The steel industry is a major source of CO_(2) emissions,and thus,the mitigation of carbon emissions is the most pressing challenge in this sector.In this paper,international environmental governance in the steel indu...The steel industry is a major source of CO_(2) emissions,and thus,the mitigation of carbon emissions is the most pressing challenge in this sector.In this paper,international environmental governance in the steel industry is reviewed,and the current state of development of low-carbon technologies is discussed.Additionally,low-carbon pathways for the steel industry at the current time are proposed,emphasizing prevention and treatment strategies.Furthermore,the prospects of low-carbon technologies are explored from the perspective of transitioning the energy structure to a“carbon-electricity-hydrogen”relationship.Overall,steel enterprises should adopt hydrogen-rich metallurgical technologies that are compatible with current needs and process flows in the short term,based on the carbon substitution with hydrogen(prevention)and the CCU(CO_(2) capture and utilization)concepts(treatment).Additionally,the capture and utilization of CO_(2) for steelmaking,which can assist in achieving short-term emission reduction targets but is not a long-term solution,is discussed.In conclusion,in the long term,the carbon metallurgical process should be gradually supplanted by a hydrogen-electric synergistic approach,thus transforming the energy structure of existing steelmaking processes and attaining near-zero carbon emission steelmaking technology.展开更多
Carbon dioxide(CO_(2))is the primary greenhouse gas contributing to anthropogenic climate change which is associated with human activities.The majority of CO_(2) emissions are results of the burning of fossil fuels fo...Carbon dioxide(CO_(2))is the primary greenhouse gas contributing to anthropogenic climate change which is associated with human activities.The majority of CO_(2) emissions are results of the burning of fossil fuels for energy,as well as industrial processes such as steel and cement production.Carbon capture,utilization,and storage(CCUS)is a sustainable technology promising in terms of reducing CO_(2) emissions that would otherwise contribute to climate change.From this perspective,the discussion on carbon capture focuses on chemical absorption technology,primarily due to its commercialization potential.The CO_(2) absorptive capacity and absorption rate of various chemical solvents have been summarized.The carbon utilization focuses on electrochemical conversion routes converting CO_(2) into potentially valuable chemicals which have received particular attention in recent years.The Faradaic conversion efficiencies for various CO_(2) reduction products are used to describe efficiency improvements.For carbon storage,successful deployment relies on a better understanding of fluid mechanics,geomechanics,and reactive transport,which are discussed in details.展开更多
The world is experiencing global climate change, and most scientists attribute it to the accumulation in the atmosphere of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and chlorofluorocarbons. Because of its enormous emiss...The world is experiencing global climate change, and most scientists attribute it to the accumulation in the atmosphere of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and chlorofluorocarbons. Because of its enormous emission rate, carbon dioxide （CO2） is the main culprit. Almost all the anthropogenic CO2 emissions come from the burning of fossil fuels for electricity, heat, and transportation. Emissions of COg can be reduced by conservation, increased use of renewable energy sources, and increased efficiencies in both the production of electrical power and the transportation sector. Capture of CO2 can be accomplished with wet scrubbing, dry sorption, or biogenic fixation. After CO2 is captured, it must be transported either as a liquid or a supercritical fluid, which realistically can only be accomplished by pipeline or ship. Final disposal of CO2 will either be to underground reservoirs or to the ocean; at present, the underground option seems to be the only viable one. Various strategies and technologies involved with reduction of CO2 emissions and carbon capture and sequestration （CCS） are briefly reviewed in this paper.展开更多
Marine carbon sequestration is an important component of carbon dioxide capture, utilization and storage(CCUS) technology. It is crucial for achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutralization in China. However, CO_(2)...Marine carbon sequestration is an important component of carbon dioxide capture, utilization and storage(CCUS) technology. It is crucial for achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutralization in China. However, CO_(2) leakage may lead to seabed geological disasters and threaten the safety of marine engineering. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the safety monitoring technology of marine carbon sequestration.Zhanjiang is industrially developed and rich in carbon sources. Owing to the good physical properties and reservoirs and trap characteristics,Zhanjiang has huge storage potential. This paper explores the disaster mechanism associated with CO_(2) leakage in marine carbon sequestration areas. Based on the analysis of the development of Zhanjiang industry and relevant domestic monitoring technologies, several suggestions for safety monitoring of marine carbon sequestration are proposed: application of offshore aquaculture platforms, expansion and application of ocean observation networks, carbon sequestration safety monitoring and sensing system. Intended to build a comprehensive and multi-level safety monitoring system for marine carbon sequestration, the outcome of this study provides assistance for the development of marine carbon sequestration in China's offshore areas.展开更多
