Status of Caulerpa J. V. Lamouroux (1809) (Chlorophyta: Bryopsidales) in Sulangan, Guiuan, Eastern Samar, Central Philippines

A descriptive survey was conducted in Sulangan, Guiuan, Eastern Samar to describe the status of Caulerpa as the potential for aquaculture. Identification of species with natural populations, species with massive natural populations and the edible species favoured by the local residents were the specific objectives of this study. The observed massive population with 85% cover in 100 sqm was a combination of the nine Caulerpa species, which are C. racemosa, C. lentillifera, C. chemnitzia var. peltata, C. cylindracea, C. brachypus, C. macrophysa, C. microphysa, C. serrulata and C. sertularioides. The majority, 98%, was composed of C. racemosa and C. lentillifera, while other species were observed in one to two feet of stolon length underneath the two species. C. racemosa and C. lentillifera were identified as the most locally consumed species by 100% of the respondents, but C. lentillifera was most preferred by 98% due to its thinner ramuli over C. racemosa. Results revealed that Sulangan is a potential area for Caulerpa aquaculture with reference to the specific location and specifically to C. racemosa and C. lentillifera. Preliminary trials on Caulerpa aquaculture can be initially introduced;however, seasonality should be validated.

Effects of main ecological factors on the growth of marine green alga Caulerpa sertularioides using the response surface methodology

Caulerpa sertularioides is an invasive potential blooming green alga in China but it remains poorly studied.We studied the effects of ecological factors on its growth.Optimum conditions of ecological factors,i.e.,irradiance,temperature,and salinity,for the growth of its fragments were determined in the response surface methodology(RSM).The specific growth rates(SGR)of the fragments were determined in single-factor experiment.The results show that the SGR of C.sertularioides peaked under the conditions of irradiance 37.5μmol/(m~2·s),temperature25℃,and salinity 30.Meanwhile,using the Box-Behnken design,the conditions were further optimized and verified to be:irradiance 39.03μmol/(m~2·s),temperature 25.29℃,and salinity 30.06,under which the SGR reached 4.66%.The results provide new theoretical data and solutions for the cultivation,invasion prediction,and monitoring of Caulerpa species in China and the world.The RSM method may have great potential applications in the environmental adaptation characteristics of new macroalgal cultivars,intensive orientation cultured germplasm,and environmental hazard analysis of cultivated species in the field.

总状蕨藻Caulerpa racemosa多糖抗肿瘤和免疫增强活性

以荷S180实体瘤的昆明小鼠为模型,研究了总状蕨藻粗多糖（CRP）的抗瘤作用及其对免疫器官等的影响,采用细胞培养法研究了CRP及其两个主要级分（CRPF1和CRPF2）对正常小鼠免疫细胞功能的影响。实验结果显示：总状蕨藻粗多糖对S180实体瘤具有显著的抑制作用,其抑瘤率和免疫活性与给药方式、剂量等因素有关,在注射和灌胃给药条件下,当CRP剂量分别为25mg/（kg·d）和100mg/（kg·d）时,其抑瘤率达到最大值,分别为46.2%和58.2%,且在注射给药时能显著地增加小鼠的脾脏指数。在50-200mg/（kg.d）范围内,灌胃给药时能升高小鼠碳廓清指数;细胞培养结果显示：CRP能提高正常小鼠的免疫功能,不过,其对静止淋巴细胞增殖的促进作用和对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞MФ分泌NO的促进作用均小于CRPF1和CRPF2。以上事实表明,总状蕨藻多糖具有较强的抗肿瘤和增强小鼠免疫力的作用。

Influence of particle size and salinity on adsorption of basic dyes by agricultural waste: dried Seagrape (Caulerpa lentillifera)

