Evolution and Application of Sealing Ability of Gypsum Caprocks under Temperature-Pressure Coupling:An Example of the ZS5 Well in the Tazhong Area of the Tarim Basin

Gypsum caprocks'sealing ability is affected by temperature-pressure coupling.Due to the limitations of experimental conditions,there is still a lack of triaxial stress-strain experiments that simultaneously consider changes in temperature and pressure conditions,which limits the accuracy of the comprehensive evaluation of the brittle plastic evolution and sealing ability of gypsum rocks using temperature pressure coupling.Triaxial stress-strain tests were utilized to investigate the differences in the evolution of the confinement capacity of gypsum rocks under coupled temperaturepressure action and isothermal-variable pressure action on the basis of sample feasibility analysis.According to research,the gypsum rock's peak and residual strengths decrease under simultaneous increases in temperature and pressure over isothermal pressurization experimental conditions,and it becomes more ductile.This reduces the amount of time it takes for the rock to transition from brittle to plastic.When temperature is taken into account,both the brittle–plastic transformation's depth limit and the lithological transformation of gypsum rocks become shallower,and the evolution of gypsum rocks under variable temperature and pressure conditions is more complicated than that under isothermal pressurization.The sealing ability under the temperature-pressure coupling is more in line with the actual geological context when the application results of the Well#ZS5 are compared.This provides a theoretical basis for precisely determining the process of hydrocarbon accumulation and explains why the early hydrocarbon were not well preserved.

A multiphysical-geochemical coupling model for caprock sealing efficiency in CO_(2) geosequestration

Precipitation or dissolution due to geochemical reactions has been observed in the caprocks for CO_(2) geosequestration.Geochemical reactions modify the caprock sealing efficiency with self-limiting or self-enhancement.However,the effect of this modification on the caprock sealing efficiency has not been fully investigated through multiphysical-geochemical coupling analysis.In this study,a multiphysical-geochemical coupling model was proposed to analyze caprock sealing efficiency.This coupling model considered the full couplings of caprock deformation,two-phase flow,CO_(2) concentration diffusion,geochemical reaction,and CO_(2) sorption.The two-phase flow only occurs in the fracture network and the CO_(2) may partially dissolve into water and diffuse through the concentration difference.The dissolved CO_(2) has geochemical reactions with some critical minerals,thus altering flow channels.The CO_(2) in the fracture network diffuses into matrix,causing the matrix swelling.This fully coupling model was validated with a penetration experiment on a cement cube and compared with two other models for CO_(2) storage plumes.Finally,the effects of geochemical reactions on penetration depth and pore pressure were studied through parametric study.The numerical simulations reveal that the coupling of geochemical reactions and matrix diffusion significantly affect the caprock sealing efficiency.Geochemical reactions occur at a short time after the arrival of CO_(2) concentration and modify the fracture porosity.The CO_(2) diffusion into the matrix requires a much longer time and mainly induces matrix swelling.These effects may produce selfenhancement or self-limiting depending on the flow rate in the fracture network,thus significantly modifying caprock sealing efficiency.

A simple approach for the estimation of CO_2 penetration depth into a caprock layer

Caprock is a water-saturated formation with a sufficient entry capillary pressure to prevent the upward migration of a buoyant fluid. When the entry capillary pressure of caprock is smaller than the pressure exerted by the buoyant CO2plume, CO2gradually penetrates into the caprock. The CO2penetration depth into a caprock layer can be used to measure the caprock sealing efficiency and becomes the key issue to the assessment of caprock sealing efficiency. On the other hand, our numerical simulations on a caprock layer have revealed that a square root law for time and pore pressure exists for the CO2penetration into the caprock layer. Based on this finding, this study proposes a simple approach to estimate the CO2penetration depth into a caprock layer. This simple approach is initially developed to consider the speed of CO2invading front. It explicitly expresses the penetration depth with pressuring time, pressure difference and pressure magnitude. This simple approach is then used to fit three sets of experimental data and good fittings are observed regardless of pressures, strengths of porous media, and pore fluids(water,hydrochloric acid, and carbonic acid). Finally, theoretical analyses are conducted to explore those factors affecting CO2penetration depth. The effects of capillary pressure, gas sorption induced swelling, and fluid property are then included in this simple approach. These results show that this simple approach can predict the penetration depth into a caprock layer with sufficient accuracy, even if complicated interactions in penetration process are not explicitly expressed in this simple formula.

