The Ecological Aesthetics of Funeral Architecture towards Death:A Case Study of Tomba Brion Family Cemetery

This paper discusses the design of funeral architecture with ecological aesthetics as the entry point,and makes a poetic interpretation of the gardening techniques and spiritual connotation of Tomba Brion Family Cemetery,a funeral architecture,in combination with architecture,ecological design aesthetics,landscape ecology,oriental aesthetics and other disciplines to explore the unique charm of the architectural field related to death for life,trying to provide the reference value of ecological aesthetics for the development of funeral architecture.

Plant Furnishings in the Memorial Park of Nanjing Yuhuatai Martyrs' Cemetery

Yuhuatai Martyrs' Cemetery in Nanjing City was taken for example,major vegetation types summarized,landscape effects and characteristics of major plant furnishings around sculptures of martyrs,highest peak of memorial monument and shadow pool elaborated by combining with landscape theme and memorial atmosphere.It was proposed that martyrs' cemetery was endowed with such functions as memorizing,sacrificing and education,its unique landscapes were also important components of the park.

Analysis on Establishing Urban Cemetery Planning and Compiling System

Currently,there are many problems in construction of urban cemetery like improper location,low land utilization,backward greening facilities and imperfect cemetery management,which have greatly affected people's normal production and life. This article discusses the establishment of a sustainable city cemetery planning and compiling system from three levels of " macro-view,medium-view and micro-view" in order to perfect the present cemetery system.

Study on the Intensive Use of Rural Cemetery Lands from the Perspective of Multiple Functions

According to the investigation and study on the land use of different cemeteries in rural areas,the intensive land use of four cemeteries,including the public cemetery,traditional cemetery,vertical cemetery,and ecological cemetery,was evaluated.According to the data analysis,it is suggested to choose right cemetery according the practical conditions of each area,to take full use the multiple functions of cemetery lands and improve the intensive use.

A Comparative Investigation of Groundwater Contamination in Typical Dumpsites and Cemetery Using Ert and Physicochemical Analysis of Water in Benin Metropolis, Nigeria

This paper investigated the comparative analysis of groundwater contamination in Third Cemetery and Costain Dumpsite in Benin Metropolis, South South of Nigeria, using Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) and Physicochemical analysis of water. The implications of land utilization for burial of dead human bodies in the form of cemeteries, many cases associated with coffin and caskets used for interment of remains and the location of refuse dump have received no consideration in Nigeria. Interment of bodies in cemeteries and dumping of refuse in dumpsites remain widespread practice and the only alternative endpoint to dead bodies and disposal of wastes in Nigeria. In Nigeria, this practice had not been perceived as having a significant potential contaminant effect in the environment and especially the groundwater component as search of literature attracted no such study to the country. In Benin City and Nigeria in general, the major cemeteries and dumpsites are located close to human residential areas and virtually all the populace within this locality depends on groundwater as the primary water source for various domestic purposes. Res2Dinv was employed in both sites as the geophysical method. The investigation of cemeteries is always difficult and challenging task in geoforensic prospective. Most researchers assess the impact of interment on the environment by comparing study results from cemeteries with data from reference sites. This study is based on this premise. The 2-D Geological Models showed that both Third Cemetery and Costain Dumpsite contained leachate plumes of various degrees as indicated by the low resistivity values, which infiltrated into the groundwater. The values of Water Quality Index (WQI) of groundwater samples in Third Cemetery and Costain Dumpsite were found to be 13.40 and 21.58 respectively which indicated that the quality of water at both Third Cemetery and Costain Dumpsite were good for drinking and other domestic purposes though with some degrees of contamination.

Explanation of the Damage to the Royal Family’s Cemetery in Historic Cairo and Examination of the Building Materials

The cemetery of the royal family, who ruled Egypt from 1805 to 1952, is one of the masterpieces of the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Historic Cairo. It is a complex building from massive stone masonry walls supporting hemispherical domes and is very rich with the marble decorative elements. Unfortunately, it suffers nowadays from serious cracking due to on-going structural damage. Almost all the structural elements are cracked. Besides, the continuous rise in the groundwater table affects both its structural stability and aesthetics. A detailed inspection was carried out to identify and explain all the manifested damage by the structural elements of the cemetery. The differential settlement damage was found to be very noticeable in the form of many diagonal cracks that are active and threaten the overall stability of the cemetery. The construction history was investigated and found to have a clear effect on the noticed damage. Examination of the construction materials and deterioration products was carried out by inspecting representative samples of the stone, the marble, the mortar, the plaster and the salt. They were examined using different analysis techniques including the Polarized Microscope, the Stereo Microscope, the X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) provided with Energy-Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) unit. This examination helped in identifying the type of the used stone, the mortar components, the types of salts affecting the structure, and the deterioration manifested by the marble. It seems that the cemetery needs an urgent conservation project to stop the deterioration and keep it safe for the next generations.