Green macroalga Caulerpa lentillifera was found to have reasonable adsorption capacity for basic dyes, Astrazon Blue FGRL （AB）, Astrazon Red GTLN （AR）, and Astrazon Golden Yellow GL-E （AY）. The initial dye concentration was in the range of 100-1,800 mg/L. The dried algal sorbent was ground and sieved into 3 sizes： S （0.1-0.84 mm）, M （0.84-2.0 mm）, and L sizes （larger than 2.0 mm）. For all conditions examined in this work （at 25℃ in batch systems）, the adsorption reached equilibrium within the first hour. The kinetic data corresponded well with the pseudo second order kinetic model where the rate constant, k2, decreased as the sorbent size increased for all dyes. The adsorption isotherms followed both Langmuir and Freundlich models. Among three sorbent sizes, S size gave the highest adsorption capacity followed by M and L sizes. A reduction of sorbent size increased the specific surface area for mass transfer, and also increased the total pore volume, thus providing more active sites for adsorption. The adsorption of AB was adversely influenced by the protonation of algal surface at low pH. On the other hand, the adsorption of AR and AY could be due to weak electrostatic interaction, which was not significantly affected by pH. Increasing salinity of the system caused a decrease in adsorption capacity possibly due to the competition between Na^＋ and the dye cations for the binding sites on algal surface. Moreover, an increase in salinity generated a compressed electrical double layer on the algal surface which exerted repulsive force, retarding the adsorption of positive charged molecules such as the basic dyes.

Comparative Analysis of Nutrient Composition of Caulerpa lentillifera from Different Regions

This study investigated the difference of nutrient composition in Caulerpa lentillifera collected from different regions.The nutrient compositions of C.lentillifera from China's Hainan and Shandong provinces were determined and compared with those from Semporna(Malaysia),Sabah(Malaysia),Petchburi(Thailand),and two other species of seaweeds(Malaysia).The results showed that the polysaccharide and protein contents of C.lentillifera from Hainan(44.82%±0.98%and 12.5%±0.70%),Shandong(43.22%±1.42%and 14.7%±0.72%),Petchburi(59.27%±2.31%and 12.49%±0.30%),and Sabah(44.02%±2.01%and 19.38%±1.48%)were higher than those of Eucheuma cottonii(26.49%±3.01%and 9.76%±1.33%)and Sargassum polycystum(33.49%±1.70%and 5.40%±0.07%),respectively.The polyunsaturated fatty acid contents in C.lentillifera from Hainan(29.98%)and Shandong(22.11%)were higher than that in Semporna(16.76%±0.27%),Sabah(9.49%),and S.polycystum(20.34%±0.43%),but lower than that in E.cottonii(51.55%±0.57%).In Caulerpa lentillifera of Hainan and Shandong provinces,the essential amino acid(EAA)/total amino acid(TAA)ratios were 35.22%and 38.78%,respectively;and the EAA/ETAA ratios were 54.36%and 63.35%,respectively.The EAA composition of C.lentillifera was close to the ideal model of Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization.C.lentillifera was rich in mineral elements,including calcium((3315.85±127.55)mg(100 g)^-1 and(3728.35±92.38)mg(100 g)^-1),magnesium((6715.74±82.58)mg(100 g)^-1 and(8128.59±242.72)mg(100 g)^-1),and trace elements,including iron((510.65±5.47)mg(100 g)^-1 and(1972.97±183.35)mg(100 g)^-1),selenium((1.04±0.08)mg(100 g)^-1 and(0.83±0.15)mg(100 g)^-1),and zinc((33.90±0.13)mg(100 g)^-1 and(11.75±2.05)mg(100 g)^-1).These results showed that C.lentillifera was more nutritious than S.polycystum or E.cottonii in terms of polysaccharide,protein,and fatty acid contents.Furthermore,both C.lentillifera species collected from Hainan and Shandong provinces show more basic nutrients.Therefore,C.lentillifera has important development and application prospects.

