The effect of CC-chemokine receptor 7 （CCR7） and CC-chemokine ligand 19 （CCL19） on rheumatic mitral ste- nosis is unknown. This study aimed to explore the roles of CCR7 and CCL19 in rheumatic mitral stenosis by me...The effect of CC-chemokine receptor 7 （CCR7） and CC-chemokine ligand 19 （CCL19） on rheumatic mitral ste- nosis is unknown. This study aimed to explore the roles of CCR7 and CCL19 in rheumatic mitral stenosis by mea- suring the expression of CCR7 and CCL19 in human mitral valves from rheumatic mitral stenosis patients. Additionally, we examined their effects on human mitral valve interstitial cells （hMVICs） proliferation, apoptosis and wound repair. CCR7 and CCL19 expression was measured in the mitral valves from rheumatic mitral stenosis patients （n= 10） and compared to normal mitral valves （n=5）. CCR7 was measured in cultured hMVICs from rheu- matic mitral stenosis patients and normal donors by RT-PCR and immunofluorescence. The cells were also treated with exogenous CCL19, and the effects on wound healing, proliferation and apoptosis were assayed. In the rheu- matic mitral valves, valve interstitial cells expressed CCR7, while mononuclear cells and the endothelium expressed CCL19. Healthy mitral valves did not stain positive for CCR7 or CCL19. CCR7 was also detected in cultured rheu- matic hMVICs or in normal hMVICs treated with CCL19. In a wound healing experiment, wound closure rates of both rheumatic and normal hMVICs were significantly accelerated by CCL19. These effects were abrogated by a CCR7 neutralizing antibody. The CCR7/CCL19 axis did not influence the proliferation or apoptosis of hMVICs, indicating that wound healing was due to increased migration rates rather than increased proliferation. In conclu- sion, CCR7 and CCL19 were expressed in rheumatic mitral valves. The CCR7/CCL19 axis may regulate remodel- ing of rheumatic valve injury through promoting migratory ability of hMVICs.展开更多
Stromal cell-derived factor-1 and its receptor C-X-C chemokine receptor 4(CXCR4) have been shown to regulate neural regeneration after stroke.Howeve r,whether stromal cell-derived factor-1 receptor CXCR7,which is wide...Stromal cell-derived factor-1 and its receptor C-X-C chemokine receptor 4(CXCR4) have been shown to regulate neural regeneration after stroke.Howeve r,whether stromal cell-derived factor-1 receptor CXCR7,which is widely distributed in the develo ping and adult central nervous system,participates in neural regeneration remains poorly unde rstood.In this study,we established rat models of focal cerebral ischemia by injecting endothelin-1 into the cerebral co rtex and striatum.Starting on day 7 after injury,CXCR7-neutralizing antibody was injected into the lateral ventricle using a micro drug delivery system for 6 consecutive days.Our results showed that CXCR7-neutralizing antibody increased the total length and number of sprouting co rticospinal tra ct fibers in rats with cerebral ischemia,increased the expression of vesicular glutamate transporter 1 and growth-related protein 43,marke rs of the denervated spinal cord synapses,and promoted the differentiation and maturation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells in the striatum.In addition,CXCR7 antibody increased the expression of CXCR4 in the striatum,increased the protein expression of RAS and ERK1/2 associated with the RAS/ERK signaling pathway,and im proved rat motor function.These findings suggest that CXCR7 improved neural functional recovery after ischemic stroke by promoting axonal regeneration,synaptogenesis,and myelin regeneration,which may be achieved by activation of CXCR4 and the RAS/ERK1/2 signaling pathway.展开更多
