Application of Seismic Anisotropy Caused by Fissures in Coal Seams to the Detection of Coal-bed Methane Reservoirs

Coal-bed methane is accumulated in micro-fissures and cracks in coal seams. The coal seam is the source terrace and reservoir bed of the coal-bed methane (Qian et al., 1996). Anisotropy of coal seams is caused by the existence of fissures. Based on the theory of S wave splitting: an S wave will be divided into two S waves with nearly orthogonal polarization directions when passing through anisotropic media, i.e. the fast S wave with its direction of propagation parallel to that of the fissure and slow S wave with the direction of propagation perpendicular to that of the fissure.

Coal-Bed Methane Resource of Mesozoic Basins in Jiamusi Landmass

As a new-replacement of energy resource, coal bed methane is the important gas resource with great strategic significance. There are several number of Mesozoic coal-bearing basins in Jiamusi landmass, eastern Heilongjiang Province. Theresult of the resource assessment revealed that the total resource less than 1 500 m,s depth in the area is about 2 100×108m3. It shows that Jiamusi landmass has great potential of coal-bed gas and is one of the most prospecting districts for developing coal-bed gas in CBM-province Northeast China.

Coalbed Methane-bearing Characteristics and Reservoir Physical Properties of Principal Target Areas in North China

The coalbed methane (CBM) resources in North China amounts up to 60% of total resources in China. North China is the most important CBM accumulation area in China. The coal beds of the Upper Paleozoic Taiyuan and Shanxi formations have a stable distribution. The coal reservoir of target areas such as Jincheng, Yanquan-Shouyang, Hancheng, Liulin, etc. have good CBM-bearing characteristics, high permeability and appropriate reservoir pressure, and these areas are the preferred target areas of CBM developing in China. The coal reservoirs of Wupu, Sanjiaobei, Lu'an, Xinmi, Anyang-Hebi, Jiaozuo, Xinggong and Huainan also have as good CBM-bearing characteristics, but the physical properties of coal reservoirs vary observably. So, further work should be taken to search for districts with high pressure, high permeability and good CBM-bearing characteristics. Crustal stresses have severe influence on the permeability of coal reservoirs in North China. From west to east, the crustal stress gradient increases, while the coal reservoirs permeability decreases.

Microbial Geochemical Characteristics of the Coalbed Methane in the Shizhuangnan Block of Qinshui Basin, North China and their Geological Implications

Methanogens and sulfate reducing bacteria were detected by the 16SrRNA sequencing of coalbed methane(CBM)co-produced water in the south of the Qinshui Basin,which is indicative of the presence of secondary biological gas in the south of this basin,in contradiction to the previous understanding of thermogenic gas.This work systematically collected water samples from the CBM wells in the Shizhuangnan Block and analyzed the microbial geochemical characteristics from the aspects of water ions,hydrogen and oxygen isotopes,dissolved inorganic carbon and microbial diversity.It is shown that the Shizhuangnan Block has a nearly SN-trending monoclinic structure,and the elevation of coal seam decreases gradually from the east to west.Because of the water blocking effect of Sitou fault in the west,the precipitation flowed from the east to west,and gradually transited to stagnant flow area.The concentration variation of some ions such as Na^+,K^+,Ca2^+,Mg2^+,Cl^-,HCO3^-and total dissolved solids(TDS)suggest the variation of redox condition in the coal reservoir water.The 16SrDNA sequencing analysis of the collected water samples detected the presence of methanogens and sulfate reduction bacteria.The presence of methane production zone and sulfate methane transition zone(SMTZ)was identified.The effect of methanogens in the methane production zone leads to an increase in the methane concentration,resulting in a high gas content in the study area.In the SMTZ,most methane is consumed by anaerobic oxidation due to high sulfate concentrations.

