Carpinus tschonoskii Maxim.exhibits rich leaf phenotypic variation and various leaf shapes,but few studies show why leaf phenotypic traits have such a large variation.Basic morphological markers may provide guidance f...Carpinus tschonoskii Maxim.exhibits rich leaf phenotypic variation and various leaf shapes,but few studies show why leaf phenotypic traits have such a large variation.Basic morphological markers may provide guidance for studying plant genetic variation and species protection and utilization.To study leaf phenotypic variations and the relationship between variation characteristics and climatic and geographical factors,phenotypic traits among natural populations were investigated.Results revealed that leaf phenotypes varied significantly among and within populations.Some populations had higher phenotypic diversity,while others had lower phenotypic diversity.Among the phenotypic traits,leaf area and petiole length had the most variation.Leaf index and primary lateral veins were the most stable phenotypes,which may be important reference indexes for phenotype identification in field investigations.There was a strong consistency between leaf phenotypic traits and geographical location.Plants in high latitudes tend to have longer leaves,and plants in low temperatures tend to have longer leaves and larger leaf perimeter.In addition,plants in areas with less rainfall have longer petioles.The 13 populations of C.tschonoskii can be divided into four branches by cluster analysis,and the results show a good relationship with the geographical location of each population.Additionally,some populations geographically isolated also had unique leaf phenotypes.展开更多
Biomechanical characteristics of the root system of hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) were assessed by measuring Root Area Ratio (RAR) values and tensile strength of root specimens of eight hornbeam trees growing on hil...Biomechanical characteristics of the root system of hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) were assessed by measuring Root Area Ratio (RAR) values and tensile strength of root specimens of eight hornbeam trees growing on hilly terrain of Northern Iran. RAR values of the roots were obtained using profile trenching method at soil depth of the top 0.1 m. In total 123 root specimens were analyzed for tensile strength. Results indicate that in general, RAR decreases with depth, following a power function. The RAR values in up and down slopes have no significant statistical differences. In most cases, the maximum RAR values were located in soil depth of the top 0.1 m, with maximum rooting depth at about 0.75 m. The minimum and maximum RAR values along the profiles were 0.004% and 6.431% for down slope and 0.004% and 3.995% for up slope, respectively. The number of roots in the up and down slope trenches was not significantly different. In the same manner as for RAR, number of roots distributing with depth was satisfactorily approximated a power function. The penetration depths of above 90 percent of the roots were at soil depths of 50 cm and 60 cm for up and down slopes, respectively. Results of Spearman's bivariate correlation showed no significant correlation between the RAR value with tree diameter and gradient of slope and number of roots. The mean value of root tensile strength was 31.51 ± 1.05 MPa and root tensile strength decreased with the increase in root diameter, following a power law equation. Using ANCOVA, we found intraspecies variation of tensile strength.展开更多
Biomechanical characteristics of the root system of hornbeam(Carpinus betulus) were assessed by measuring Root Area Ratio(RAR) values and tensile strength of root specimens of eight hornbeam trees growing on hilly ter...Biomechanical characteristics of the root system of hornbeam(Carpinus betulus) were assessed by measuring Root Area Ratio(RAR) values and tensile strength of root specimens of eight hornbeam trees growing on hilly terrain of Northern Iran.RAR values of the roots were obtained using profile trenching method at soil depth of the top 0.1 m.In total 123 root specimens were analyzed for tensile strength.Results indicate that in general, RAR decreases with depth, following a power function.The RAR values in up and down slopes have no significant statistical differences.In most cases, the maximum RAR values were located in soil depth of the top 0.1 m, with maximum rooting depth at about 0.75 m.The minimum and maximum RAR values along the profiles were 0.004% and 6.431% for down slope and 0.004% and 3.995% for up slope, respectively.The number of roots in the up and down slope trenches was not significantly different.In the same manner as for RAR, number of roots distributing with depth was satisfactorily approximated a power function.The penetration depths of above 90 percent of the roots were at soil depths of 50 cm and 60 cm for up and down slopes, respectively.Results of Spearman's bivariate correlation showed no significant correlation between the RAR value with tree diameter and gradient of slope and number of roots.The mean value of root tensile strength was 31.51 ± 1.05 MPa and root tensile strength decreased with the increase in root diameter, follow-ing a power law equation.Using ANCOVA, we found intraspecies variation of tensile strength.展开更多
