基于Candide模型的人脸深度信息生成技术研究

目前通过2D转3D技术转换的3D电影场景中,绝大部分关于人脸的深度信息生成都不令人满意:深度值不准确、立体效果差。文中为解决特定二维人脸图像转换为三维人脸图像提供了一个比较简单有效的方法。首先,应用Candide模型作为通用的3D人脸模型,然后对通用模型调整控制点进行全局变换和局部变换,通过三维模型与人脸最大限度的匹配得到特定人脸三维网格模型。对网格模型采用顶点规则化和NURBS曲面拟合方法获得光滑的模型表面使其逼近人脸,最后生成准确的人脸深度信息。

基于优化CANDIDE模型的人脸动画

使用CANDIDE模型,实现模型与照片人脸的快速自动匹配.在模型与人脸初步匹配后,对模型局部进行网格优化,提高了模型的表征力同时并不影响匹配速度.用基于薄板样条插值方法(TPS)的网格形变取代传统的移动网格结点的动画方法,有效提高了动画的真实感.实验结果显示,自动模型匹配让动画角色的更换工作变得快速易行,优化的网格形变产生的动画更加生动、自然.

从2D帧到3D人脸建模的基于Candide模型的合成方法

本文应用Candide模型作为通用的3D人脸模型,介绍了一种结合自动和交互方式的合成方法,从2D视频帧合成3D人脸模型。首先利用可变形模板自动提取脸部的特征点,在图像质量不好时,可以进行交互式操作。然后对通用模型进行全局变换和局部变换,对于非特征点的调整,采用径向基函数进行插值。最后通过对图像划分区域,分段完成纹理贴图,合成3D人脸模型。

基于Candide3的三维人脸快速建模研究

本文针对当前人脸快速建模存在的一些问题上,阐述了当在仅有正脸照片的情况下对于给定的人脸利用Candide3进行快速建模,从而可以将快速生成的模型进行进一步的识别。

An Analysis of the Tragedy of Candide

"Voltaire,the French poet,dramatis,historian and philosopher was an outspoken and aggressive enemy of every injustice such as tyranny,bigotry,cruelty,but especially of intolerance.He was noted for his characteristic wit,satire,and critical capacity.His works are outstanding embodiment of principles of French Enlightment"(wangzuoliang,2007:240).The paper is analyzing the reasons leading to candide's tragedy by exploring into the social background,the Christianity embodied in it and the contradiction between id and superego.

Genetic dissection and validation of a major QTL for grain weight on chromosome 3B in bread wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)

Grain weight is one of the key components of wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)yield.Genetic manipulation of grain weight is an efficient approach for improving yield potential in breeding programs.A recombinant inbred line(RIL)population derived from a cross between W7268 and Chuanyu 12(CY12)was employed to detect quantitative trait loci(QTLs)for thousand-grain weight(TGW),grain length(GL),grain width(GW),and the ratio of grain length to width(GLW)in six environments.Seven major QTLs,QGl.cib-2D,QGw.cib-2D,QGw.cib-3B,QGw.cib-4B.1,QGlw.cib-2D.1,QTgw.cib-2D.1 and QTgw.cib-3B.1,were consistently identified in at least four environments and the best linear unbiased estimation(BLUE)datasets,and they explained 2.61 to 34.85%of the phenotypic variance.Significant interactions were detected between the two major TGW QTLs and three major GW loci.In addition,QTgw.cib-3B.1 and QGw.cib-3B were co-located,and the improved TGW at this locus was contributed by GW.Unlike other loci,QTgw.cib-3B.1/QGw.cib-3B had no effect on grain number per spike(GNS).They were further validated in advanced lines using Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR(KASP)markers,and a comparison analysis indicated that QTgw.cib-3B.1/QGw.cib-3B is likely a novel locus.Six haplotypes were identified in the region of this QTL and their distribution frequencies varied between the landraces and cultivars.According to gene annotation,spatial expression patterns,ortholog analysis and sequence variation,the candidate gene of QTgw.cib-3B.1/QGw.cib-3B was predicted.Collectively,the major QTLs and KASP markers reported here provide valuable information for elucidating the genetic architecture of grain weight and for molecular marker-assisted breeding in grain yield improvement.