The Application of Geophysical Techniques in Tracking Leachate Plumes Migration in a Typical Cemetery within the Sandy formation in Benin City, Nigeria

The survey aim is to track leachate plumes within the sandy formation which is below the surface laterite layer.It investigates the presence and migration of leachate plumes in the sandy region in a typical cemetery(Third Cemetery),in Benin City,Nigeria.The research engaged Vertical Electrical Sounding(VES),2-Dimensional computation of migration in both the vertical and horizontal directions.The electrical resistivity data collected in parallel equidistant lines was processed to obtain geoelectric models using Res2dinv.The leachate plumes in the cemetery migrate vertically and horizontally at different rates.The maximum and minimum rates of vertical migration are 4.1 and 0.2 cm/day respectively,while the maximum and minimum rates of horizontal migration are 32.8 and 1.7 cm/day respectively.Volumetric analysis of the plume zones indicates that of the 75,231m3 of the subsurface imaged,6,322 m3 is the zone contaminated by leachate plume,that is,8.4%of the earth volume investigated contained leachate plume.The research also showed that repeated ERT surveys can track movement of leachate plume emanating from decomposed dead bodies over time in active cemetery.The average travel time for a leachate plume to transverse a vertical distance of 6.6 m in coarse sand is 366.7 days at constant migration speed of 1.8 cm/day.

Confucius Temple and Cemetery

THE Temple of Confucius, the Cemetery of Confucius and the Kong Fam- ily Mansion are located in Qufu City, Shan- dong Province. The temple was first built in 478 B.C. to commemorate and offer sacri- fices to Confucius, the great philosopher, politician and educator of the sixth-fifth centuries B.C. It has been destroyed and reconstructed over the centuries, and today comprises more than 100 buildings,

Imagination beyond THE Ancient Cemetery on Mt.Le

Most people believe that the practice of sky burial is all- pervasive in Tibet.While some people may have a passing acquaintance with the rituals regarding sky burial in Tibet,others may be curious and seek more information. Nonetheless, they may not even know that earth burial prevailed in Tibet just before Buddhism was introduced into Tibet or as early as when the

Holocene environmental changes around Xiaohe Cemetery and its effects on human occupation, Xinjiang, China

The Xiaohe Cemetery archaeological site （Cal. 4-3.5 ka BP） is one of the most important Bronze Age sites in Xinjiang, China. Although the surrounding environment is an extremely arid desert now, abundant archaeological remains indicate that human occupation was common during certain periods in the Holocene. Field investigations and laboratory analyses of a sediment profile near the Xiaohe Cemetery indicate that while the regional environment was arid desert throughout the Holocene there were three episodes of lake forma- tion near the site in the periods 4.8-3.5 ka BP, 2.6-2.1 ka BP and 1.2-0.9 ka BP. Geomorphic and hydrological investigations reveal that a lake or lakes formed in a low-lying area when water was derived initially from the Kongque River and then shunted into the Xiaohe River basin. Low amounts of active chemical elements in lacustrine sediment between 4.8-3.5 ka BP indicate abundant and continuous water volume in the lake; the content of active chemical elements increased between 2.6-2.1 ka BP but was still at a relatively low level, suggesting a declining amount of water and diminished inflow. Between 1.2-0.9 ka BP there was a very high content of active elements, suggesting decreased water volume and indicating that the lake was stagnate. In contrast, the general climate condition shows that there had a warm-humid stage at 8-6 ka BP, a cool-humid stage at 6-2.9 ka BP and a warm-dry stage at 2.9-0.9 ka BP in this region. The hydrological evolutions around Xiaohe Cemetery did not have one-to-one correspondence with climate changes. Regional comparison indicates that broad-scale climatic conditions played an important role through its influences on the water volume of the Tarim River and Kongque River. But, the formation of the lakes and their level were controlled by geomorphic conditions that influenced how much water volume could be shunted to Xiaohe River from Kongque River. Human occupation of the Xiaohe Cemetery and nearby regions during the Bronze Age and Han-Jin period （202 BC-420 AD） corresponded to the two earlier lake periods, while no human activities existed in the third lake period because of the decreased water volume.