East Asia has long been recognized as a major center for temperate woody plants diversity.Although several theories have been proposed to explain how the diversity of these temperate elements accumulated in the region...East Asia has long been recognized as a major center for temperate woody plants diversity.Although several theories have been proposed to explain how the diversity of these temperate elements accumulated in the region,the specific process remains unclear.Here we describe six species of Carpinus,a typical northern hemisphere temperate woody plant,from the early Miocene of the Maguan Basin,southwestern China,southern East Asia.This constitutes the southernmost,and the earliest occurrence that shows a high species diversity of the genus.Together with other Carpinus fossil records from East Asia,we show that the genus had achieved a high diversity in East Asia at least by the middle Miocene.Of the six species here described,three have become extinct,indicating that the genus has experienced apparent species loss during its evolutionary history in East Asia.In contrast,the remaining three species closely resemble extant species,raising the possibility that these species may have persisted in East Asia at least since the early Miocene.These findings indicate that the accumulation of species diversity of Carpinus in East Asia is a complex process involving extinction,persistence,and possible subsequent speciation.展开更多
This study examined the effect of site and elevation on the oven-dry density and volumetric shrinkage of hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) wood. For this purpose, 45 normal hornbeam trees from three different sites (Maza...This study examined the effect of site and elevation on the oven-dry density and volumetric shrinkage of hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) wood. For this purpose, 45 normal hornbeam trees from three different sites (Mazandaran, Guilan and Golestan) at three elevations, 300 m (low elevation), 700 m (intermediate elevation) and 1100 m (high elevation) from natural forest in northern Iran were selected. Disks were cut at breast height from mature wood and test samples were prepared to determine physical proper- ties, i.e., wood density and volumetric shrinkage. The results show that there are significant differences between site and elevation on these physical properties of wood. The interaction effects between site ~ elevation on wood density and volumetric shrinkage were also statistically significant. At any fixed site, wood density and volumetric shrinkage increased with elevation. As well, their values at Guilan were higher than those at the other two sites. The relationship between wood density and volumetric shrinkage was deter- mined by simple regression equations. Strong, positive relationships between wood density and volumetric shrinkage at each site were found. Again, these were stronger at the Guilan site than at the other two sites. Given a fixed site, the correlation at high eleva- tion was stronger than at the other two elevations.展开更多
Carpinus oblongifolia is an endemic species and the extant wild populations show a fragmentation distribution in the Baohua Mountain of Jiangsu Province in eastern China.Understanding of genetic diversity plays an imp...Carpinus oblongifolia is an endemic species and the extant wild populations show a fragmentation distribution in the Baohua Mountain of Jiangsu Province in eastern China.Understanding of genetic diversity plays an important role in C.oblongifolia survival and sustainable development.The wild C.oblongifolia population was artificially divided into four subpopulations according to the microhabitats,and another two subpopulations were constructed by progeny seedlings cultivated with the mature seeds.Then,the leaf buds of 80 individuals from six subpopulations were sampled to develop single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)using specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing(SLAF-seq).Based on