BACKGROUND The literature indicates that the enteric nervous system is affected in inflammatory bowel diseases(IBDs)and that the P2X7 receptor triggers neuronal death.However,the mechanism by which enteric neurons are...BACKGROUND The literature indicates that the enteric nervous system is affected in inflammatory bowel diseases(IBDs)and that the P2X7 receptor triggers neuronal death.However,the mechanism by which enteric neurons are lost in IBDs is unknown.AIM To study the role of the caspase-3 and nuclear factor kappa B(NF-κB)pathways in myenteric neurons in a P2X7 receptor knockout(KO)mouse model of IBDs.METHODS Forty male wild-type(WT)C57BL/6 and P2X7 receptor KO mice were euthanized 24 h or 4 d after colitis induction by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid(colitis group).Mice in the sham groups were injected with vehicle.The mice were divided into eight groups(n=5):The WT sham 24 h and 4 d groups,the WT colitis 24 h and 4 d groups,the KO sham 24 h and 4 d groups,and the KO colitis 24 h and 4 d groups.The disease activity index(DAI)was analyzed,the distal colon was collected for immunohistochemistry analyses,and immunofluorescence was performed to identify neurons immunoreactive(ir)for calretinin,P2X7 receptor,cleaved caspase-3,total caspase-3,phospho-NF-κB,and total NF-κB.We analyzed the number of calretinin-ir and P2X7 receptor-ir neurons per ganglion,the neuronal profile area(μm^(2)),and corrected total cell fluorescence(CTCF).RESULTS Cells double labeled for calretinin and P2X7 receptor,cleaved caspase-3,total caspase-3,phospho-NF-κB,or total NF-κB were observed in the WT colitis 24 h and 4 d groups.The number of calretinin-ir neurons per ganglion was decreased in the WT colitis 24 h and 4 d groups compared to the WT sham 24 h and 4 d groups,respectively(2.10±0.13 vs 3.33±0.17,P<0.001;2.92±0.12 vs 3.70±0.11,P<0.05),but was not significantly different between the KO groups.The calretinin-ir neuronal profile area was increased in the WT colitis 24 h group compared to the WT sham 24 h group(312.60±7.85 vs 278.41±6.65,P<0.05),and the nuclear profile area was decreased in the WT colitis 4 d group compared to the WT sham 4 d group(104.63±2.49 vs 117.41±1.14,P<0.01).The number of P2X7 receptor-ir neurons per ganglion was decreased in the WT colitis 24 h and 4 d groups compared to the WT sham 24 h and 4 d groups,respectively(19.49±0.35 vs 22.21±0.18,P<0.001;20.35±0.14 vs 22.75±0.51,P<0.001),and no P2X7 receptor-ir neurons were observed in the KO groups.Myenteric neurons showed ultrastructural changes in the WT colitis 24 h and 4 d groups and in the KO colitis 24 h group.The cleaved caspase-3 CTCF was increased in the WT colitis 24 h and 4 d groups compared to the WT sham 24 h and 4 d groups,respectively(485949±14140 vs 371371±16426,P<0.001;480381±11336 vs 378365±4053,P<0.001),but was not significantly different between the KO groups.The total caspase-3 CTCF,phospho-NF-κB CTCF,and total NF-κB CTCF were not significantly different among the groups.The DAI was recovered in the KO groups.Furthermore,we demonstrated that the absence of the P2X7 receptor attenuated inflammatory infiltration,tissue damage,collagen deposition,and the decrease in the number of goblet cells in the distal colon.CONCLUSION Ulcerative colitis affects myenteric neurons in WT mice but has a weaker effect in P2X7 receptor KO mice,and neuronal death may be associated with P2X7 receptor-mediated caspase-3 activation.The P2X7 receptor can be a therapeutic target for IBDs.展开更多