Prospect Conceiving of Joint Research and Development of Shale Gas and Coalbed Methane in China

Inspired by successful development of shale gas in USA and influenced by hydrocarbon resources shortage currently, China has strengthened shale gas research and accelerated its exploration process. In order to enrich coalbed methane (CBM) and shale gas geological theory and promote their development process, this paper compared shale gas with CBM in accumulation, distribution, reservoir and production. It expatiated on the background and significance of the combined research and development, and analyzed the geological foundation and future prospects. Our investigation demonstrated that there are many sets of coal-bearing strata in Shanxi formation of Permian system in Ordos in North China, Longtan formation of Upper Permian and Xujiahe formation of Upper Triassic in Southern Yangtze region, Xishanyao formation of Middle Jurassic in Turpan-Hami Basin and Junggar Basin in Northwest China, and Shahezi formation of Cretaceous in Songliao Basin in northeast China. In these regions, shales which are interbeded with coal seams have the characters of big thickness, continuous distribution, high content of organic matter, good parent material and high maturity, accord with the basic geological conditions to format shale gas and CBM reservoir and composite gas reservoir, thus form appropriate regions and layers to carry out joint research and exploration with good prospects for development.

New Progress on the Coal Fines Affecting the Development of Coalbed Methane

Objective The production of coal fines is very common in the development of coalbed methane（CBM）in the eastern margin of the Ordos Basin,China.A large amount of produced coal fines seriously affect the productivity of CBM wells（Wei Yingchun et al.,2013）.Therefore,the production problems of CBM wells caused by coal fines have attracted extensive attention.

Research regarding coal-bed wellbore stability based on a discrete element model

Wellbore instability is a key problem restricting efficient production of coal-bed methane. In order to perform thorough and systematic research regarding coal-bed wellbore stability problems, a new discrete element model which fully considers the features of cleat coal-beds is established based on the Kirsch equation. With this model, the safe pipe tripping speed, drilling fluid density window and coal- bed collapse/fracture pressure are determined; in addition, the relationships between pipe tripping speed and pipe size, cleat size, etc. and wellbore stability are analyzed in the coal-bed drilling and pipe tripping processes. The case studies show the following results： the wellbore collapses （collapse pressure： 4.33 MPa） or fractures （fracture pressure： 12.7 MPa） in certain directions as a result of swab or surge pressure when the pipe tripping speed is higher than a certain value; the cleat face size has a great influence on wellbore stability, and if the drilling fluid pressure is too low, the wellbore is prone to collapse when the ratio of the face cleat size to butt cleat size is reduced; however, if the drilling fluid pressure is high enough, the butt cleat size has no influence on the wellbore fracture; the factors influencing coal-bed stability include the movement length, pipe size, borehole size.

Drilling and completion technologies of coalbed methane exploitation: an overview

Coalbed methane(CBM)drilling and completion technologies(DCTs)are signifcant basis for achieving efcient CBM exploration and exploitation.Characteristics of CBM reservoirs vary in diferent regions around the world,thereby,it is crucial to develop,select and apply the optimum DCTs for each diferent CBM reservoir.This paper frstly reviews the development history of CBM DCTs throughout worldwide and clarifes its overall development tendency.Secondly,diferent well types and its characteristics of CBM exploitation are summarized,and main application scopes of these well types are also discussed.Then,the key technologies of CBM drilling(directional drilling tools,measurement while drilling,geo-steering drilling,magnetic guidance drilling,underbalanced drilling and drilling fuids),and the key technologies of CBM completion(open-hole,cavity and under-ream completion,cased-hole completion,screen pipe completion and horizontal well completion)are summarized and analyzed,it is found that safe,economic and efcient development of CBM is inseparable from the support of advanced technologies.Finally,based on the current status of CBM development,the achievements,existing challenges and future prospects are summarized and discussed from the perspective of CBM DCTs.

Coalbed Methane Potential in the Basin Guardo-Barruelo (North Spain)

Coal during its carbonization process produces a gas, which, mainly formed by methane, can be used. The use of CBM (Coal bed methane) as an energetic resource is not much known in Spain. This work is the first step to enhance the development of this resource in Castilla y León Guardo-Barruelo basin. A review of the state of the art is introduced, taking into account all the factors that can influence in the development of a CBM project. Then CBM resources have been quantified for Guardo-Barruelo basin accurately for every coal bed. After that, technical feasibility has been used to evaluate total amount of gas that can be recovered.