these SNPs,we aimed to characterize the genetic diversity and population structure of C.oblongifolia and provide an illumination and reference for effective management of such a small endemic population.The level of genetic diversity was low at the species level,and the progeny subpopulations had a relatively higher genetic diversity than the wild subpopulations.This may be attributed to a high gene flow and an excess heterozygosity to reduce the threat of genetic drift-based hazards.Moreover,the progeny subpopulations had the ability to form new clusters and a great contribution to the genetic structure variation of C.oblongifolia.These results will assist with the development of conservation and management strategies,such as properly evacuating competitive trees to provide more chance for pollen and seed flow in situ conservation,and establishing sufficient seedling plantlets under laboratory conditions for reintroduction to enlarge the effective population size.展开更多
Background:Thinning is a commonly used treatment in forest management which affects the tree root systems.The effects of thinning on element concentrations and seasonal change of roots were evaluated in adjacent oak(Q...Background:Thinning is a commonly used treatment in forest management which affects the tree root systems.The effects of thinning on element concentrations and seasonal change of roots were evaluated in adjacent oak(Quercus frainetto Ten.)and hornbeam(Carpinus betulus L.)stands according to the different root diameter classes.Method:Two replicated control and thinning plots(50m×50 m)were set for each species(hornbeam and oak).Thinning treatments(November 2010)reduced 50%of the basal area in both oak and hornbeam stands.Roots were assessed by seasonal collection over 2 years(from October 2010 to October 2012).The roots were then sorted into diameter classes of 0–2mm(fine roots),2–5mm(small roots)and>5mm(coarse roots).C,N,P,K,Ca,Na,Mg,S,Mn,Fe,Al,Zn,Pb,Ni,Cu and Cd were analyzed.Results:Except coarse roots,the highest root biomasses were determined in April-2011 in all plots.Fine-root biomass in oak was found significantly higher in control plots.In contrast to the oak,the fine-root biomass in the thinned hornbeam plots was higher than in the controls.The small-root biomass did not significantly differ between the thinned and the control plots in both oak and hornbeam stands.However,the coarse-root biomass showed significant differences between the control(1989 g∙m^(−2))and thinned plots(1060 g∙m^(−2))in oak,while no difference was detected in hornbeam.The concentrations of C,Al,Pb,Cd,Ni,Zn,Mn,Na,K,Mg and P in the fine roots of oak were significantly higher in the thinned plots.However,the concentration of Pb,Cd and Fe in the fine roots was significantly higher in the thinned plots of hornbeam.Significant differences were observed between the species for all elements in the fine roots except for C,N and P.In particular,elements in the fine roots tended to increase in July in the oak.In the hornbeam,all element concentrations in the fine roots(except C,N,and S)in the thinned plots showed a tendency to increase in April.The concentrations of Pb,Ni,Al,Fe,Cu,Ca,Na,K,Mg and P in the hornbeam control plots increased during the April 2011 period.Conclusion:The results indicated that thinning effects on temporal changes and concentrations of elements in the roots could be attributed to species-specific characteristics.展开更多
Despite the importance of Hyrcanian forests for biodiversity conservation, a few studies with biomass destruction has been done to predict biomass and carbon pools from this forest and there is a lack of knowledge in ...Despite the importance of Hyrcanian forests for biodiversity conservation, a few studies with biomass destruction has been done to predict biomass and carbon pools from this forest and there is a lack of knowledge in our country. Biomass and leaf area index (LAI) are important variables in many ecological and environmental applications and forest management. In this paper, allometric biomass and leaf area equations were developed for three common Hyrcanian tree species, Oriental Beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky), Hornbeam (Carpinus Betulus Lipsky) and Chestnut- leaved Oak (Quercus castaneifolia C. A. Mey). To evaluate and estimate the leaf biomass and leaf area index of Oriental Beech, Horbeam and Chestnut-leaved Oak, 21, 27 and 17 individuals were selected and felled down, respectively. Tree characteristics such as diameter at breast height, total height, crown length and perpendicular diameters were measured. Destructive sampling was applied for determination of leaf biomass