Effects of salinity and nutrients on the growth and chlorophyll fluorescence of Caulerpa lentillifera

Caulerpa lentillifera is a green algae that distributes worldwide and is cultivated for food. We assessed vegetative propagation of C. lentillifera by measuring the specific growth rate （SGR） and chlorophyll fluorescence of the green algae cultured at different salinities and nutrient levels. The results indicated that C. lentillifera can survive in salinities ranging from 20 to 50, and can develop at salinities of 30 to 40. The maximum SGR for C. lentillifera occurred at a salinity of 35. Both chlorophyll content and the ratio of variable to maximum fluorescence （F_v/F_m） were also at a maximum at a salinity of 35. Photosynthesis was inhibited in salinities greater than 45 and less than 25. Both the maximum SGR and maximum chlorophyll content were found in algae treated with a concentration of 0.5 mmol/L of NO3-N and 0.1 mmol/L of PO_4-P. The photosynthetic capacity of photosystem Ⅱ （PSⅡ） was inhibited in cultures of C. lentillifera at high nutrient levels. This occurred when NO_3-N concentrations were greater than 1.0 mmol/L and when PO4-P concentrations were at 0.4 mmol/L. As there is strong need for large-scale cultivation of C. lentillifera, these data contribute important information to ensure optimal results.

Antioxidant and antibacterial activities and identification of bioactive compounds of various extracts of Caulerpa racemosa from Algerian coast

Objective:To evaluate the antibacterial and antioxidant activities and to identify the volatile bioactive compounds present in different crude extracts of the seaweed Caulerpa racemosa var.cylindracea.Methods:Caulerpa racemosa harvested from the intertidal zone of Mostaganem coast(N 35?54’37.94",E 0?3’17.37")was subjected to Soxhlet extraction using methanol,chloroform,and hexane solvents.Antioxidant properties were assessed by using 2,2’-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH),2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)(ABTS)andβ-carotene bleaching assays.The antibacterial activity was evaluated on six standard bacterial strains using the agar disc diffusion method.The GC-MS analysis was performed using non-polar and polar capillary columns.Results:The chloroform extract of Caulerpa racemosa exhibited higher contents of polyphenols[(123.91±1.46)mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry extract]and tannins[(59.28±5.43)mg catechin equivalent/g dry extract](P<0.001)and was the most effective in scavenging DPPH[(1.98±0.08)mg/m L]and ABTS[(1.66±0.05)mg/m L]radicals.The hexane extract displayed the best antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus,Bacillus cereus,and Pseudomonas aeruginosa,producing inhibition zones of(11.16±0.76),(9.00±0.00)and(9.33±1.15)mm,respectively.The l-(+)-ascorbic acid 2,6-dihexadecanoate and 4-hydroxy-2 methylproline were among the most abundant volatile compounds.Besides conventional fatty acids,cis-10-heptadecenoic acid,nonahexacontanoic acid,and dodecanoic acid,3-hydroxy-were identified.Two phytosterols were identified:stigmast-5-en-3-ol-(12.9%)and stigmast-5-en-3.beta.-ol,(24 S)-(4.57%).Conclusions:The preliminary identification of the volatile compounds reveals the presence of some new bioactive components not reported previously in Caulerpa racemosa from other geographical areas.Some of these compounds possess an interesting potential for pharmaceutical/nutraceutical applications.

Sertularamide from the Alga Caulerpa Sertularioides

f A new ceramjde sertulhade was isolated ftom the alga Caulerpa sertularioidescollected from the South China Sea and itS strUctUre was established by SPeCtroscopic methods.

养殖长茎葡萄蕨藻(Caulerpa lentillifera)污损微藻群落结构与水体pH和Eh变化的相关性

为探讨水体的pH和氧化还原电位(Eh)与长茎葡萄蕨藻(Caulerpa lentillifera)养殖过程中污损微藻群落变化的相关性,在养殖池中安装酸度计和氧化还原电位仪,在夹苗板处放置微藻附着试验塑料挂板45块,试验90 d。每隔10 d提取5板,合并分析微藻种群结构,记录同期pH和Eh。结果表明,共检出硅藻门4属4种,蓝藻门4属4种;pH前50 d呈上升趋势,后40 d趋于稳定,Eh在90 d内一直呈上升趋势;在前期pH和Eh较低的状态下硅藻类种群为优势群落,后期较高时则以蓝藻类种群为优势群落。pH和Eh与污损微藻种群结构具有显著相关性,与蓝藻种群呈正相关,与硅藻种群呈负相关。