Mining elite loci and candidate genes for root morphology-related traits at the seedling stage by genome-wide association studies in upland cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.)

Root system architecture plays an essential role in water and nutrient acquisition in plants,and it is significantly involved in plant adaptations to various environmental stresses.In this study,a panel of 242 cotton accessions was collected to investigate six root morphological traits at the seedling stage,including main root length(MRL),root fresh weight(RFW),total root length(TRL),root surface area(RSA),root volume(RV),and root average diameter(AvgD).The correlation analysis of the six root morphological traits revealed strong positive correlations of TRL with RSA,as well as RV with RSA and AvgD,whereas a significant negative correlation was found between TRL and AvgD.Subsequently,a genome-wide association study(GWAS)was performed using the root phenotypic and genotypic data reported previously for the 242 accessions using 56,010 single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)from the CottonSNP80K array.A total of 41 quantitative trait loci(QTLs)were identified,including nine for MRL,six for RFW,nine for TRL,12 for RSA,12 for RV and two for AvgD.Among them,eight QTLs were repeatedly detected in two or more traits.Integrating these results with a transcriptome analysis,we identified 17 candidate genes with high transcript values of transcripts per million(TPM)≥30 in the roots.Furthermore,we functionally verified the candidate gene GH_D05G2106,which encodes a WPP domain protein 2in root development.A virus-induced gene silencing(VIGS)assay showed that knocking down GH_D05G2106significantly inhibited root development in cotton,indicating its positive role in root system architecture formation.Collectively,these results provide a theoretical basis and candidate genes for future studies on cotton root developmental biology and root-related cotton breeding.

Genetic dissection and origin of pleiotropic loci underlying multilevel fiber quality traits in upland cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.)

Cotton fiber quality is a persistent concern that determines planting benefits and the quality of finished textile products.However,the limitations of measurement instruments have hindered the accurate evaluation of some important fiber characteristics such as fiber maturity,fineness,and neps,which in turn has impeded the genetic improvement and industrial utilization of cotton fiber.Here,12 single fiber quality traits were measured using Advanced Fiber Information System(AFIS)equipment among 383 accessions of upland cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.).In addition,eight conventional fiber quality traits were assessed by the High Volume Instrument(HVI)System.Genome-wide association study(GWAS),linkage disequilibrium(LD)block genotyping and functional identification were conducted sequentially to uncover the associated elite loci and candidate genes of fiber quality traits.As a result,the previously reported pleiotropic locus FL_D11 regulating fiber length-related traits was identified in this study.More importantly,three novel pleiotropic loci(FM_A03,FF_A05,and FN_A07)regulating fiber maturity,fineness and neps,respectively,were detected based on AFIS traits.Numerous highly promising candidate genes were screened out by integrating RNA-seq and qRT-PCR analyses,including the reported GhKRP6 for fiber length,the newly identified GhMAP8 for maturity and GhDFR for fineness.The origin and evolutionary analysis of pleiotropic loci indicated that the selection pressure on FL_D11,FM_A03 and FF_A05 increased as the breeding period approached the present and the origins of FM_A03 and FF_A05 were traced back to cotton landraces.These findings reveal the genetic basis underlying fiber quality and provide insight into the genetic improvement and textile utilization of fiber in G.hirsutum.

Fine mapping and characterization of stripe rust resistance gene YrAYH in near-isogenic lines derived from a cross involving wheat landrace Anyuehong

Stripe rust,caused by Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici(Pst),is a devastating disease in wheat worldwide.Discovering and characterizing new resistance genes/QTL is crucial for wheat breeding programs.In this study,we fine-mapped and characterized a stripe rust resistance gene,YRAYH,on chromosome arm 5BL in the Chinese wheat landrace Anyuehong(AYH).Evaluations of stripe rust response to prevalent Chinese Pst races in near-isogenic lines derived from a cross of Anyuehong and Taichung 29 showed that YrAYH conferred a high level of resistance at all growth stages.Fine mapping using a large segregating population of 9748 plants,narrowed the YRAYH locus to a 3.7 Mb interval on chromosome arm 5BL that included 61 annotated genes.Transcriptome analysis of two NIL pairs identified 64 upregulated differentially expressed genes(DEGs)in the resistant NILs(NILs-R).Annotations indicated that many of these genes have roles in plant disease resistance pathways.Through a combined approach of fine-mapping and transcriptome sequencing,we identified a serine/threonine-protein kinase SRPK as a candidate gene underlying YrAYH.A unique 25 bp insertion was identified in the NILs-R compared to the NILs-S and previously published wheat genomes.An InDel marker was developed and co-segregated with YrAYH.Agronomic trait evaluation of the NILs suggested that YrAYH not only reduces the impact of stripe rust but was also associated with a gene that increases plant height and spike length.