and LAI. Allometric equations were calculated for estimation of leaf biomass and LAI using simple linear regression and nonlinear regression analysis. The equations were compared based on several modelling parameters. Model comparison and selection were based on R2, Akaike’s information criterion (AIC), prediction error sums of squares, model standard error estimate (SEE), ΔAIC, and a correction factor. Based on the results, the mean values of leaf area, leaf biomass and LAI for Oriental Beech were 53.05 cm<sup>2</sup>, 0.176 gr, 2.16, for Hornbeam were 27.2 cm<sup>2</sup>, 0.128 gr, 1.13 and for Chestnut-leaved Oak were 62.419 cm<sup>2</sup>, 0.401 gr, 2.26, respectively. The highest significant correlation for Oriental Beech was found between LAI and total height (R2</sup>adj</sub>= 0. 931), the highest significant correlation for Hornbeam was found between LAI and Dbh (R<sup>2</sup><sub>adj</sub> = 0. 956) and the highest significance for Chestnut-leaved Oak was found between LAI and SqrtDbh (R2</sup>adj</sub> = 0. 956). Also, the best equations were obtained by means of an exponential regression model for Oriental Beech, the Log-transformed regression model for Hornbeam and of a transformed regression model for Chestnut-leaved Oak.展开更多
基金supported by the Forestry and Grassland Science and Technology Achievements National Promotion Project of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration (2019133119)the Postgraduate Research and Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province (KYCX22_1104)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31770752)。
文摘Carpinus tschonoskii Maxim.exhibits rich leaf phenotypic variation and various leaf shapes,but few studies show why leaf phenotypic traits have such a large variation.Basic morphological markers may provide guidance for studying plant genetic variation and species protection and utilization.To study leaf phenotypic variations and the relationship between variation characteristics and climatic and geographical factors,phenotypic traits among natural populations were investigated.Results revealed that leaf phenotypes varied significantly among and within populations.Some populations had higher phenotypic diversity,while others had lower phenotypic diversity.Among the phenotypic traits,leaf area and petiole length had the most variation.Leaf index and primary lateral veins were the most stable phenotypes,which may be important reference indexes for phenotype identification in field investigations.There was a strong consistency between leaf phenotypic traits and geographical location.Plants in high latitudes tend to have longer leaves,and plants in low temperatures tend to have longer leaves and larger leaf perimeter.In addition,plants in areas with less rainfall have longer petioles.The 13 populations of C.tschonoskii can be divided into four branches by cluster analysis,and the results show a good relationship with the geographical location of each population.Additionally,some populations geographically isolated also had unique leaf phenotypes.
文摘Biomechanical characteristics of the root system of hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) were assessed by measuring Root Area Ratio (RAR) values and tensile strength of root specimens of eight hornbeam trees growing on hilly terrain of Northern Iran. RAR values of the roots were obtained using profile trenching method at soil depth of the top 0.1 m. In total 123 root specimens were analyzed for tensile strength. Results indicate that in general, RAR decreases with depth, following a power function. The RAR values in up and down slopes have no significant statistical differences. In most cases, the maximum RAR values were located in soil depth of the top 0.1 m, with maximum rooting depth at about 0.75 m. The minimum and maximum RAR values along the profiles were 0.004% and 6.431% for down slope and 0.004% and 3.995% for up slope, respectively. The number of roots in the up and down slope trenches was not significantly different. In the same manner as for RAR, number of roots distributing with depth was satisfactorily approximated a power function. The penetration depths of above 90 percent of the roots were at soil depths of 50 cm and 60 cm for up and down slopes, respectively. Results of Spearman's bivariate correlation showed no significant correlation between the RAR value with tree diameter and gradient of slope and number of roots. The mean value of root tensile strength was 31.51 ± 1.05 MPa and root tensile strength decreased with the increase in root diameter, following a power law equation. Using ANCOVA, we found intraspecies variation of tensile strength.