Determination of Lateral Extension of Hydrocarbon Concentration Sealing Caprocks by AVO Analysis

The caprock is one of the key factors for a reservoir, especially for a gas reservoir. Whether the caprocks can block off the gas is of significance for the accumulation and preservation of the gas reservoir. In this paper, we use the Amplitude versus offset （AVO） seismic technique to determine the lateral extension of the hydrocarbon concentration sealing caprocks. The essence of this technique is to detect the variations of the reservoir bed physical properties by monitoring the variations of the reflection coefficient of seismic waves upon the interfaces between different lithologies. Generally it is used to indicate hydrocarbon directly. For the hydrocarbon concentration sealing caprocks, the change of hydrocarbon concentration may cause the change of physical properties of the caprocks. Therefore it is possible to evaluate the hydrocarbon concentration sealing ability of the caprocks by AVO. This paper presents a case study using AVO to determine the lateral extension of the hydrocarbon concentration sealing caprocks. The result shows that this method is helpful for the exploration of the region.

Evaluation of Maturity and Depositional Environment of Bitumen Shale of Asmari Reservoir's Caprock in Pazanan Oil Field with Use of GC-MS and Isotopic(δ^(13)C)&(δ^(34)S) Methods

The study of each part of petroleum system is necessary.However,recently,petroleum geologists focused their attention on the study of source rock, migration and accumulation with use of different geochemical methods.Of these,carbon isotope and biomarkers or chemical fossils are new scopes in petroleum geology especially in correlation.The member 1 of Gachsaran formation can be divided into 6 keybeds,among them the B keybed is

准噶尔盆地齐古背斜深浅层泥岩裂缝发育差异性及其制约下油气保存条件

前陆冲断带油气资源丰富,但复杂构造作用下盖层封闭能力的差异阻碍油气勘探进程。目的针对准噶尔盆地南缘冲断带地表油气泄露严重且勘探不足的问题,方法以齐古背斜深浅泥岩盖层为研究对象,在明确地层模型的基础上,结合测井资料反演与实测数据,构建研究区力学参数数值模型,运用有限元方法对齐古背斜古、今构造应力场进行模拟,并将获取的应力场数据与裂缝参数理论相结合,分析盖层的裂缝形成时期,计算现今应力场对盖层裂缝的改造结果。结果结果表明:齐古背斜古、今应力分布受控于埋深、构造位置、断裂走向和断裂汇聚位置;现今应力场下,齐古背斜浅部盖层不易破裂,只对古构造应力场形成的裂缝起改造作用;深浅盖层裂缝发育程度差异大,背斜高点裂缝发育可能是造成浅部油气泄漏的主要原因;裂缝带在断层附近更发育,断层带附近裂缝渗透率远大于正常地层的,可能为深部油气向浅层运移甚至散失提供通道;深部盖层相对稳定,盖层条件不是制约准南下组合勘探成败的关键因素。结论研究结果可为准噶尔盆地南缘冲断带深部油气勘探提供一定参考。

纳米SiO_(2)强化CO_(2)地质封存页岩盖层封堵能力机制试验

页岩为CO_(2)盐水层地质封存常见盖层岩石类型,强化盖层封堵能力有利于提高CO_(2)地质埋存量和安全性。为探究随CO_(2)混注纳米SiO_(2)(SNPs)强化盖层封堵能力的有效性和可行性,对CO_(2)地质封存页岩盖层样品开展原地条件下的超临界CO_(2)酸蚀反应试验,基础组为页岩样品-地层水、对照组为页岩样品-地层水+超临界CO_(2)、优化组为页岩样品-地层水+SNPs+超临界CO_(2),并采用核磁共振测试、场发射扫描电镜可视化观测、X射线衍射测试和岩石力学试验,探究CO_(2)酸蚀反应前后的页岩孔隙结构、表面形貌、矿物成分及力学性质特征。结果表明:优化组的大孔孔隙分量及孔隙度和渗透率增大幅度低于对照组;与对照组相比,优化组黏土矿物与碳酸盐岩矿物相对含量损失少,表明随CO_(2)混注SNPs可使岩样内部酸蚀作用减弱;SNPs在岩石端面吸附聚集或进入岩心孔喉,可使优化组页岩样品力学性能损伤程度降低;随CO_(2)混注SNPs有利于强化CO_(2)盐水层地质封存盖层封堵能力。

Experimental remolding on the caprock's 3D strain field of the Indosinian-Yanshanian epoch in Tongling deposit concentrating area