In this study,an integrated technology is proposed for the absorption and utilization of CO_(2)in alkanolamine solution for the preparation of BaCO_(3)in a high-gravity environment.The effects of absorbent type,high-g...In this study,an integrated technology is proposed for the absorption and utilization of CO_(2)in alkanolamine solution for the preparation of BaCO_(3)in a high-gravity environment.The effects of absorbent type,high-gravity factor,gas/liquid ratio,and initial BaCl2concentration on the absorption rate and amount of CO_(2)and the preparation of BaCO_(3)are investigated.The results reveal that the absorption rate and amount of CO_(2)follow the order of ethyl alkanolamine(MEA)>diethanol amine(DEA)>N-methyldiethanolamine(MDEA),and thus MEA is the most effective absorbent for CO_(2)absorption.The absorption rate and amount of CO_(2)under high gravity are higher than that under normal gravity.Notably,the absorption rate at 75 min under high gravity is approximately 2 times that under normal gravity.This is because the centrifugal force resulting from the high-speed rotation of the packing can greatly increase gas-liquid mass transfer and micromixing.The particle size of BaCO_(3)prepared in the rotating packed bed is in the range of 57.2—89 nm,which is much smaller than that prepared in the bubbling reactor(>100.3 nm),and it also has higher purity(99.6%)and larger specific surface area(14.119 m^(2)·g^(-1)).It is concluded that the high-gravity technology has the potential to increase the absorption and utilization of CO_(2)in alkanolamine solution for the preparation of BaCO_(3).This study provides new insights into carbon emissions reduction and carbon utilization.展开更多
Important first phases in the process of implementing CO2 subsurface and ocean storage projects include selecting of best possible location(s) for CO2 storage, and site selection evaluation. Sites must fulfill a numbe...Important first phases in the process of implementing CO2 subsurface and ocean storage projects include selecting of best possible location(s) for CO2 storage, and site selection evaluation. Sites must fulfill a number of criteria that boil down to the following basics: they must be able to accept the desired volume of CO2 at the rate at which it is supplied from the CO2 source(s);they must as well be safe and reliable;and must comply with regulatory and other societal requirements. They also must have at least public acceptance and be based on sound financial analysis. Site geology;hydrogeological, pressure, and geothermal regimes;land features;location, climate, access, etc. can all be refined from these basic criteria. In addition to aiding in site selection, site characterization is essential for other purposes, such as foreseeing the fate and impacts of the injected CO2, and informing subsequent phases of site development, including design, permitting, operation, monitoring, and eventual abandonment. According to data from the IEA, in 2022, emissions from Africa and Asias emerging markets and developing economies, excluding Chinas, increased by 4.2%, which is equivalent to 206 million tonnes of CO2 and were higher than those from developed economies. Coal-fired power generation was responsible for more than half of the rise in emissions that were recorded in the region. The difficulty of achieving sustainable socio-economic progress in the developing countries is entwined with the work of reducing CO2 emissions, which is a demanding project for the economy. Organisations from developing countries, such as Bangladesh, Cameroon, India, and Nigeria, have formed partnerships with organisations in other countries for lessons learned and investment within the climate change arena. The basaltic rocks, coal seams, depleted oil and gas reservoirs, soils, deep saline aquifers, and sedimentary basins that developing countries (Bangladesh, Cameroon, India, and Nigeria etc.) possess all contribute to the individual countrys significant geological sequestration potential. There are limited or no carbon capture and storage or clean development mechanism projects running in these countries at this time. The site selection and characterization procedure are not complete without an estimate of the storage capacity of a storage location. Estimating storage capacity relies on volumetric estimates because a site must accept the planned volume of CO2 during the active injection period. As more and more applications make use of site characterization, so too does the body of written material on the topic. As the science of CO2 storage develops, regulatory requirements are implemented, field experience grows, and the economics of CO2 capture and storage improve, so too will site selection and characterisation change.展开更多