目的观察电针对骶上脊髓损伤后尿潴留型神经源性膀胱大鼠排尿功能的影响,并探讨电针调节嘌呤能离子通道型受体7(purinergic ligand-gated ion channel 7 receptor,P2X7R)介导的细胞焦亡途径在其中的潜在效应机制。方法从48只雌性SD大鼠...目的观察电针对骶上脊髓损伤后尿潴留型神经源性膀胱大鼠排尿功能的影响,并探讨电针调节嘌呤能离子通道型受体7(purinergic ligand-gated ion channel 7 receptor,P2X7R)介导的细胞焦亡途径在其中的潜在效应机制。方法从48只雌性SD大鼠中随机抽取12只纳入假手术组,剩余大鼠以T8完全性脊髓横断法建立尿潴留型神经源性膀胱大鼠模型,将已成模的27只大鼠二次随机分为模型组与电针组,每组12只,剩余3只模型大鼠用于实验候补。电针组于术后第19天开始干预,连续10 d,其余两组仅予以捆绑。干预结束后,各组大鼠先行尿流动力学检测,随后快速分离膀胱组织待检,应用HE染色观察膀胱组织形态学变化,透射电镜观察膀胱组织超微结构变化,TUNEL染色检测膀胱组织中细胞损伤情况,ELISA检测膀胱组织中三磷酸腺苷(adenosine triphosphate,ATP)水平,免疫组织化学法和Western blot法检测膀胱组织中P2X7R、NOD样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3(NODlike receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3,NLRP3)、半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶-1(cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1,Caspase-1)、白细胞介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)蛋白表达情况。结果与假手术组比较,模型组大鼠膀胱漏尿点压力、膀胱最大压力、膀胱最大容量显著升高(P<0.01),以膀胱体积增大伴尿潴留为主要表现;模型组大鼠膀胱组织存在明显的炎性反应且病理改变显著,膀胱组织超微结构可见明显肿胀、变形等细胞损伤,膀胱组织细胞损伤率显著增加(P<0.01),膀胱组织中ATP含量、P2X7R、NLRP3、Caspase-1、IL-1β的阳性表达及蛋白表达水平均显著升高(P<0.01)。与模型组比较,电针组大鼠膀胱漏尿点压力、膀胱最大压力、膀胱最大容量降低(P<0.05),尿潴留症状较轻,膀胱排尿功能改善;电针组大鼠膀胱组织的炎性反应及病理损伤减轻,膀胱组织超微结构变化明显改善,膀胱组织细胞损伤率显著减少(P<0.01),膀胱组织中ATP含量、P2X7R、NLRP3、Caspase-1、IL-1β的阳性表达及蛋白表达水平均显著降低(P<0.01)。结论电针可有效改善骶上脊髓损伤后尿潴留型神经源性膀胱大鼠的膀胱排尿功能,缓解尿潴留症状,减轻膀胱组织病理损伤程度及其炎症反应,其机制与抑制膀胱组织中P2X7R/NLRP3信号通路焦亡蛋白的表达有关。展开更多
目的 探究脑出血患者脑组织中Nod样受体蛋白-3 (NLRP3)、NIMA相关蛋白激酶7 (NEK7)表达水平与疾病严重程度的相关性。方法 前瞻性选取2017年1月至2020年12月郑州颐和医院诊治的80例脑出血患者进行研究,取皮层造瘘通道靠近血肿0.5 cm处...目的 探究脑出血患者脑组织中Nod样受体蛋白-3 (NLRP3)、NIMA相关蛋白激酶7 (NEK7)表达水平与疾病严重程度的相关性。方法 前瞻性选取2017年1月至2020年12月郑州颐和医院诊治的80例脑出血患者进行研究,取皮层造瘘通道靠近血肿0.5 cm处的脑组织为靠近组,另取远离血肿位置的脑组织为远离组。依据脑出血患者出血量将其分为少量组(出血量<15 mL) 29例、中量组(出血量15~30 m L) 27例和大量组(出血量>30 mL)24例;按美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分将患者分为轻型组(1~4分) 30例、中型组(5~15分) 27例和重型组(>15分) 23例。采用实时荧光定量PCR (qRT-PCR)法测定各组脑组织中NEK7 m RNA、NLRP3 m RNA表达水平;采用Pearson法分析脑出血患者血肿0.5 cm处脑组织中NEK7 m RNA表达水平与NLRP3 m RNA表达水平的相关性;比较不同出血量、不同严重程度的脑出血患者距离血肿0.5 cm处脑组织中NEK7 m RNA、NLRP3 m RNA表达水平。结果 靠近组患者脑组织中NEK7 m RNA、NLRP3 m RNA表达水平分别为1.72±0.58、1.69±0.57,明显高于远离组的1.03±0.34、1.01±0.33,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);脑出血患者血肿0.5 cm处脑组织中NEK7 m RNA表达水平与NLRP3 mRNA表达水平呈正相关(r=0.563,P<0.05);脑出血患者距离血肿0.5 cm处脑组织中NEK7m RNA、NLRP3 m RNA表达水平随着出血量的增加而升高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);脑出血患者距离血肿0.5 cm处脑组织中NEK7 mRNA、NLRP3 m RNA表达水平随着NIHSS评分的增加而升高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 脑出血患者距离血肿0.5 cm处脑组织中NEK7、NLRP3表达水平明显升高,两者均与出血量和疾病严重程度显著相关,检测距离血肿0.5 cm处脑组织NEK7、NLRP3有利于判断脑出血严重程度及出血情况。展开更多
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81100162)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD2010-2013)