Based on field observations and rheology analysis, we perform one analogue experiment and remold the 3D structural frame of Tongling deposit concentrating area firstly. Then we disassemble and dialyze the 3D structures of the model using the methods of "slicing" and "stripping". A series of sliced planes vertical to the fold hinges show similar landscapes of that in the drill hole profiles. Meanwhile, layer stripping analysis indicates that the deformation features of each layer in the model are qualitatively analogical to those obtained from field observations. Through contrasting the 3D structure between the experimental model and the field phenomena, we verify the following 3D deformation features of the caprock in this area: (1) the Tongling area mainly consists of three series of NE S-typed fold groups; (2) in the uniform stress field, the incoherent folds universally develop in different positions, along different axes as well as in different strata; (3) the faults propagate upward which are mostly inter-bedded detachment faults, while the fold amplitudes decrease while going deeper; and (4) the folds and cleavages are highly developed in the Silurian System indicating that the deformation effect of the Indosin-ian-Yanshanian structural layer terminates at this layer, which suggests that the Silurian System is the crucial layer for the inversion between brittle and plastic deformation domains and the underlying strata are subject to the control of another deformation system with distinct properties.

Effects of hydrocarbon physical properties on caprock’s capillary sealing ability

A new mechanics formula of caprock’s capillary sealing ability has been established in this paper, in which the boundary layer resistance was considered and characterized by starting pressure gradient. The formula shows that capillary sealing ability of caprock is determined not only by the capillary force of rock and the buoyancy of hydrocarbon column, but also by the starting pressure gradient of hydrocarbons and the thickness of caprock. The buoyancy of hydrocarbon column, the starting pressure gradient of hydrocarbon, and the capillary force of caprock are affected by hydrocarbon density, hydrocarbon viscosity, and hydrocarbon-water interface tension respectively. Based on hydrocarbon property data of reservoirs of Jiyang Depression and equations from literature, the effects of hydrocarbon density, hydrocarbon viscosity, and hydrocarbon-water interface tension on the sealing ability of caprock are analyzed. Under formational conditions, the sealing ability of oil caprock can vary up to dozens times because of the variations of the oil density, oil viscosity, and oil-water interface tension. Thus, the physical characters of hydrocarbon should be considered when evaluating the capillary sealing ability of caprocks. Study of the effects of physical characters on sealing ability of caprock can provide guidance to exploring special physical property hydrocarbon resources, such as viscous oils, and hydrocarbon resources in special pressure-temperature environments.

The special sealing mechanism of caprock for Quaternary biogenetic gas in Sanhu area,Qaidam Basin,China

The Quaternary biogenetic gas reservoirs in the east of Qaidam Basin have many characteristics such as late forming time,shallow burial depth,low diagenetic grade,high porosity and high permeability and so on.It cannot be considered as caprock according to the traditional evaluation criterion.However, the large scale and high efficient biogenetic gas reservoirs of the Qaidam Basin are really formed under these kinds of caprocks,so it does have some specialty in its sealing mechanism.Aiming at the special sealing mechanism,some simulating experiments have been done.The research results show that the sealing ability of biogenetic gas caprock is related with water saturation,the caprock that is saturated with salt water can effectively block seepage and diffusion.Furthermore,the multiple reservoir-caprock groups have accumulated sealing effect,causing the formation of big gas fields.The evaluation method with traditional caprock parameters cannot be adopted in evaluating the study area.

储盖界面水岩反应耦合响应机制

二氧化碳(CO_(2))地质封存是最直接有效的减少大规模温室气体排放的重要技术手段之一,在实际的地质条件下咸水层中CO_(2)会由于压力差和浮力作用不断向上运移,最终被封存在由咸水层、储层顶部和盖层底部构成的储盖界面中。因此对储盖界面内CO_(2)—水—岩反应耦合机制的研究至关重要。

咸水层CO_(2)封存注入阶段盖层泄漏风险的数值模拟

为探究CO_(2)封存过程盖层封闭性变化,以某区块咸水层为研究背景,在数值模拟的基础上,以盖层密封性和力学完整性损伤研究为主线,基于两相渗流理论,建立了气-水-固多场耦合模型,通过改变注气速率和总量,对储层流体运移规律、盖层密封性和力学完整性变化进行研究。结果表明:随着与注入井径向距离的增加,CO_(2)-盐水界面形状逐渐垂向增加,泄漏量与注气总量和注气速率相关;通常在盖层力学失效前,盖层密封性就已经受到破坏,拉伤区通常先发生在注射孔周围。