A novel live attenuated vaccine candidate protects chickens against subtype B avian metapneumovirus

Avian metapneumovirus(aMPV) is a highly contagious pathogen that causes acute upper respiratory tract diseases in chickens and turkeys, resulting in serious economic losses. Subtype B aMPV has recently become the dominant epidemic strain in China. We developed an attenuated aMPV subtype B strain by serial passaging in Vero cells and evaluated its safety and efficacy as a vaccine candidate. The safety test showed that after the 30th passage, the LN16-A strain was fully attenuated, as clinical signs of infection and histological lesions were absent after inoculation.The LN16-A strain did not revert to a virulent strain after five serial passages in chickens. The genomic sequence of LN16-A differed from that of the parent wild-type LN16(wtLN16) strain and had nine amino acid mutations. In chickens, a single immunization with LN16-A induced robust humoral and cellular immune responses, including the abundant production of neutralizing antibodies, CD4^(+) T lymphocytes, and the Th1(IFN-γ) and Th2(IL-4 and IL-6)cytokines. We also confirmed that LN16-A provided 100% protection against subtype B aMPV and significantly reduced viral shedding and turbinate inflammation. Our findings suggest that the LN16-A strain is a promising live attenuated vaccine candidate that can prevent infection with subtype B aMPV.

An allelic variation in the promoter of the LRR-RLK gene,qSS6.1,is associated with melon seed size

Seed size is an important agronomic trait in melons that directly affects seed germination and subsequent seedling growth.However,the genetic mechanism underlying seed size in melon remains unclear.In the present study,we employed Bulked-Segregant Analysis sequencing(BSA-seq)to identify a candidate region(~1.35 Mb)on chromosome 6 that corresponds to seed size.This interval was confirmed by QTL mapping of three seed size-related traits from an F2 population across three environments.This mapping region represented nine QTLs that shared an overlapping region on chromosome 6,collectively referred to as qSS6.1.New InDel markers were developed in the qSS6.1 region,narrowing it down to a 68.35 kb interval that contains eight annotated genes.Sequence variation analysis of the eight genes identified a SNP with a C to T transition mutation in the promoter region of MELO3C014002,a leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase(LRR-RLK)gene.This mutation affected the promoter activity of the MELO3C014002 gene and was successfully used to differentiate the large-seeded accessions(C-allele)from the small-seeded accessions(T-allele).qRT-PCR revealed differential expression of MELO3C014002 between the two parental lines.Its predicted protein has typical LRR-RLK family domains,and phylogenetic analyses reveled its similarity with the homologs in several plant species.Altogether,these findings suggest MELO3C014002 as the most likely candidate gene involved in melon seed size regulation.Our results will be helpful for better understanding the genetic mechanism regulating seed size in melons and for genetically improving this important trait through molecular breeding pathways.

Candidate genes conferring ethylene-response in cultivated peanuts determined by BSA-seq and fine-mapping

Ethylene plays essential roles in plant growth,development and stress responses.The ethylene signaling pathway and molecular mechanism have been studied extensively in Arabidopsis and rice but limited in peanuts.Here,we established a sand-culture method to screen pingyangmycin mutagenized peanut lines based on their specific response to ethylene(“triple response”).An ethylene-insensitive mutant,inhibition of peanut hypocotyl elongation 1(iph1),was identified that showed reduced sensitivity to ethylene in both hypocotyl elongation and root growth.Through bulked segregant analysis sequencing,a major gene related to iph1,named AhIPH1,was preliminarily mapped at the chromosome Arahy.01,and further narrowed to a 450-kb genomic region through substitution mapping strategy.A total of 7014 genes were differentially expressed among the ACC treatment through RNA-seq analysis,of which only the Arahy.5BLU0Q gene in the candidate mapping interval was differentially expressed between WT and mutant iph1.Integrating sequence variations,functional annotation and transcriptome analysis revealed that a predicated gene,Arahy.5BLU0Q,encoding SNF1 protein kinase,may be the candidate gene for AhIPH1.This gene contained two single-nucleotide polymorphisms at promoter region and was more highly expressed in iph1 than WT.Our findings reveal a novel ethylene-responsive gene,which provides a theoretical foundation and new genetic resources for the mechanism of ethylene signaling in peanuts.