文摘The effect of CC-chemokine receptor 7 （CCR7） and CC-chemokine ligand 19 （CCL19） on rheumatic mitral ste- nosis is unknown. This study aimed to explore the roles of CCR7 and CCL19 in rheumatic mitral stenosis by mea- suring the expression of CCR7 and CCL19 in human mitral valves from rheumatic mitral stenosis patients. Additionally, we examined their effects on human mitral valve interstitial cells （hMVICs） proliferation, apoptosis and wound repair. CCR7 and CCL19 expression was measured in the mitral valves from rheumatic mitral stenosis patients （n= 10） and compared to normal mitral valves （n=5）. CCR7 was measured in cultured hMVICs from rheu- matic mitral stenosis patients and normal donors by RT-PCR and immunofluorescence. The cells were also treated with exogenous CCL19, and the effects on wound healing, proliferation and apoptosis were assayed. In the rheu- matic mitral valves, valve interstitial cells expressed CCR7, while mononuclear cells and the endothelium expressed CCL19. Healthy mitral valves did not stain positive for CCR7 or CCL19. CCR7 was also detected in cultured rheu- matic hMVICs or in normal hMVICs treated with CCL19. In a wound healing experiment, wound closure rates of both rheumatic and normal hMVICs were significantly accelerated by CCL19. These effects were abrogated by a CCR7 neutralizing antibody. The CCR7/CCL19 axis did not influence the proliferation or apoptosis of hMVICs, indicating that wound healing was due to increased migration rates rather than increased proliferation. In conclu- sion, CCR7 and CCL19 were expressed in rheumatic mitral valves. The CCR7/CCL19 axis may regulate remodel- ing of rheumatic valve injury through promoting migratory ability of hMVICs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.81401002 (to SSZ),81801 053 (to XQZ)。
文摘Stromal cell-derived factor-1 and its receptor C-X-C chemokine receptor 4(CXCR4) have been shown to regulate neural regeneration after stroke.Howeve r,whether stromal cell-derived factor-1 receptor CXCR7,which is widely distributed in the develo ping and adult central nervous system,participates in neural regeneration remains poorly unde rstood.In this study,we established rat models of focal cerebral ischemia by injecting endothelin-1 into the cerebral co rtex and striatum.Starting on day 7 after injury,CXCR7-neutralizing antibody was injected into the lateral ventricle using a micro drug delivery system for 6 consecutive days.Our results showed that CXCR7-neutralizing antibody increased the total length and number of sprouting co rticospinal tra ct fibers in rats with cerebral ischemia,increased the expression of vesicular glutamate transporter 1 and growth-related protein 43,marke rs of the denervated spinal cord synapses,and promoted the differentiation and maturation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells in the striatum.In addition,CXCR7 antibody increased the expression of CXCR4 in the striatum,increased the protein expression of RAS and ERK1/2 associated with the RAS/ERK signaling pathway,and im proved rat motor function.These findings suggest that CXCR7 improved neural functional recovery after ischemic stroke by promoting axonal regeneration,synaptogenesis,and myelin regeneration,which may be achieved by activation of CXCR4 and the RAS/ERK1/2 signaling pathway.
基金Supported by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development,No.168015/2018-8the São Paulo Research Foundation,No.2014/25927-2 and No.2018/07862-1.