Characteristics of dissolved inorganic carbon in produced water from coalbed methane wells and its geological significance

Based on long-term dynamic tracing of dissolved inorganic carbon(DIC)and stable carbon isotope(δ13CDIC)in produced water from 20 coalbed methane(CBM)wells in western Guizhou,the spatial-temporal dynamic variations ofδ13CDIC of the GP well group produced in multi-layer commingled manner were analyzed,and the relationship between the value ofδ13CDIC and CBM productivity was examined.The produced water samples of typical wells in the GP well group were amplified and sequenced using 16S rDNA,and a geological response model ofδ13CDIC in produced water from CBM wells with multi-coal seams was put forward.The research shows that:δ13CDIC in produced water from medium-rank coal seams commonly show positive anomalies,the produced water contains more than 15 species of methanogens,and Methanobacterium is the dominant genus.The dominant methanogens sequence numbers in the produced water are positively correlated withδ13CDIC,and the positive anomaly of v is caused by reduction of methanogens,and especially hydrogenotrophic methanogens.Vertical segmentation of sedimentary facies and lithology in stratum with multi-coal seams will result in permeability and water cut segmentation,which will lead to the segmentation ofδ13CDIC and archaea community in produced water,so in the strata with better permeability and high water cut,theδ13CDIC of the produced water is abnormally enriched,and the dominant archaea is mainly Methanobacterium.In the strata with weak permeability and low water cut,theδ13CDIC of the produced water is small,and the microbial action is weak.The shallow layer close to the coal seam outcrop is likely to be affected by meteoric precipitation,so theδ13CDIC of the produced water is smaller.The geological response model ofδ13CDIC in produced water from multi-coal seams CBM wells in the medium-rank coal reveals the geological mechanism and microbial action mechanism of theδ13CDIC difference in the produced water from the multi-coal seams CBM wells.It also provides effective geochemical evidence for the superimposed fluid system controlled by sedimentary facies,and can also be used for the contribution analysis of the produced gas and water by the multi-layer CBM wells.

Apatite fission-track study on the thermo-tectonic history of the Huainan Coalfield in Anhui Province, China: Tectonic implications for the potential coalbed methane resource

Coalbed methane (CBM) is a kind of burgeoning and enormously potential clean energy resource, and the temperature of the thermogenic CBM generation is close to that of the partial annealing zone (PAZ) of apatite fission tracks (AFT). In this study the thermo-tectonic history of the Huainan Coalfield and the potential CBM resource were studied and discussed by using the AFT method. The AFT data indicate that the apparent ages of AFT vary from 45.5 to 199.1 Ma. They are younger than the ages of their host strata (255–1800 Ma) except one sample, and the single-grain ages of AFT can be classified as a single age group for each sample. In combination with the geological setting, modeling results of the AFT ages, average lengths, and the thermal history based on the AFT single-grain ages and length distributions, some preliminary conclusions can be drawn as follows: (1) at least three thermo-tectonic events (in the periods of ～240, 140 and 80 Ma, respectively) have occurred in the study area since the Late Paleozoic. The occurrence of both the first (during 240–220 Ma) and second (during 160–120 Ma) thermo-tectonic events is possibly responsible for the establishment of the patterns of gas generation and reservoir formation. The second thermo-tectonic event also led to slight accumulation of hydrocarbons and generation of thermogenic gas; (2) the AFT ages of most coal-bearing strata lie between 50 and 70 Ma. They should represent the cooling ages and the ages of inferred uplift and denudation, as well as the possible CBM release history. Therefore, the maximum burial depth of coal-bearing strata and the denudation thickness of the overlying strata are over 3000 and 2000 m in the Upper Cretaceous and Paleogene series, respectively; and (3) subsequently, a spot of secondary biogenic and scarcely thermogenic gas generation occurred due to negligible sedimentation during the Neogene and Quaternary periods. Thus, it can be presumed that subsequent tectonism would destroy the CBM reservoir after its formation in the Huainan Coalfield, especially in its structural development region. These AFT data may be helpful for a better understanding of the thermo-tectonic history of the Huainan Coalfield, as well as of CBM generation, storage and release in the Huainan Coalfield.