不同光强下长茎葡萄蕨藻(Caulerpa lentillifera)直立枝和匍匐枝的光生理特征及其对升温的响应

海洋绿藻长茎葡萄蕨藻(Caulerpa lentillifera,又名海葡萄)因具有较高经济和生态价值而备受关注,光照和温度变化均会改变长茎葡萄蕨藻生理代谢,最终影响其经济价值和生态功能。文章比较研究不同生长光强下(40、80、120和160μmol·photons·m^(-2)·s^(-1))长茎葡萄蕨藻不同部位,即直立枝和匍匐枝的生理和生化特征,以及其对升温(+3℃、+6℃和+9℃)的响应。结果显示,光强由40升至120μmol·photons·m^(-2)·s^(-1)时对长茎葡萄蕨藻相对生长率(RGR)的影响不显著,但是光强升至160μmol·photons·m^(-2)·s^(-1)时可使RGR降低49%。弱光下(40μmol·photons·m^(-2)·s^(-1))直立枝的叶绿素(Chl a)和类胡萝卜素(Car)含量为匍匐枝的1.52和1.49倍;直立枝的Chl a和Car含量随生长光强升高而降低,匍匐枝随光强升高而升高,二者蛋白含量则均随光强升高而先升高后降低。弱光下直立枝的净光合放氧速率(P_(n))和呼吸速率(R_(d))分别为匍匐枝的2倍和70%,但是二者的最大光化学效率(F_(V)/F_(M))差异不显著。光强升高提高直立枝和匍匐枝的P_(n)和R_(d),但对二者F_(V)/F_(M)的影响不显著。同时,弱光下直立枝的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性比匍匐枝低20%,二者过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性差异不显著;光强升高提高直立枝和匍匐枝的SOD活性,降低CAT活性。研究还发现,直立枝和匍匐枝的P_(n)随温度升高而降低,但前者的降低程度即光合速率随升温的变化率随光强升高而降低,后者的则随光强升高而升高,可见温度升高在弱光下对长茎葡萄蕨藻直立枝的负面影响更大,在强光下则对匍匐枝的负面影响更大。

氮磷浓度及培养方式对长茎葡萄蕨藻(Caulerpa lentillifera)生长的影响

本文研究了不同的氮浓度、磷浓度及培养方式对长茎葡萄蕨藻生长的影响。结果表明:水体中的氮浓度对长茎葡萄蕨藻生长的影响具有差异,在试验范围内(0～50 mg.㎏-1)氮浓度升高至15 mg.㎏-1组藻体生长情况最好;水体中的磷浓度对长茎葡萄蕨藻生长的影响没有差异,在试验范围内(0～5 mg.㎏-1)4 mg.㎏-1组藻体生物量相对最高;不同的培养方式对长茎葡萄蕨藻的生长有很大的影响,本试验玻璃烧瓶、塑胶筛盆和细尼龙绳三种培养方式以塑胶筛盆中的长茎葡萄蕨藻生长最好。

Caulerpa J. V. Lamouroux (1809) (Chlorophyta: Bryopsidales) Species and Sites in Eastern Samar, Central Philippines

A descriptive survey was conducted in Eastern Samar to identify the Caulerpa species, sites where these species exhibit massive populations, and the most preferred edible species. Results revealed that only four of the eleven species, C. racemosa, C. lentillifera, C. chemnitzia var. peltata, and C. cylindracea, have massive populations;The four Caulerpa sites are the municipalities of Arteche, Guiuan, Salcedo (Matarinao Bay) and Quinapondan, and species C. racemosa, C. lentillifera, and C. chemnitzia var. peltata are most preferred edible species which are considered in the local diet. The study concludes that the distribution of Caulerpa in Eastern Samar is area-specific and should therefore be considered in resource planning and management, particularly in relation to aquaculture.