文摘BACKGROUND The literature indicates that the enteric nervous system is affected in inflammatory bowel diseases(IBDs)and that the P2X7 receptor triggers neuronal death.However,the mechanism by which enteric neurons are lost in IBDs is unknown.AIM To study the role of the caspase-3 and nuclear factor kappa B(NF-κB)pathways in myenteric neurons in a P2X7 receptor knockout(KO)mouse model of IBDs.METHODS Forty male wild-type(WT)C57BL/6 and P2X7 receptor KO mice were euthanized 24 h or 4 d after colitis induction by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid(colitis group).Mice in the sham groups were injected with vehicle.The mice were divided into eight groups(n=5):The WT sham 24 h and 4 d groups,the WT colitis 24 h and 4 d groups,the KO sham 24 h and 4 d groups,and the KO colitis 24 h and 4 d groups.The disease activity index(DAI)was analyzed,the distal colon was collected for immunohistochemistry analyses,and immunofluorescence was performed to identify neurons immunoreactive(ir)for calretinin,P2X7 receptor,cleaved caspase-3,total caspase-3,phospho-NF-κB,and total NF-κB.We analyzed the number of calretinin-ir and P2X7 receptor-ir neurons per ganglion,the neuronal profile area(μm^(2)),and corrected total cell fluorescence(CTCF).RESULTS Cells double labeled for calretinin and P2X7 receptor,cleaved caspase-3,total caspase-3,phospho-NF-κB,or total NF-κB were observed in the WT colitis 24 h and 4 d groups.The number of calretinin-ir neurons per ganglion was decreased in the WT colitis 24 h and 4 d groups compared to the WT sham 24 h and 4 d groups,respectively(2.10±0.13 vs 3.33±0.17,P<0.001;2.92±0.12 vs 3.70±0.11,P<0.05),but was not significantly different between the KO groups.The calretinin-ir neuronal profile area was increased in the WT colitis 24 h group compared to the WT sham 24 h group(312.60±7.85 vs 278.41±6.65,P<0.05),and the nuclear profile area was decreased in the WT colitis 4 d group compared to the WT sham 4 d group(104.63±2.49 vs 117.41±1.14,P<0.01).The number of P2X7 receptor-ir neurons per ganglion was decreased in the WT colitis 24 h and 4 d groups compared to the WT sham 24 h and 4 d groups,respectively(19.49±0.35 vs 22.21±0.18,P<0.001;20.35±0.14 vs 22.75±0.51,P<0.001),and no P2X7 receptor-ir neurons were observed in the KO groups.Myenteric neurons showed ultrastructural changes in the WT colitis 24 h and 4 d groups and in the KO colitis 24 h group.The cleaved caspase-3 CTCF was increased in the WT colitis 24 h and 4 d groups compared to the WT sham 24 h and 4 d groups,respectively(485949±14140 vs 371371±16426,P<0.001;480381±11336 vs 378365±4053,P<0.001),but was not significantly different between the KO groups.The total caspase-3 CTCF,phospho-NF-κB CTCF,and total NF-κB CTCF were not significantly different among the groups.The DAI was recovered in the KO groups.Furthermore,we demonstrated that the absence of the P2X7 receptor attenuated inflammatory infiltration,tissue damage,collagen deposition,and the decrease in the number of goblet cells in the distal colon.CONCLUSION Ulcerative colitis affects myenteric neurons in WT mice but has a weaker effect in P2X7 receptor KO mice,and neuronal death may be associated with P2X7 receptor-mediated caspase-3 activation.The P2X7 receptor can be a therapeutic target for IBDs.