基于层次分析灰色定权聚类的煤层气开发甜点预测方法——以柿庄北区块为例

随着煤层气产业的发展以及非常规油气勘探开发一体化的要求,当前煤层气的勘查评价工作逐渐由勘探选区向开发甜点选区推进。然而,受限于勘探开发阶段或资料占有程度,当前多数的选区评价体系对煤储层的可改性和煤层气的可采性考虑不足,在指导开发区井位优选或加密井方面效果不佳。基于沁水盆地柿庄北区块100余口煤层气参数井和开发井资料,分析区内3号煤层煤层气开发的资源条件、储层可改造性和煤层气可采性,采用层次分析和灰色定权聚类方法构建评价模型,评价了煤层气开发甜点区,为区内新井和加密井的部署提供依据。评价模型以煤层含气量、煤厚反映煤层气资源条件;综合考虑地应力环境和岩石力学性质,构建储层综合可改造性参数,评价储层可改造性;使用原始结构煤和碎裂煤占比、临储比和储层原始渗透率反映煤层气的可采性。每个参数采用word聚类方法分级,每个点位(每口井)计算出综合优度并排序,最终划分出煤层气开发甜点区。评价结果表明,研究区中部综合优度大于65的地区为进一步开展开发工作的甜点区。

新疆准噶尔盆地白家海凸起深部煤层气孔渗系统特征

【目的】新疆深部煤层气资源丰富,其中准噶尔盆地白家海凸起侏罗系煤层是深部煤层气勘探开发的有利目标区。深部煤层气孔渗系统直接决定了深部煤层气的可采性。【方法】以新疆油田2023年最新施工的彩煤2-004H评价井为基础,基于扫描电镜观察,压汞–低温液氮–二氧化碳吸附、低场核磁共振、CT扫描,变温压孔渗实验,结合数学建模,深入研究了本区侏罗系西山窑组煤的孔渗系统。【结果和结论】结果表明:(1)研究区深部煤储层孔隙类型以植物组织孔和气孔为主,孔裂隙发育,形态多为板状和狭缝状,孔裂隙连通性好,多为开放型孔。(2)全孔径表征结果显示,超微孔最为发育,其次为中孔和过渡孔,各类型孔隙发育较为均匀,总孔比表面积和总孔容较大,接近于贫煤和无烟煤,暗示了其吸附性和储集能力较强,其主要地质原因在于其煤层为特低灰分(平均灰分在5%左右)煤、煤岩显微组分中主要为丝质体和结构腐殖体,且处于构造高部位的煤储层断裂发育。(3)考虑温度和有效应力对孔隙率和渗透率的影响,建立了研究区孔隙率和渗透率与埋深的关系式。与鄂尔多斯盆地大宁-吉县区块深部煤相比,不论是常规孔渗结果,还是模拟原位储层条件下的孔渗系统,白家海凸起深部煤储层孔隙率和渗透率均较大,原位储层条件下孔隙率介于8.60%~10.21%,渗透率介于(0.04~0.21)×10^(-3)μm^(2)。即本区深部煤储层孔渗系统,不仅储气能力较强,同时其导流能力也较好。

分形界面吸附行为初探

煤层气吸附解吸机理研究是揭示煤层气成藏机理及高效开发煤层气的基础。已有研究表明,煤储层孔隙结构非常复杂且具有分形特征,煤层气在孔-固界面的吸附行为明显受到煤孔隙结构特征的影响。对比分析几种常用气-固界面上的吸附模型,总结这些模型的特点和适用条件,指出当前吸附模型在分形界面吸附行为的描述和应用上均未摆脱吸附选择性的平稳假设,尚未考虑吸附厚度的尺度不变特征。而分形拓扑理论可以有效标定分形对象的尺度不变属性,为分形界面的等效表征提供了理论支撑。因此,结合上述模型对气-固界面吸附行为的描述,借助分形拓扑理论提出煤储层孔-固界面上分形吸附行为的相关假设及其控制机理,构建基于吸附拓扑的单层吸附模型。在此基础上,通过设置不同的吸附拓扑参数组合获取其等温吸附曲线,分析得出,随着吸附压力的升高,吸附覆盖率表现出指数、线性和对数3种不同的增长趋势,而吸附热表现为对数减小趋势。结果显示,不同的吸附拓扑参数组合会得到不同类型的等温吸附曲线,在一定程度上弥补了Langmuir方程只能描述单一类型等温吸附线的不足。为了验证吸附模型的适用性,结合沁水盆地武乡区块富有机质泥页岩的液氮吸附实验数据,对比了实际等温吸附曲线与模拟吸附曲线的差异。结果表明,通过调整各吸附拓扑参数之间的组合关系,可以使等温吸附模拟曲线与实际吸附曲线的趋势始终保持一致。最后,探讨了吸附解吸机理的研究方向,类比电子层提出了吸附层的概念,指出发展分形动力学描述模型是解释煤层气吸附解吸规律的关键。