不同温度下杉叶蕨藻对风信子鹿角珊瑚附生微生物群落的影响

全球变暖引发珊瑚礁区向大型海藻场生态演替现象与日俱增,大型海藻对珊瑚的影响主要包括抑制生长、发育与繁殖,但不同的海藻对不同的珊瑚具有不同的影响,二者之间的关系仍未有定论。为探究热压力所引起二者竞争关系的变化,以枝状风信子鹿角珊瑚(Acroproa hyacinthus)和大型底栖海藻杉叶蕨藻(Caulerpa taxifolia)为研究对象,设置了环境温度(27℃)与热压力温度(30℃),比较藻类间接接触和直接接触珊瑚对珊瑚附生微生物群落结构的影响,并从培养水环境及海藻表面微生物中寻找影响珊瑚表面微生物的原因。结果表明,去除嵌合体后共获得3369713条优化序列,并且大部分细菌得到注释。环境温度下,间接接触与直接接触组微生物表达模式接近,海藻的处理使得珊瑚表面附生微生物种类、丰度、PcoA区分度最高。门水平上,微生物群落主要由变形菌门、拟杆菌门、蓝细菌门、厚壁菌门、放线菌门组成。目水平上,微生物群落主要由红细菌目、黄杆菌目、肠杆菌目、蓝细菌目、假单胞菌目、噬几丁质菌目组成。这些细菌表型主要包括革兰氏阴性、好氧细菌、移动元件含量和胁迫耐受四大类,生态功能主要包括化能异养和需氧化能异养。对12个处理组的36个样本进行核心ASV分析(amplicon sequence variants),共获得139个核心ASVs。以假单胞菌目、黄杆菌目、噬几丁质菌目、红细菌目为主,还包括立克次氏体菌目、伯克霍尔德氏菌目、肠杆菌目、疣微菌目等。通过线性判别分析(linear discriminant analysis)可比较各组中相对丰度具有显著差异的细菌类群。环境温度下,群落中弧菌(Vibrio)、邻单胞菌(Plesiomonas)、奈瑟氏菌(Neisseria)以及螺旋体菌(Brevinema)相对丰度显著升高;温度升高后,珊瑚白化且胞内寄生病原微生物丰度显著升高,如米卡弧菌(Micavibrionales)与立克次氏体菌(Rickettsiales);热压力下,海藻的加入缓解了珊瑚白化、减少了胞内寄生性微生物丰度、显著提高了益生菌海命菌(Marivita)以及Halioxenophilus丰度。因此,在不同温度下杉叶蕨藻既作为压力源转移病原菌,又协助珊瑚抵抗胞内寄生菌,结果有助于理解大型海藻—珊瑚的竞争关系,解释海藻对珊瑚的潜在生态影响。

响应面法优化长茎葡萄蕨藻多糖提取工艺及抗氧化活性

为了探究提取长茎葡萄蕨藻多糖的最优工艺及抗氧化活性,对目前已有的多糖提取方法进行筛选,并采用单因素实验和响应面实验的方法,对料液比、提取温度、提取时间、木瓜蛋白酶添加量和提取次数这5个因素进行优化。结果显示,添加木瓜蛋白酶提取长茎葡萄蕨藻多糖的方法最高效便捷,且当料液比1∶40,提取温度50℃,提取时间3 h,提取次数2次,以及木瓜蛋白酶添加量为2.0%时,长茎葡萄蕨藻多糖提取率相对较高,可达到41.24%±0.09%。进一步的实验结果显示,长茎葡萄蕨藻多糖对DPPH和ABTS自由基均具有良好的清除活性,其IC50值分别为2.32和0.67 mg/mL。研究表明,使用优化后的木瓜蛋白酶酶解法能有效提高长茎葡萄蕨藻多糖的提取率,且长茎葡萄蕨藻多糖具有良好的抗氧化活性。本研究可为长茎葡萄蕨藻多糖的开发利用提供理论基础和参考依据。