文摘目的观察电针对骶上脊髓损伤后尿潴留型神经源性膀胱大鼠排尿功能的影响,并探讨电针调节嘌呤能离子通道型受体7(purinergic ligand-gated ion channel 7 receptor,P2X7R)介导的细胞焦亡途径在其中的潜在效应机制。方法从48只雌性SD大鼠中随机抽取12只纳入假手术组,剩余大鼠以T8完全性脊髓横断法建立尿潴留型神经源性膀胱大鼠模型,将已成模的27只大鼠二次随机分为模型组与电针组,每组12只,剩余3只模型大鼠用于实验候补。电针组于术后第19天开始干预,连续10 d,其余两组仅予以捆绑。干预结束后,各组大鼠先行尿流动力学检测,随后快速分离膀胱组织待检,应用HE染色观察膀胱组织形态学变化,透射电镜观察膀胱组织超微结构变化,TUNEL染色检测膀胱组织中细胞损伤情况,ELISA检测膀胱组织中三磷酸腺苷(adenosine triphosphate,ATP)水平,免疫组织化学法和Western blot法检测膀胱组织中P2X7R、NOD样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3(NODlike receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3,NLRP3)、半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶-1(cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1,Caspase-1)、白细胞介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)蛋白表达情况。结果与假手术组比较,模型组大鼠膀胱漏尿点压力、膀胱最大压力、膀胱最大容量显著升高(P<0.01),以膀胱体积增大伴尿潴留为主要表现;模型组大鼠膀胱组织存在明显的炎性反应且病理改变显著,膀胱组织超微结构可见明显肿胀、变形等细胞损伤,膀胱组织细胞损伤率显著增加(P<0.01),膀胱组织中ATP含量、P2X7R、NLRP3、Caspase-1、IL-1β的阳性表达及蛋白表达水平均显著升高(P<0.01)。与模型组比较,电针组大鼠膀胱漏尿点压力、膀胱最大压力、膀胱最大容量降低(P<0.05),尿潴留症状较轻,膀胱排尿功能改善;电针组大鼠膀胱组织的炎性反应及病理损伤减轻,膀胱组织超微结构变化明显改善,膀胱组织细胞损伤率显著减少(P<0.01),膀胱组织中ATP含量、P2X7R、NLRP3、Caspase-1、IL-1β的阳性表达及蛋白表达水平均显著降低(P<0.01)。结论电针可有效改善骶上脊髓损伤后尿潴留型神经源性膀胱大鼠的膀胱排尿功能,缓解尿潴留症状,减轻膀胱组织病理损伤程度及其炎症反应,其机制与抑制膀胱组织中P2X7R/NLRP3信号通路焦亡蛋白的表达有关。
文摘目的 探究脑出血患者脑组织中Nod样受体蛋白-3 (NLRP3)、NIMA相关蛋白激酶7 (NEK7)表达水平与疾病严重程度的相关性。方法 前瞻性选取2017年1月至2020年12月郑州颐和医院诊治的80例脑出血患者进行研究,取皮层造瘘通道靠近血肿0.5 cm处的脑组织为靠近组,另取远离血肿位置的脑组织为远离组。依据脑出血患者出血量将其分为少量组(出血量<15 mL) 29例、中量组(出血量15~30 m L) 27例和大量组(出血量>30 mL)24例;按美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分将患者分为轻型组(1~4分) 30例、中型组(5~15分) 27例和重型组(>15分) 23例。采用实时荧光定量PCR (qRT-PCR)法测定各组脑组织中NEK7 m RNA、NLRP3 m RNA表达水平;采用Pearson法分析脑出血患者血肿0.5 cm处脑组织中NEK7 m RNA表达水平与NLRP3 m RNA表达水平的相关性;比较不同出血量、不同严重程度的脑出血患者距离血肿0.5 cm处脑组织中NEK7 m RNA、NLRP3 m RNA表达水平。结果 靠近组患者脑组织中NEK7 m RNA、NLRP3 m RNA表达水平分别为1.72±0.58、1.69±0.57,明显高于远离组的1.03±0.34、1.01±0.33,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);脑出血患者血肿0.5 cm处脑组织中NEK7 m RNA表达水平与NLRP3 mRNA表达水平呈正相关(r=0.563,P<0.05);脑出血患者距离血肿0.5 cm处脑组织中NEK7m RNA、NLRP3 m RNA表达水平随着出血量的增加而升高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);脑出血患者距离血肿0.5 cm处脑组织中NEK7 mRNA、NLRP3 m RNA表达水平随着NIHSS评分的增加而升高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 脑出血患者距离血肿0.5 cm处脑组织中NEK7、NLRP3表达水平明显升高,两者均与出血量和疾病严重程度显著相关,检测距离血肿0.5 cm处脑组织NEK7、NLRP3有利于判断脑出血严重程度及出血情况。