A 1-bp deletion in the MC04g1399 is highly associated with failure to produce fruit wart in bitter gourd

Fruit wart is an important appearance trait influencing consumer preferences of bitter gourd(Momordica charantia L.).The molecular genetic mechanisms underlying fruit wart formation in bitter gourd are largely unknown.In this study,genetic analysis based on four generations showed that fruit wart formation in bitter gourd was controlled by a single dominant locus named as Fwa.The Fwa locus was initially mapped into a 4.82 Mb region on pseudochromosome 4 by BSA-seq analysis and subsequently narrowed down to a 286.30 kb region by linkage analysis.A large F2population consisting of 2360 individuals was used to screen recombinants,and the Fwa locus was finally fine mapped into a 22.70 kb region harboring four protein-coding genes through recombination analysis.MC04g1399,encoding an epidermal patterning factor 2-like protein,was proposed as the best candidate gene for Fwa via sequence variation and expression analysis.In addition,a 1-bp insertion and deletion(InDel)variation within MC04g1399 was converted to a cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence(CAPS)marker that could precisely distinguish between the warty and non-warty types with an accuracy rate of 100%among a wide panel of 126 bitter gourd germplasm resources.Our results not only provide a scientific basis for deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying fruit wart formation but also provide a powerful tool for efficient genetic improvement of fruit wart via marker-assisted selection.

PUNet:A Semi-Supervised Anomaly Detection Model for Network Anomaly Detection Based on Positive Unlabeled Data

Network anomaly detection plays a vital role in safeguarding network security.However,the existing network anomaly detection task is typically based on the one-class zero-positive scenario.This approach is susceptible to overfitting during the training process due to discrepancies in data distribution between the training set and the test set.This phenomenon is known as prediction drift.Additionally,the rarity of anomaly data,often masked by normal data,further complicates network anomaly detection.To address these challenges,we propose the PUNet network,which ingeniously combines the strengths of traditional machine learning and deep learning techniques for anomaly detection.Specifically,PUNet employs a reconstruction-based autoencoder to pre-train normal data,enabling the network to capture potential features and correlations within the data.Subsequently,PUNet integrates a sampling algorithm to construct a pseudo-label candidate set among the outliers based on the reconstruction loss of the samples.This approach effectively mitigates the prediction drift problem by incorporating abnormal samples.Furthermore,PUNet utilizes the CatBoost classifier for anomaly detection to tackle potential data imbalance issues within the candidate set.Extensive experimental evaluations demonstrate that PUNet effectively resolves the prediction drift and data imbalance problems,significantly outperforming competing methods.

Identification of novel genes associated with atherosclerosis in Bama miniature pig

Background:Atherosclerosis is a chronic cardiovascular disease of great concern.However,it is difficult to establish a direct connection between conventional small animal models and clinical practice.The pig's genome,physiology,and anatomy reflect human biology better than other laboratory animals,which is crucial for studying the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.Methods:We used whole-genome sequencing data from nine Bama minipigs to perform a genome-wide linkage analysis,and further used bioinformatic tools to filter and identify underlying candidate genes.Candidate gene function prediction was performed using the online prediction tool STRING 12.0.Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence were used to detect the expression of proteins encoded by candidate genes.Results:We mapped differential single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)to genes and obtained a total of 102 differential genes,then we used GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis to identify four candidate genes,including SLA-1,SLA-2,SLA-3,and TAP2.nsSNPs cause changes in the primary and tertiary structures of SLA-I and TAP2 proteins,the primary structures of these two proteins have undergone amino acid changes,and the tertiary structures also show slight changes.In addition,immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence results showed that the expression changes of TAP2 protein in coronary arteries showed a trend of increasing from the middle layer to the inner layer.Conclusions:We have identified SLA-I and TAP2 as potential susceptibility genes of atherosclerosis,highlighting the importance of antigen processing and immune response in atherogenesis.