文摘Biomechanical characteristics of the root system of hornbeam(Carpinus betulus) were assessed by measuring Root Area Ratio(RAR) values and tensile strength of root specimens of eight hornbeam trees growing on hilly terrain of Northern Iran.RAR values of the roots were obtained using profile trenching method at soil depth of the top 0.1 m.In total 123 root specimens were analyzed for tensile strength.Results indicate that in general, RAR decreases with depth, following a power function.The RAR values in up and down slopes have no significant statistical differences.In most cases, the maximum RAR values were located in soil depth of the top 0.1 m, with maximum rooting depth at about 0.75 m.The minimum and maximum RAR values along the profiles were 0.004% and 6.431% for down slope and 0.004% and 3.995% for up slope, respectively.The number of roots in the up and down slope trenches was not significantly different.In the same manner as for RAR, number of roots distributing with depth was satisfactorily approximated a power function.The penetration depths of above 90 percent of the roots were at soil depths of 50 cm and 60 cm for up and down slopes, respectively.Results of Spearman's bivariate correlation showed no significant correlation between the RAR value with tree diameter and gradient of slope and number of roots.The mean value of root tensile strength was 31.51 ± 1.05 MPa and root tensile strength decreased with the increase in root diameter, follow-ing a power law equation.Using ANCOVA, we found intraspecies variation of tensile strength.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31670216,No.31900194)the Foundation of the State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy,Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology,Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.183112)。
文摘East Asia has long been recognized as a major center for temperate woody plants diversity.Although several theories have been proposed to explain how the diversity of these temperate elements accumulated in the region,the specific process remains unclear.Here we describe six species of Carpinus,a typical northern hemisphere temperate woody plant,from the early Miocene of the Maguan Basin,southwestern China,southern East Asia.This constitutes the southernmost,and the earliest occurrence that shows a high species diversity of the genus.Together with other Carpinus fossil records from East Asia,we show that the genus had achieved a high diversity in East Asia at least by the middle Miocene.Of the six species here described,three have become extinct,indicating that the genus has experienced apparent species loss during its evolutionary history in East Asia.In contrast,the remaining three species closely resemble extant species,raising the possibility that these species may have persisted in East Asia at least since the early Miocene.These findings indicate that the accumulation of species diversity of Carpinus in East Asia is a complex process involving extinction,persistence,and possible subsequent speciation.
文摘This study examined the effect of site and elevation on the oven-dry density and volumetric shrinkage of hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) wood. For this purpose, 45 normal hornbeam trees from three different sites (Mazandaran, Guilan and Golestan) at three elevations, 300 m (low elevation), 700 m (intermediate elevation) and 1100 m (high elevation) from natural forest in northern Iran were selected. Disks were cut at breast height from mature wood and test samples were prepared to determine physical proper- ties, i.e., wood density and volumetric shrinkage. The results show that there are significant differences between site and elevation on these physical properties of wood. The interaction effects between site ~ elevation on wood density and volumetric shrinkage were also statistically significant. At any fixed site, wood density and volumetric shrinkage increased with elevation. As well, their values at Guilan were higher than those at the other two sites. The relationship between wood density and volumetric shrinkage was deter- mined by simple regression equations. Strong, positive relationships between wood density and volumetric shrinkage at each site were found. Again, these were stronger at the Guilan site than at the other two sites. Given a fixed site, the correlation at high eleva- tion was stronger than at the other two elevations.
基金This work was funded by the Full-Cover Conservation Plan of Native Plant Species in China(KFJ-3W-No1-141)the Open Fund of Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Plant Resources(JSPKLB201844).
文摘Carpinus oblongifolia is an endemic species and the extant wild populations show a fragmentation distribution in the Baohua Mountain of Jiangsu Province in eastern China.Understanding of genetic diversity plays an important role in C.oblongifolia survival and sustainable development.The wild C.oblongifolia population was artificially divided into four subpopulations according to the microhabitats,and another two subpopulations were constructed by progeny seedlings cultivated with the mature seeds.Then,the leaf buds of 80 individuals from six subpopulations were sampled to develop single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)using specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing(SLAF-seq).Based on these SNPs,we aimed to characterize the genetic diversity and population structure of C.oblongifolia and provide an illumination and reference for effective management of such a small endemic population.The level of genetic diversity was low at the species level,and the progeny subpopulations had a relatively higher genetic diversity than the wild subpopulations.This may be attributed to a high gene flow and an excess heterozygosity to reduce the threat of genetic drift-based hazards.Moreover,the progeny subpopulations had the ability to form new clusters and a great contribution to the genetic structure variation of C.oblongifolia.These results will assist with the development of conservation and management strategies,such as properly evacuating competitive trees to provide more chance for pollen and seed flow in situ conservation,and establishing sufficient seedling plantlets under laboratory conditions for reintroduction to enlarge the effective population size.
基金This work was supported by Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa(Project No.FYD-2016-20102).
