白质免疫印迹法(Western blotting)检测各组大鼠背根神经节TRPV1、p-PKA蛋白表达及创面组织中c AMP、PKA蛋白表达,实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(Real-time PCR)检测大鼠创面组织中c AMP m RNA、PKA m RNA表达,酶联免疫吸附测定法(ELISA)检测创面组织中PGE_(2)、IL-6、IL-1β含量。结果:模型组大鼠背根神经节组织中p-PKA、TRPV1及创面周围组织c AMP、PKA、PGE_(2)、c AMP m RNA、PKA m RNA、IL-6、IL-1β表达水平升高(P<0.05);与模型组比较,H-89组、NS-398组、参榆洗液+Forskolin组、参榆洗液组创面组织病变程度减轻,创面愈合率依次上升,背根神经节组织中p-PKA、TRPV1及创面组织c AMP、PKA、c AMP m RNA、PKA m RNA、IL-6、PGE_(2)、IL-1β表达水平依次降低(P<0.05);Forskolin干预能显著提高痔术后大鼠模型c AMP、PKA、TRPV1、p-PKA、PGE_(2)、IL-6、IL-1β表达水平(P<0.05),与参榆洗液联合干预后,上述蛋白及炎症因子表达水平显著下降(P<0.05)。结论:参榆洗液对痔术后大鼠cAMP/PKA信号通路有抑制作用,抑制c AMP/PKA信号通路可改善痔术后痛觉敏化,其机制可能与抑制PGE_(2)表达、减少炎症因子释放、抑制TRPV1活化有关。展开更多
Botrytis cinerea is a typical necrotrophic pathogenic fungus that causes severe diseases in a wide range of plant species, leading to significant economic losses. Our previous study showed that BcSDR1 positively regul...Botrytis cinerea is a typical necrotrophic pathogenic fungus that causes severe diseases in a wide range of plant species, leading to significant economic losses. Our previous study showed that BcSDR1 positively regulates growth,development, and pathogenicity of B. cinerea. However, the regulation mechanism of BcSDR1 and the relationship between BcSDR1 and cAMP and MAPK signaling pathways are not well understood. In this study, transcriptome data showed that BcSDR1 is involved in glucose transmembrane transport, signal transduction, secondary metabolism, and other biological processes. BcSDR1 mutant(BCt41) showed remarkably weak sensitivity to cAMP and MAPK signaling pathways specific inhibitors, SQ22536 and U0126, and significantly decreased cAMP content. The key genes of cAMP and MAPK signaling pathways, BcGB1, BcBTP1, BcBOS1, BcRAS1, and BcBMP3 were significantly upregulated,whereas BcPLC1, BcBCG1, BcCDC4, BcSAK1, BcATF1, and BcBAP1 were significantly downregulated(P<0.05).BcSDR1 was obviously upregulated in BcBCG2, BcBCG3, BcPKA1, and BcPKAR RNA interference(RNAi) mutants, but significantly downregulated in BcPKA2, BcBMP1, and BcBMP3 RNAi mutants. Thus, BcBCG2, BcBCG3, BcPKA1, and BcPKAR negatively regulate BcSDR1 expression, whereas BcPKA2, BcBMP1, and BcBMP3 positively regulate BcSDR1expression.展开更多
基金supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China(NSFC,Grant Number:31772863,32072989).