环渤中凹陷挥发性原油特征及其主控因素

为研究环渤中凹陷挥发性原油特征、成藏主控因素和有利区带,利用原油族组分、原油物性、PVT高压物性实验分析等技术手段,对渤中凹陷及围区多个油田和含油气构造的原油组分和物性特征进行了统计分析,明确了渤中凹陷挥发性原油“五高三低”的特征以及各特征的数值范围。基于多组分相态变化的机理分析认为,渤中凹陷易于发育挥发性原油油藏的主控条件有3个:①优质烃源岩经过较高的热演化能够为挥发性原油提供轻质烃类组分;②渤中凹陷埋深较大,高温高压能够满足挥发性原油赋存的条件;③渤中凹陷快速沉降形成的区域泥岩盖层是挥发性原油能够保存的有利条件。基于渤中凹陷的温压梯度,推测渤中凹陷及围区埋深在2.5~4.3 km且有区域泥岩封盖的地层中易于发现挥发性油藏。

源断盖配置油气聚集时期预测方法及其应用

为确定含油气盆地油源断裂处油气富集程度,在烃源岩、断裂和盖层配置及油气聚集机制研究基础上,通过油源断裂活动期、烃源岩排烃期和泥岩盖层形成期,建立了一套源断盖配置下的油气聚集期的预测方法,并利用其预测渤海湾盆地歧口凹陷沙一下亚段内油气聚集时期。结果表明,沙三段烃源岩排烃、南大港断裂开启和沙一中亚段区域性泥岩盖层形成,均为馆陶组—明化镇组沉积期,三者配置关系良好且时期较长,有利于沙三段烃源岩排出的油气在沙一下亚段内聚集成藏,预测结果与勘探成果吻合。

含水饱和度对盖层CO_(2)突破压力影响的数值模拟研究

CO_(2)地质注入与封存是减少大气温室气体排放的重要手段之一。为评估盖层完整性,必须确定不同条件下CO_(2)突破盖层的压力。基于气水两相渗流理论,建立岩心尺度模型,研究不同含水饱和度对CO_(2)突破盖层压力的影响。方法上,采用有限元软件,通过设置插值函数,模拟不同含水饱和度条件下岩心中CO_(2)驱替水的过程。结果表明,随着含水饱和度的增加,CO_(2)突破压力不断增长,两者之间建立了拟合指数方程。同时,岩心内部毛细压力随着CO_(2)注入过程而逐渐降低。研究认为含水饱和度是影响CO_(2)突破压力的关键因素,并对毛细压力的变化进行了微观机理分析,对实际工程实践提供了理论支持。

基于四维动态地质力学的碳酸盐岩储气库承压能力分析

盖层动态密封性和断层动态密封性是储气库的主要评价指标,对储气库的安全运行具有重要意义。针对储气库盖层与断层静态评价体系的不足,以国内华北地区某碳酸盐岩型储气库为背景,结合测井资料开展岩石力学实验,建立岩石力学动静态参数转换模型和储气库四维地质力学模型,反演地质体初始应力场,开展储气库地质体承压能力分析,获得储气库在注采条件下的四维动态应力场信息(三维应力场在时间维度下的信息)。四维地质力学计算结果表明,当前上限压力(47 MPa)下盖层及断层破坏风险较低,当储气库上限压力提高到49 MPa时,盖层及断层仍然没有发生破坏,结合地面压缩机运行能力,确定储气库上限运行压力为49 MPa。四维动态应力场的建立为储气库的提压扩容提供了科学理论依据。

Analysis of main controlling factors for hydrocarbon accumulation in central rift zones of the Hailar-Tamtsag Basin using a fault-caprock dual control mode