文摘Background:Thinning is a commonly used treatment in forest management which affects the tree root systems.The effects of thinning on element concentrations and seasonal change of roots were evaluated in adjacent oak(Quercus frainetto Ten.)and hornbeam(Carpinus betulus L.)stands according to the different root diameter classes.Method:Two replicated control and thinning plots(50m×50 m)were set for each species(hornbeam and oak).Thinning treatments(November 2010)reduced 50%of the basal area in both oak and hornbeam stands.Roots were assessed by seasonal collection over 2 years(from October 2010 to October 2012).The roots were then sorted into diameter classes of 0–2mm(fine roots),2–5mm(small roots)and>5mm(coarse roots).C,N,P,K,Ca,Na,Mg,S,Mn,Fe,Al,Zn,Pb,Ni,Cu and Cd were analyzed.Results:Except coarse roots,the highest root biomasses were determined in April-2011 in all plots.Fine-root biomass in oak was found significantly higher in control plots.In contrast to the oak,the fine-root biomass in the thinned hornbeam plots was higher than in the controls.The small-root biomass did not significantly differ between the thinned and the control plots in both oak and hornbeam stands.However,the coarse-root biomass showed significant differences between the control(1989 g∙m^(−2))and thinned plots(1060 g∙m^(−2))in oak,while no difference was detected in hornbeam.The concentrations of C,Al,Pb,Cd,Ni,Zn,Mn,Na,K,Mg and P in the fine roots of oak were significantly higher in the thinned plots.However,the concentration of Pb,Cd and Fe in the fine roots was significantly higher in the thinned plots of hornbeam.Significant differences were observed between the species for all elements in the fine roots except for C,N and P.In particular,elements in the fine roots tended to increase in July in the oak.In the hornbeam,all element concentrations in the fine roots(except C,N,and S)in the thinned plots showed a tendency to increase in April.The concentrations of Pb,Ni,Al,Fe,Cu,Ca,Na,K,Mg and P in the hornbeam control plots increased during the April 2011 period.Conclusion:The results indicated that thinning effects on temporal changes and concentrations of elements in the roots could be attributed to species-specific characteristics.
文摘Despite the importance of Hyrcanian forests for biodiversity conservation, a few studies with biomass destruction has been done to predict biomass and carbon pools from this forest and there is a lack of knowledge in our country. Biomass and leaf area index (LAI) are important variables in many ecological and environmental applications and forest management. In this paper, allometric biomass and leaf area equations were developed for three common Hyrcanian tree species, Oriental Beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky), Hornbeam (Carpinus Betulus Lipsky) and Chestnut- leaved Oak (Quercus castaneifolia C. A. Mey). To evaluate and estimate the leaf biomass and leaf area index of Oriental Beech, Horbeam and Chestnut-leaved Oak, 21, 27 and 17 individuals were selected and felled down, respectively. Tree characteristics such as diameter at breast height, total height, crown length and perpendicular diameters were measured. Destructive sampling was applied for determination of leaf biomass and LAI. Allometric equations were calculated for estimation of leaf biomass and LAI using simple linear regression and nonlinear regression analysis. The equations were compared based on several modelling parameters. Model comparison and selection were based on R2, Akaike’s information criterion (AIC), prediction error sums of squares, model standard error estimate (SEE), ΔAIC, and a correction factor. Based on the results, the mean values of leaf area, leaf biomass and LAI for Oriental Beech were 53.05 cm<sup>2</sup>, 0.176 gr, 2.16, for Hornbeam were 27.2 cm<sup>2</sup>, 0.128 gr, 1.13 and for Chestnut-leaved Oak were 62.419 cm<sup>2</sup>, 0.401 gr, 2.26, respectively. The highest significant correlation for Oriental Beech was found between LAI and total height (R2</sup>adj</sub>= 0. 931), the highest significant correlation for Hornbeam was found between LAI and Dbh (R<sup>2</sup><sub>adj</sub> = 0. 956) and the highest significance for Chestnut-leaved Oak was found between LAI and SqrtDbh (R2</sup>adj</sub> = 0. 956). Also, the best equations were obtained by means of an exponential regression model for Oriental Beech, the Log-transformed regression model for Hornbeam and of a transformed regression model for Chestnut-leaved Oak.