文摘The steel industry is a major source of CO_(2) emissions,and thus,the mitigation of carbon emissions is the most pressing challenge in this sector.In this paper,international environmental governance in the steel industry is reviewed,and the current state of development of low-carbon technologies is discussed.Additionally,low-carbon pathways for the steel industry at the current time are proposed,emphasizing prevention and treatment strategies.Furthermore,the prospects of low-carbon technologies are explored from the perspective of transitioning the energy structure to a“carbon-electricity-hydrogen”relationship.Overall,steel enterprises should adopt hydrogen-rich metallurgical technologies that are compatible with current needs and process flows in the short term,based on the carbon substitution with hydrogen(prevention)and the CCU(CO_(2) capture and utilization)concepts(treatment).Additionally,the capture and utilization of CO_(2) for steelmaking,which can assist in achieving short-term emission reduction targets but is not a long-term solution,is discussed.In conclusion,in the long term,the carbon metallurgical process should be gradually supplanted by a hydrogen-electric synergistic approach,thus transforming the energy structure of existing steelmaking processes and attaining near-zero carbon emission steelmaking technology.
基金the National Natural Science Foun-dation of China(51836006).
文摘Carbon dioxide(CO_(2))is the primary greenhouse gas contributing to anthropogenic climate change which is associated with human activities.The majority of CO_(2) emissions are results of the burning of fossil fuels for energy,as well as industrial processes such as steel and cement production.Carbon capture,utilization,and storage(CCUS)is a sustainable technology promising in terms of reducing CO_(2) emissions that would otherwise contribute to climate change.From this perspective,the discussion on carbon capture focuses on chemical absorption technology,primarily due to its commercialization potential.The CO_(2) absorptive capacity and absorption rate of various chemical solvents have been summarized.The carbon utilization focuses on electrochemical conversion routes converting CO_(2) into potentially valuable chemicals which have received particular attention in recent years.The Faradaic conversion efficiencies for various CO_(2) reduction products are used to describe efficiency improvements.For carbon storage,successful deployment relies on a better understanding of fluid mechanics,geomechanics,and reactive transport,which are discussed in details.
文摘The world is experiencing global climate change, and most scientists attribute it to the accumulation in the atmosphere of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and chlorofluorocarbons. Because of its enormous emission rate, carbon dioxide （CO2） is the main culprit. Almost all the anthropogenic CO2 emissions come from the burning of fossil fuels for electricity, heat, and transportation. Emissions of COg can be reduced by conservation, increased use of renewable energy sources, and increased efficiencies in both the production of electrical power and the transportation sector. Capture of CO2 can be accomplished with wet scrubbing, dry sorption, or biogenic fixation. After CO2 is captured, it must be transported either as a liquid or a supercritical fluid, which realistically can only be accomplished by pipeline or ship. Final disposal of CO2 will either be to underground reservoirs or to the ocean; at present, the underground option seems to be the only viable one. Various strategies and technologies involved with reduction of CO2 emissions and carbon capture and sequestration （CCS） are briefly reviewed in this paper.
文摘Marine carbon sequestration is an important component of carbon dioxide capture, utilization and storage(CCUS) technology. It is crucial for achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutralization in China. However, CO_(2) leakage may lead to seabed geological disasters and threaten the safety of marine engineering. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the safety monitoring technology of marine carbon sequestration.Zhanjiang is industrially developed and rich in carbon sources. Owing to the good physical properties and reservoirs and trap characteristics,Zhanjiang has huge storage potential. This paper explores the disaster mechanism associated with CO_(2) leakage in marine carbon sequestration areas. Based on the analysis of the development of Zhanjiang industry and relevant domestic monitoring technologies, several suggestions for safety monitoring of marine carbon sequestration are proposed: application of offshore aquaculture platforms, expansion and application of ocean observation networks, carbon sequestration safety monitoring and sensing system. Intended to build a comprehensive and multi-level safety monitoring system for marine carbon sequestration, the outcome of this study provides assistance for the development of marine carbon sequestration in China's offshore areas.