The Hailar-Tamtsag Basin is a typical rift basin where two sets of regional caprocks are developed,i.e.,mudstone caprocks(containing a small amount of tuff)developed in strong rifting stage and fault-depression stage,respectively.The caprocks have a cumulative thickness of 50-120 m in general,and a single-layer thickness of 20-50 m,interbedded with sandstone about 1-2 m thick.The large set of mudstone is distributed continuously,as pure mudstone caprock.Forty-three mudstone and tuff samples were taken to perform displacement pressure test with our independently developed displacement pressure tester.Test result shows that the displacement pressure is 0.04-10.00 MPa,which is equivalent to 0.09-20.01 MPa after being corrected to the actual burial depth.As the burial depth increases,the displacement pressure rises gradually,and is 1-10 times greater than that of oil-bearing sandstone or conglomerate reservoir at the same burial depth.The difference between displacement pressure of mudstone caprock and sandstone or conglomerate reservoir increases greatly if the burial depth exceeds 1000 m.Because of the displacement pressure difference between caprock and reservoir,the maximum height of hydrocarbon column sealed by the caprock ranges from 300 m to 2000 m,much higher than the height of the trap closure at the same burial depth.No hydrocarbons will leak through such caprocks.Analysis of the reservoir GOI,homogeneous temperature,and crude maturity of both deep and shallow reservoirs in Well Wu-20 in the Wuerxun Depression shows that Damoguaihe II Member reservoir is a secondary reservoir developed during adjustment of early reservoir.It is mainly distributed in inverted structures.Faulting is one of the main factors breaking the integrity of caprocks.Three kinds of faults are often related to the migration of hydrocarbons across regional caprocks:the first type refers to the positive inverted faults breaking the early sealing conditions and making the hydrocarbons accumulated in the early period re-migration;the second type refers to the faults with shear mudstone smear structures which lose their continuity and open vertically when the fault throws exceed 5 times of the mudstone thickness;the third type refers to the normal faults developed in the structural inversion stage,which have a typical cataclastic structure and are easy to cause vertical migration of hydrocarbons.Hydrocarbon enriched horizons of the rift basins are co-controlled by "fault-caprock".Specifically,95% of the geological reserve is controlled by regional caprocks,and only 5% is controlled by open faults,secondary oil/gas reservoirs are developed over regional caprocks.

氦气富集与天然气成藏差异、勘探误区

氦气是重要的稀缺资源,应用广泛且在许多领域不可替代。由于富氦天然气是获取氦气的主要来源,很容易造成认识误区,认为只要能找到天然气自然就能找到氦气资源。但实际上氦气的富集与天然气成藏差异较大,不能用寻找天然气的理论和方法来寻找氦气。为此,针对氦气的富集特点,总结了氦气富集与天然气成藏的差异,系统梳理了氦气勘探中的5大误区,最后针对性地提出了氦气勘探建议。研究结果表明:①氦气的富集与天然气成藏在来源、生成机理、运聚过程(包括初次、二次运移方式)、对构造背景的要求及对地下水活跃程度的要求等诸多方面都存在较大差异。②目前的氦气勘探存在5大认识误区,即在天然气富集甜点区找氦气;富氦气藏需要更好的盖层;坐落在古老基底之上的气藏都可富氦气;在煤层气中寻找氦气;在火山岩储集层中找氦气。结论认为:①寻找富氦气资源,需要避开那些给氦气造成严重稀释的勘探区,避开天然气充注强度高值区域,避免在煤层气和火山岩气藏中找氦气;②在氦气勘探上应该摆脱油气勘探思想的束缚,根据氦气富集条件进行合理选区,氦气通常在基底断裂和古老地层水系统控制下在相同层位的构造高部位气藏中富集,符合这些条件的含气区将是氦气勘探的有利地区。

南苏门答腊盆地J区块中新统Gumai组岩性油气藏成藏条件及有利区带

南苏门答腊盆地中新统Gumai组下段发育岩性油气藏。运用测井、录井、地震等资料,结合区域地质研究,对南苏门答腊盆地J区块中新统Gumai组下段砂体的成藏条件、控制因素开展了综合研究,并预测了有利区带。研究结果表明:①南苏门答腊盆地J区块油气主要来自东部Betara生烃凹陷,共发育3套烃源岩,分别为Talang Akar组下段烃源岩,Talang Akar组上段烃源岩及Gumai组烃源岩。其中,Talang Akar组下段发育的海陆过渡相烃源岩最好,以Ⅰ型或Ⅱ型干酪根为主,含大量煤层,TOC值主要为0.5%~2.0%,氢指数(HI)主要为100~350 mg/g,氧指数(OI)平均为30 mg/g。②J区块Gumai组下段自东向西发育一套三角洲近端前缘—远端前缘—前三角洲沉积体系,区块东部近端前缘以厚层砂岩为主,西部远端前缘以泥岩夹薄层砂岩为主。块状中—细砂岩为主要储集岩,泥质条带广泛发育,为三角洲前缘水下分流河道和河道溢岸沉积。③J区块Gumai组岩性油气藏主要受泥岩盖层和大断裂控制,油气多聚集于区块西部远端前缘泥岩含量高、封盖条件好的地区,且紧邻大断裂。④J区块Gumai组下段岩性油气藏具有“下生上储、复合输导、盖层控藏”的成藏模式,中部的W地区及P地区为岩性油气藏勘探的有利区。