Peripheral blood RNA biomarkers can predict lesion severity in degenerative cervical myelopathy

Degenerative cervical myelopathy is a common cause of spinal cord injury,with longer symptom duration and higher myelopathy severity indicating a worse prognosis.While numerous studies have investigated serological biomarkers for acute spinal cord injury,few studies have explored such biomarkers for diagnosing degenerative cervical myelopathy.This study involved 30 patients with degenerative cervical myelopathy(51.3±7.3 years old,12 women and 18 men),seven healthy controls(25.7±1.7 years old,one woman and six men),and nine patients with cervical spondylotic radiculopathy(51.9±8.6 years old,three women and six men).Analysis of blood samples from the three groups showed clear differences in transcriptomic characteristics.Enrichment analysis identified 128 differentially expressed genes that were enriched in patients with neurological disabilities.Using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator analysis,we constructed a five-gene model(TBCD,TPM2,PNKD,EIF4G2,and AP5Z1)to diagnose degenerative cervical myelopathy with an accuracy of 93.5%.One-gene models(TCAP and SDHA)identified mild and severe degenerative cervical myelopathy with accuracies of 83.3%and 76.7%,respectively.Signatures of two immune cell types(memory B cells and memory-activated CD4^(+)T cells)predicted levels of lesions in degenerative cervical myelopathy with 80%accuracy.Our results suggest that peripheral blood RNA biomarkers could be used to predict lesion severity in degenerative cervical myelopathy.

Combining QTL Mapping and Multi-Omics Identify Candidate Genes for Nutritional Quality Traits during Grain Filling Stage in Maize

The nutritional composition and overall quality of maize kernels are largely determined by the key chemical com-ponents:protein,oil,and starch.Nevertheless,the genetic basis underlying these nutritional quality traits during grainfilling remains poorly understood.In this study,the concentrations of protein,oil,and starch were studied in 204 recombinant inbred lines resulting from a cross between DH1M and T877 at four different stages post-pollination.All the traits exhibited considerable phenotypic variation.During the grain-filling stage,the levels of protein and starch content generally increased,whereas oil content decreased,with significant changes observed between 30 and 40 days after pollination.Quantitative trait locus(QTL)mapping was conducted and a total of 32 QTLs,comprising 14,12,and 6 QTLs for grain protein,oil,and starch content were detected,respectively.Few QTLs were consistently detectable across different time points.By integrating QTL analysis,glo-bal gene expression profiling,and comparative genomics,we identified 157,86,and 54 differentially expressed genes harboring nonsynonymous substitutions between the parental lines for grain protein,oil,and starch con-tent,respectively.Subsequent gene function annotation prioritized 15 candidate genes potentially involved in reg-ulating grain quality traits,including those encoding transcription factors(NAC,MADS-box,bZIP,and MYB),cell wall invertase,cellulose-synthase-like protein,cell division cycle protein,trehalase,auxin-responsive factor,and phloem protein 2-A13.Our study offers significant insights into the genetic architecture of maize kernel nutritional quality and identifies promising QTLs and candidate genes,which are crucial for the genetic enhance-ment of these traits in maize breeding programs.

Multi‑omics integration identifies regulatory factors underlying bovine subclinical mastitis