基金supported by Research Project Supported by Horizon Europe Framework Programme(101183092)Shanxi Scholarship Council of China(2023-128)+2 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(22208328)Fundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province(20210302124618)Small and mediumsized oriented scientific and technological enterprises innovation ability improvement project of Shandong Province(2023TSGC0004)。
文摘In this study,an integrated technology is proposed for the absorption and utilization of CO_(2)in alkanolamine solution for the preparation of BaCO_(3)in a high-gravity environment.The effects of absorbent type,high-gravity factor,gas/liquid ratio,and initial BaCl2concentration on the absorption rate and amount of CO_(2)and the preparation of BaCO_(3)are investigated.The results reveal that the absorption rate and amount of CO_(2)follow the order of ethyl alkanolamine(MEA)>diethanol amine(DEA)>N-methyldiethanolamine(MDEA),and thus MEA is the most effective absorbent for CO_(2)absorption.The absorption rate and amount of CO_(2)under high gravity are higher than that under normal gravity.Notably,the absorption rate at 75 min under high gravity is approximately 2 times that under normal gravity.This is because the centrifugal force resulting from the high-speed rotation of the packing can greatly increase gas-liquid mass transfer and micromixing.The particle size of BaCO_(3)prepared in the rotating packed bed is in the range of 57.2—89 nm,which is much smaller than that prepared in the bubbling reactor(>100.3 nm),and it also has higher purity(99.6%)and larger specific surface area(14.119 m^(2)·g^(-1)).It is concluded that the high-gravity technology has the potential to increase the absorption and utilization of CO_(2)in alkanolamine solution for the preparation of BaCO_(3).This study provides new insights into carbon emissions reduction and carbon utilization.
文摘Important first phases in the process of implementing CO2 subsurface and ocean storage projects include selecting of best possible location(s) for CO2 storage, and site selection evaluation. Sites must fulfill a number of criteria that boil down to the following basics: they must be able to accept the desired volume of CO2 at the rate at which it is supplied from the CO2 source(s);they must as well be safe and reliable;and must comply with regulatory and other societal requirements. They also must have at least public acceptance and be based on sound financial analysis. Site geology;hydrogeological, pressure, and geothermal regimes;land features;location, climate, access, etc. can all be refined from these basic criteria. In addition to aiding in site selection, site characterization is essential for other purposes, such as foreseeing the fate and impacts of the injected CO2, and informing subsequent phases of site development, including design, permitting, operation, monitoring, and eventual abandonment. According to data from the IEA, in 2022, emissions from Africa and Asias emerging markets and developing economies, excluding Chinas, increased by 4.2%, which is equivalent to 206 million tonnes of CO2 and were higher than those from developed economies. Coal-fired power generation was responsible for more than half of the rise in emissions that were recorded in the region. The difficulty of achieving sustainable socio-economic progress in the developing countries is entwined with the work of reducing CO2 emissions, which is a demanding project for the economy. Organisations from developing countries, such as Bangladesh, Cameroon, India, and Nigeria, have formed partnerships with organisations in other countries for lessons learned and investment within the climate change arena. The basaltic rocks, coal seams, depleted oil and gas reservoirs, soils, deep saline aquifers, and sedimentary basins that developing countries (Bangladesh, Cameroon, India, and Nigeria etc.) possess all contribute to the individual countrys significant geological sequestration potential. There are limited or no carbon capture and storage or clean development mechanism projects running in these countries at this time. The site selection and characterization procedure are not complete without an estimate of the storage capacity of a storage location. Estimating storage capacity relies on volumetric estimates because a site must accept the planned volume of CO2 during the active injection period. As more and more applications make use of site characterization, so too does the body of written material on the topic. As the science of CO2 storage develops, regulatory requirements are implemented, field experience grows, and the economics of CO2 capture and storage improve, so too will site selection and characterisation change.