四川盆地上二叠统龙潭组深-超深部煤层气资源开发潜力

准噶尔盆地彩南地区、鄂尔多斯盆地东缘大宁-吉县和延川南区块1000~2500 m埋深煤层气井实现高产气流突破,昭示了深部煤层气开发的巨大潜能。四川盆地上二叠统龙潭组薄-中厚煤层群(7~15层)主体埋深2000~4500 m,川中一带北倾单斜,局部发育低幅隆起,煤层含气量、含气饱和度、储层压力等开发关键参数均优于浅部,具备支持“增储上产”国家天然气发展战略的强大潜力。研究表明:(1)龙潭组煤系煤-泥岩互层频繁,煤层多,累计资源量大,19号煤层侧向发育稳定(平均3.2 m;>4 m有利面积700 km^(2));(2)煤的热演化程度高(2.53%~3.18%),生烃能力强,煤系气测全烃显示良好,2500 m埋深处实测含气量16.64~17.61 m^(3)/t,含气饱和度达138%~151%,游离气含量4.84~5.60 m^(3)/t;(3)川南800 m以深实测储层压力系数>1.1,川中一带预测储层压力系数>1.8,为潜在的异常超高压储层。立足四川盆地煤层深-超深部、超压、超饱和等资源禀赋特征,借鉴鄂尔多斯盆地东缘大宁一带深部煤层气成功经验,以19号煤层为风险勘探目标,落实资源潜力和气藏特征,探索构建深-超深部薄煤层立体勘探开发技术体系,对煤层气规模化建产意义重大。

高温和高压下CBM的爆炸极限

利用自主开发的实验装置,测定了20,60,100,150,200℃及常压,100,200和300 kPa初始条件下煤层气(CBM)的爆炸极限值.结果表明,随初始温度和压力的增加,爆炸极限上限变大,下限变小,爆炸极限范围变大,危险性增加;初始温度和压力对爆炸极限上限的影响大于对爆炸极限下限的影响.研究结论为CBM开发使用过程安全工艺参数的确定提供了实验依据.

分段多簇密切割压裂技术在淮南矿区煤层气抽采中的应用

针对淮南矿区碎软低渗煤层瓦斯抽采技术难题,以13-1煤层为例,在分析煤层及其顶底板概况的基础上,采用煤层顶板分段压裂水平井技术,充分利用水平井水平段,单段分3簇射孔,簇间距25 m,实现分段多簇密切割体积压裂改造。微地震监测结果表明,单段裂缝长度102.5~211.4 m,缝高17.3~27 m,裂缝主体向下延伸,实现了井筒与煤层的沟通。排水采气效果表明,最高产气量1519 m^(3)/d,取得了良好的产气效果。研究成果为淮南矿区煤层气地面预抽和瓦斯区域治理提供了工程借鉴。

Geochemical Characteristics and Development Significances of Constant and Trace Elements from Coalbed Methane Co-Produced Water:A Case Study of the Shizhuangnan Block,the Southern Qinshui Basin

As an unconventional natural gas resource,coalbed methane(CBM)development releases a large amount of CBM wells co-produced water.Geochemical characteristics of the co-produced water provide an essential foundation for the production dynamics of CBM reservoirs if the impacts of fracturing fluids and other aquifers can be ignored.In the Shizhuangnan Block of the southern Qinshui Basin,constant and trace elements in CBM co-produced water from the wellheads were collected and determined,which is applied to assess water source,fracturing fluid effect,and CBM production.Based on principle component analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis,the water samples are divided into four categories.It suggests that different characteristics affected by water-rock interaction,reservoir environment,aquifer recharge,and hydraulic fracturing result in the various ratios of Na^(+)/Cl^(-),alkalinity(HCO_(3)^(-)+CO_(3)^(2-))/Cl^(-)and other specific rules.Moreover,Cl^(-)is selected as a dividing line for complete fracturing fluid flow back,associated with organic-bound chlorine complexes in the original coal seam water.Compared to constant elements,there is a significant correlation between Li and Sr concentrations and CBM productivity,so templates regarding trace elements can be used to distinguish various sources of the co-produced water.