文摘Docosahexaenoic acid(DHA)is a biologically active fatty acid that reduces the accumulation of lipids.However,the molecular mechanism underlying this process,particularly in fish,is not well understood.Recent studies show that endoplasmic reticulum(ER)stress triggers the activation of the unfolded protein response,which has been revealed to play an essential role in lipid metabolism.In this study,we explored the effect of DHA on ER stress and investigated the potential molecular mechanisms underlying DHA-induced adipocyte lipolysis in grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idella)both in vivo and in vitro.We found that DHA remarkably reduced the triglyceride content,increased the secretion of glycerol,pro-moted lipolysis in adipocytes and evoked ER stress,whereas inhibiting ER stress using 4-phenyl butyric acid(4-PBA)inhibited the effects of DHA(P<0.05).These results implied that ER stress potentially participates in DHA-induced adipocyte lipolysis.Additionally,STF-083010,a specific inositol-requiring enzyme 1a(IRE1a)-inhibitor,attenuated the effects of DHA on lipolysis,demonstrating that IRE1a and X-box binding protein 1 potentially participate in DHA-induced lipolysis.DHA also activated the cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP)-dependent protein kinase A(PKA)pathway by increasing the level of cAMP and activating the PKA enzyme(P<0.05).Nevertheless,H89,a PKA inhibitor,weakened DHA-induced lipolysis by inhibiting the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway.Furthermore,inhibiting ER stress us-ing 4-PBA also inhibited lipolysis and alleviated DHA-induced activation of the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway,suggesting that ER stress may participate in DHA-induced lipolysis through the activation of the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway.Our data illustrate that DHA supplementation can be a promising nutritional strategy for ameliorating lipid accumulation in grass carp.The present study elucidated the molecular mechanism for DHA-induced lipolysis in grass carp adipocytes and emphasized the impor-tance of ER stress and the cAMP/PKA pathway in DHA-induced lipolysis.These results deepen our un-derstanding of ameliorating lipids deposition in freshwater fish by targeting DHA.
文摘目的:探讨J型针刀通过PACAP-cAMP-PKA信号通路改善脊髓损伤后神经源性膀胱大鼠逼尿肌的作用机制。方法:36只SD雄性大鼠随机分为6组:空白组、假手术组、模型组、J型针刀治疗组、治疗+Bupivacaine抑制剂组、治疗+H-89抑制剂组,各6只。采用脊髓横断法制作神经源性膀胱模型。空白组为正常SD大鼠;假手术组为切开相关部位组织,无脊髓切断;其余4组予以手术脊髓切断造模。J型针刀治疗组造模后第19天予J型针刀针刺大鼠次髎穴,2 d 1次,共治疗7次。干预结束后各组行HE染色观察膀胱逼尿肌组织形态变化,Elisa检测膀胱逼尿肌组织中c AMP、PKA含量,免疫组化检测膀胱逼尿肌组织中PACAP38蛋白表达,Western blot检测膀胱逼尿肌组织中PKA、p-MLC蛋白表达。结果:HE染色结果显示,与空白组相比,模型组中膀胱逼尿肌组织严重坏死,可见大量炎症细胞浸润;与模型组相比,J型针刀治疗组、治疗+Bupivacaine抑制剂组及治疗+H-89抑制剂组均有不同程度坏死组织修复情况。免疫组化检测PACAP38蛋白表达在模型组中表达量最低,针刀治疗之后,PACAP38表达量均不同程度上调;与J型针刀治疗组相比,治疗+Bupivacaine抑制剂组及治疗+H-89抑制剂组PACAP38蛋白表达均不同程度下调(P<0.05),但高于模型组(P<0.05)。Elisa检测结果显示,cAMP、PKA表达量模型组显著下调(P<0.05),J型针刀治疗组与模型组比显著上调(P<0.05),治疗+Bupivacaine抑制剂组及治疗+H-89抑制剂组比无显著差异(P>0.05)。WB结果显示:与空白组相比,模型组PKA、p-MLC蛋白表达上调;针刀治疗组表达量下调,其中PKA蛋白表达有显著性(P<0.05),p-MLC蛋白表达无显著性(P>0.05)。与J型针刀治疗组比,PKA蛋白表达量在治疗+Bupivacaine抑制剂组及治疗+H-89抑制剂组中无显著差异(P>0.05),p-MLC蛋白表达量显著下降(P<0.05)。结论:J型针刀针刺次髎穴可改善脊髓损伤后神经源性膀胱大鼠膀胱功能,其机制与J型针刀上调膀胱逼尿肌中PACAP38、cAMP、PKA表达,激活PACAP-cAMP-PKA信号通路,从而促进逼尿肌舒张有关。