Background Mastitis caused by multiple factors remains one of the most common and costly disease of the dairy industry.Multi-omics approaches enable the comprehensive investigation of the complex interactions between mul-tiple layers of information to provide a more holistic view of disease pathogenesis.Therefore,this study investigated the genomic and epigenomic signatures and the possible regulatory mechanisms underlying subclinical mastitis by integrating RNA sequencing data(mRNA and lncRNA),small RNA sequencing data(miRNA)and DNA methylation sequencing data of milk somatic cells from 10 healthy cows and 20 cows with naturally occurring subclinical mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus or Staphylococcus chromogenes.Results Functional investigation of the data sets through gene set analysis uncovered 3458 biological process GO terms and 170 KEGG pathways with altered activities during subclinical mastitis,provided further insights into subclin-ical mastitis and revealed the involvement of multi-omics signatures in the altered immune responses and impaired mammary gland productivity during subclinical mastitis.The abundant genomic and epigenomic signatures with sig-nificant alterations related to subclinical mastitis were observed,including 30,846,2552,1276 and 57 differential methylation haplotype blocks(dMHBs),differentially expressed genes(DEGs),lncRNAs(DELs)and miRNAs(DEMs),respectively.Next,5 factors presenting the principal variation of differential multi-omics signatures were identified.The important roles of Factor 1(DEG,DEM and DEL)and Factor 2(dMHB and DEM),in the regulation of immune defense and impaired mammary gland functions during subclinical mastitis were revealed.Each of the omics within Factors 1 and 2 explained about 20%of the source of variation in subclinical mastitis.Also,networks of impor-tant functional gene sets with the involvement of multi-omics signatures were demonstrated,which contributed to a comprehensive view of the possible regulatory mechanisms underlying subclinical mastitis.Furthermore,multi-omics integration enabled the association of the epigenomic regulatory factors(dMHBs,DELs and DEMs)of altered genes in important pathways,such as‘Staphylococcus aureus infection pathway’and‘natural killer cell mediated cyto-toxicity pathway’,etc.,which provides further insights into mastitis regulatory mechanisms.Moreover,few multi-omics signatures(14 dMHBs,25 DEGs,18 DELs and 5 DEMs)were identified as candidate discriminant signatures with capac-ity of distinguishing subclinical mastitis cows from healthy cows.Conclusion The integration of genomic and epigenomic data by multi-omics approaches in this study provided a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying subclinical mastitis and identified multi-omics candidate discriminant signatures for subclinical mastitis,which may ultimately lead to the development of more effective mastitis control and management strategies.

Assessment of molecular markers and marker-assisted selection for drought tolerance in barley(Hordeum vulgare L.)

This review updates the present status of the field of molecular markers and marker-assisted selection(MAS),using the example of drought tolerance in barley.The accuracy of selected quantitative trait loci(QTLs),candidate genes and suggested markers was assessed in the barley genome cv.Morex.Six common strategies are described for molecular marker development,candidate gene identification and verification,and their possible applications in MAS to improve the grain yield and yield components in barley under drought stress.These strategies are based on the following five principles:(1)Molecular markers are designated as genomic‘tags’,and their‘prediction’is strongly dependent on their distance from a candidate gene on genetic or physical maps;(2)plants react differently under favourable and stressful conditions or depending on their stage of development;(3)each candidate gene must be verified by confirming its expression in the relevant conditions,e.g.,drought;(4)the molecular marker identified must be validated for MAS for tolerance to drought stress and improved grain yield;and(5)the small number of molecular markers realized for MAS in breeding,from among the many studies targeting candidate genes,can be explained by the complex nature of drought stress,and multiple stress-responsive genes in each barley genotype that are expressed differentially depending on many other factors.

Phenotypic Characterization and QTL/Gene Identification for Internode Number and Length Related Traits in Maize

Internode number and length are the foundation to constitute plant height, ear height and the above-ground spatial structure of maize plant. In this study, segregating populations were constructed between EHel with extremely low ear height and B73. Through the SNP-based genotyping and phenotypic characterization, 13 QTL distributed on the chromosomes (Chrs) of Chr1, Chr2, Chr5-Chr8 were detected for four traits of internode no. above ear (INa), average internode length above ear (ILaa), internode no. below ear (INb), and average internode length below ear (ILab). Phenotypic variation explained (PVE) by a single QTL ranged from 6.82% (qILab2-2) to 12.99% (qILaa5). Zm00001d016823 within the physical region of qILaa5, the major QTL for ILaa with the largest PVE was determined as the candidate through the genomic annotation and sequence alignment between EHel and B73. Product of Zm00001d016823 was annotated as a WEB family protein homogenous to At1g75720. qRT-PCR assay showed that Zm00001d016823 highly expressed within the tissue of internode, exhibiting statistically higher expression levels among internodes of IN4 to IN7 in EHel than those in B73 (P Zm00001d016823 might provide novel insight into molecular mechanism beyond phytohormones controlling internode development in maize.