总状蕨藻盾叶变种寡糖的酶解制备及其免疫调节活性的作用机制

将总状蕨藻盾叶变种多糖经乳糖酶酶解、膜过滤、透析和冻干制备获得总状蕨藻盾叶变种寡糖(Caulerpa racemosa var.peltate oligosaccharide,CRVO-G),测定CRVO-G的相对分子质量与单糖组成,评价CRVO-G的免疫调节活性,并对其作用机制展开研究。结果显示,CRVO-G主要是由相对分子质量分别为617.115、621.081和995.368的2种四糖和1种六糖组成的寡糖混合物,主要由半乳糖(51.0%)、甘露糖(21.3%)、葡萄糖(11.5%)、木糖(6.5%)、鼠李糖(2.3%)、葡萄糖醛酸(2.0%)、盐酸氨基葡萄糖(1.8%)、岩藻糖(0.8%)、盐酸氨基半乳糖(0.7%)、半乳糖醛酸(0.7%)、甘露糖醛酸(0.7%)和阿拉伯糖(0.6%)组成。此外,CRVO-G具有良好的免疫调节活性,能促进一氧化氮(NO)和免疫因子的释放,如白细胞介素-1β、白细胞介素-6和肿瘤坏死因子-α。代谢组学和蛋白免疫印迹结果表明,CRVO-G可以促进巨噬细胞花生四烯酸代谢通路中血栓素A2和15-酮前列腺素F2α的合成,提高环氧合酶-2(cyclooxygenase-2,COX-2)、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase,iNOS)和核因子κB(nuclear factorκB,NF-κB)的磷酸化蛋白的表达水平。研究表明,在巨噬细胞RAW264.7细胞中CRVO-G通过NF-κB/iNOS/COX-2途径发挥免疫调节作用。

Removal of steroid hormones from mariculture system using seaweed Caulerpa lentillifera

The removal of steroid hormones from the mariculture system using seaweeds(Caulerpa lentillifera,Ulva pertusa,Gracilaria lemaneiformis,and Codium fragile)was investigated.The results illustrated that both 17β-estradiol(E_(2))and 17α-ethinylestradiol(EE_(2))could be removed by the seaweeds at different levels,and the Caulerpa lentillifera was the most efficient one.More than 90%of E_(2) or EE_(2) at concentration of 10μg/L was removed by Caulerpa lentillifera within 12 h.Processes including initial quick biosorption,the following slow accumulation,and biodegradation might explain the removal mechanisms of E_(2)/EE_(2) by Caulerpa lentillifera.E_(2)/EE_(2) removal was positively related to the nutrient level and the initial concentration of steroid hormone.A significant linear relationship for E_(2) and EE_(2) existed between the initial pollutant concentration and the average removal rate.The highest removal kinetic constant(k)value was obtained at 30℃as 0.34/h for E_(2) and at 20℃as 0.28/h for EE_(2),demonstrating the promising application potential of Caulerpa lentillifera in the water purification of the industrialized mariculture system with relatively high water temperature.Simultaneous and efficient removal of E_(2) and EE_(2) by Caulerpa lentillifera was still achieved after 3 cycles in the pilot-scale experiment.The steroid hormones and nutrients in mariculture wastewater could also be simultaneously removed using Caulerpa lentillifera.These findings demonstrated that Caulerpa lentillifera was the promising seaweed for the removal of steroid hormones in mariculture systems.

Immunomodulatory effects of Caulerpa racemosa var peltata polysaccharide and its selenizing product on T lymphocytes and NK cells in mice

A polysaccharide, CrvpPS, was isolated from Caulerpa racemosa var peltata. It was reacted with nano-selenium in distilled water containing ascorbic acid (Vit C) to form a stable CrvpPS-nano-Se complex. The immunomodulatory effects of CrvpPS and CrvpPS-nano-Se on T lymphocytes subgroups and NK cells in mice were investigated. After intragastric administration for 10 days separately, both CrvpPS and CrvpPS-nano-Se showed significant stimulatory functions to thymus gland of mice. Moreover, the CrvpPS-nano-Se induced the percentage of CD3+, CD3+CD4+, NK cells and the CD4+/CD8+ value to increase significantly (P<0.05) when analyzed by flow cytometry, which is better than the CrvpPS, sucrose-nano-Se, and even the positive drug levamisole.