文摘目的:基于环磷酸腺苷/蛋白激酶A(c AMP/PKA)信号通路探究参榆洗液对痔术后大鼠疼痛的影响。方法:构建痔术后大鼠模型,将造模成功的56只SD大鼠随机分为模型组、溶剂模型组、参榆洗液组、参榆洗液+Forskolin(c AMP/PKA信号通路激动剂)组、Forskolin组、H-89(c AMP/PKA信号通路抑制剂)组、NS-398(PGE_(2)抑制剂)组,每组8只;另取8只大鼠为空白组。各组大鼠给予对应药物干预,连续7 d。给药结束后1 d,观察大鼠一般状态及疼痛相关动物学行为,观察创面变化并计算创面愈合率,苏木精-伊红(HE)染色观察各组大鼠创面组织病理学改变,蛋白质免疫印迹法(Western blotting)检测各组大鼠背根神经节TRPV1、p-PKA蛋白表达及创面组织中c AMP、PKA蛋白表达,实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(Real-time PCR)检测大鼠创面组织中c AMP m RNA、PKA m RNA表达,酶联免疫吸附测定法(ELISA)检测创面组织中PGE_(2)、IL-6、IL-1β含量。结果:模型组大鼠背根神经节组织中p-PKA、TRPV1及创面周围组织c AMP、PKA、PGE_(2)、c AMP m RNA、PKA m RNA、IL-6、IL-1β表达水平升高(P<0.05);与模型组比较,H-89组、NS-398组、参榆洗液+Forskolin组、参榆洗液组创面组织病变程度减轻,创面愈合率依次上升,背根神经节组织中p-PKA、TRPV1及创面组织c AMP、PKA、c AMP m RNA、PKA m RNA、IL-6、PGE_(2)、IL-1β表达水平依次降低(P<0.05);Forskolin干预能显著提高痔术后大鼠模型c AMP、PKA、TRPV1、p-PKA、PGE_(2)、IL-6、IL-1β表达水平(P<0.05),与参榆洗液联合干预后,上述蛋白及炎症因子表达水平显著下降(P<0.05)。结论:参榆洗液对痔术后大鼠cAMP/PKA信号通路有抑制作用,抑制c AMP/PKA信号通路可改善痔术后痛觉敏化,其机制可能与抑制PGE_(2)表达、减少炎症因子释放、抑制TRPV1活化有关。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31972217 and 32072369)the Central Government Guides Local Science and Technology Development Projects,China(206Z6501G and 216Z6502G)the Research Project of Basic Scientific Research Business Fees in Provincial Universities of Hebei Province,China(KY2021043 and KY2021044)。
文摘Botrytis cinerea is a typical necrotrophic pathogenic fungus that causes severe diseases in a wide range of plant species, leading to significant economic losses. Our previous study showed that BcSDR1 positively regulates growth,development, and pathogenicity of B. cinerea. However, the regulation mechanism of BcSDR1 and the relationship between BcSDR1 and cAMP and MAPK signaling pathways are not well understood. In this study, transcriptome data showed that BcSDR1 is involved in glucose transmembrane transport, signal transduction, secondary metabolism, and other biological processes. BcSDR1 mutant(BCt41) showed remarkably weak sensitivity to cAMP and MAPK signaling pathways specific inhibitors, SQ22536 and U0126, and significantly decreased cAMP content. The key genes of cAMP and MAPK signaling pathways, BcGB1, BcBTP1, BcBOS1, BcRAS1, and BcBMP3 were significantly upregulated,whereas BcPLC1, BcBCG1, BcCDC4, BcSAK1, BcATF1, and BcBAP1 were significantly downregulated(P<0.05).BcSDR1 was obviously upregulated in BcBCG2, BcBCG3, BcPKA1, and BcPKAR RNA interference(RNAi) mutants, but significantly downregulated in BcPKA2, BcBMP1, and BcBMP3 RNAi mutants. Thus, BcBCG2, BcBCG3, BcPKA1, and BcPKAR negatively regulate BcSDR1 expression, whereas BcPKA2, BcBMP1, and BcBMP3 positively regulate BcSDR1expression.