长茎葡萄蕨藻化学成分及药理作用研究进展

长茎葡萄蕨藻(Caulerpa lentillifera)是一种常见可食用绿藻,广泛分布于中国南海、东南亚及日本等热带及亚热带海域。目前,国内外对其化学成分的研究主要体现在多糖、多酚、生物碱、二萜和多肽等方面,但研究都不够深入;药理活性有抗氧化、抗炎、抗肿瘤、抗病毒及免疫刺激活性等。本文就长茎葡萄蕨藻的化学成分、药理作用及应用前景等方面进行归纳总结,以期为长茎葡萄蕨藻的进一步研究与应用提供参考依据。

Effects of Irradiance and Temperature on the Photosynthesis and Vegetative Propagation of Caulerpa serrulata

The photosynthetic oxygen evolution of Caulerpa serrulata was determined with oxygen electrodes. The effects of light and temperature on the growth and regeneration of fragmented C. serrulata thalli were analyzed. The regenerating rate and establishment of different sizes and portions of C. serrulata were studied. The results showed that the light saturation point of C. serrulata was 200 μmol photons/m^2 per s and the optimum growth temperature was 25-30 ℃. Under these conditions, the maximum photosynthetic oxygen evolution rate was 15.1 ± 0.29 mg O2/mg Chl alh, the growth rate and elongation rate reached the highest values, 4.67 ±0.09 mg FW/d and 0.78± 0.01 mm/d, respectively. The fragmented C. serrulata thalli was regenerated at 20-35℃ and survived at 15℃ and 200 μmol photons/m^2 per s. A different survival rate was detected according to fragment size. All of these results indicated that C. serrulata was a candidate to become an invasive species if introduced into a new place. Therefore, we should pay more attention to C. serrulata for its potential threat to marine ecosystem when it is sold for aquarium use.

Caulerpa okamurae extract attenuates inflammatory interaction,regulates glucose metabolism and increases insulin sensitivity in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and RAW 264.7 macrophages

Objective: To examine whether Caulerpa okamurae ethanolic extract(COE) could inhibit obesitymediated inflammation, improve glucose metabolism and increase insulin sensitivity, using in vitro cell models of RAW 264.7 macrophages and 3 T3-L1 adipocytes.Methods: We cocultured 3 T3-L1 adipocytes in direct contact with lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages and induced insulin resistance in 3 T3-L1 adipocytes with tumor necrosis factor-a(TNF-a) in the presence or absence of 250 mg/m L of COE. We investigated various markers of inflammation, glucose regulation and insulin sensitivity in these models using Griess reagent to measure nitric oxide(NO) production, 2-[N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl) amino]-2-deoxyglucose to measure glucose uptake, Western blot analysis to quantify protein expression and reverse transcriptasepolymerase chain reaction to evaluate m RNA expression.Results: We found that COE(250 mg/m L) significantly inhibited the lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response in RAW 264.7 macrophages by downregulating NO production, nitric oxide synthase 2 expression and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-j B. COE also showed similar anti-inflammatory activity in coculture, along with decreased TNF-a, interleukin-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein m RNA expression. In addition, COE also improved glucose uptake in coculture by upregulating glucose transporter-4(GLUT-4) and adiponectin and reducing serine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1(IRS1). In the TNF-a-induced insulin resistance model of 3 T3-L1 adipocytes, COE significantly improved both basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, accompanied by phosphorylation of IRS1 at tyrosine 632, phospho-50 adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase a and glycogen synthase kinase-3 b(Ser9) as well as upregulation of GLUT-4.Conclusion: Together, these findings suggest that COE has potential to treat or prevent obesity-induced metabolic disorders.