A Unique Cemetery

Valuing histary, including saving those relics of preposterous times, is a universal merit. A seedy but special graveyard from the 1960s should not be in a state of neglect Aspin-off purpose of my trip last month to Chongqing, the biggest city in southwest China, was to revisit a unique cemetery, which is believed to be the only graveyard that bears the imprint of the country's chaotic

AN AMS RADIOCARBON DATE FROM GRAVE BSII OF THE COPPER AGE CEMETERY OF REMEDELLO SOTTO (Brescia, Northern Italy)

A small sample of human bone from Tomb BSII of the Chalcolithic cemetery of RemedelloSotto (Brescia, Northern Italy) was processed with the AMS technique. It gave a date of 4070 ± 70BP (Beta-35224; ETH-6196) corresponding to 2711 (2609) 2512 cal BC yrs (1 sigma). Una datazione radiometrica per la Tomba BSII del cimitero Calcolitico di RemedelloSotto (Brescia). Viene presentata la datazione radiometrica eseguita con il metodo dell’acceleratore sudi un frammento di osso di calcagno del piede destro dello scheletro di inumato della Tomba BSII delsepolcreto di Remedello Sotto. L’analisi ha fornito il risultato di 4070 ± 70 BP (Beta-35224; ETH-6196)corrispondente a 2711 (2609) 2512 cal BC (1 sigma).

Reacting to Epidemics:The Innovative Imperial Public Health System during the Late Northern Song Dynasty

Song China was a period in which China experienced a great increase in its population.Concurrently,the Song dynasty also experienced a rise in the frequency of epidemics and two major wars with the Western Xia and Liao dynasties during the 1000s and 1040s.The consequences of these changes were exacerbated by the increased geographical mobility of certain social groups such as traders and examinees attending civil service examinations.Thus,casualties of wars,epidemics,or disease,especially of people whose families were far away and could not care for them were left without care and“their corpses often lay bare along the roads.”This new social environment created a need for general relief.The Northern Song government(960-1127 CE),especially during the reign of Emperor Huizong,established an innovative public health system to address this issue.The public health system included poorhouses,public hospitals,and pauper’s cemeteries.The first were more of charity organizations,whereas the latter two promoted public health by providing medical services for the poor and burial for those that nobody cared for.In terms of rationale behind these institutions,on the one hand,they constituted an attempt to get the poor and homeless off the streets while providing them relief or burial.On the other hand,it seems that Huizong’s deep concern with medicine propelled him to design and implement a comprehensive public health system oriented to prevent contagion and outbreak of epidemics.This article depicts the background,the organization,and the functions of the system.The article also discusses the conditions and reasons that gave rise to such a unique undertaking by the Northern Song government.

现代城市墓园园林化的探索与实践——以临清市龙围山墓园规划设计为例(英文)

Through analyzing geographical positions,Fengshui terrains and remained plants of Longweishan Cemetery in Linqing City,planning and design concepts for the landscaping and sustainable development of cemeteries were proposed.Considering actual terrains of the cemetery and Fengshui doctrines,the overall layout of "solemn paths,definite division,combination of in-motion and inposition scenery,clear axes,winding water systems and serene ring roads" was formed.The cemetery has 6 functional areas:entrance path area,landscape area,tombs,reception area,flower cultivation area and parking lot,which are able to satisfy multiple functions such as commemoration,education,sightseeing and services.By unifying architectural styles in the cemetery,constructing landscaping,water and road systems,a coordinated and unified cemetery layout will be formed.Analysis of the planning of Longweishan Cemetery is of realistic significance for the landscaping of modern urban cemeteries.

Accuracy of Physicians in Diagnosing HIV and AIDS-Related Death in the Adult Population of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Background: The lack of cause of death information is the main challenge in monitoring the effectiveness of interventions aimed at reducing HIV and AIDS-related deaths in countries where the majority of deaths occur at home. Objective: To evaluate the accuracy of physician reviewers of verbal autopsies in diagnosing HIV and AIDS-related deaths in the adult population of Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia. Methods: This study was done within the context of a burial surveillance system in Addis Ababa. Trained interviewers completed a standard verbal autopsy questionnaire and an independent panel of physicians reviewed the completed form to assign cause of death. Physicians' review was compared to a reference standard constructed based on prospectively collected HIV-serostatus and patients' hospital record. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated to validate the physicians' verbal autopsy diagnoses against reference standards. Results: Physicians accurately identified AIDS-related deaths with sensitivity and specificity of 0.88 (95% CI: 0.80 - 0.93) and 0.77 (95% CI: 0.64 - 0.87), respectively. Generally, there was high level of agreement (Cohen's Kappa Statistic (K > 0.6) between the first two physicians with some yearly variations. In 2008 and 2009 there was an almost perfect agreement (K > 0.80). Conclusion: This study demonstrated the agreement level between two independent physicians in diagnosing AIDS-related death is very high and thus using a single verbal autopsy coder is practical for programmatic purposes in countries where there is critical shortage of doctors.

Urban Cemeteries in Southern Brazil: An Analysis of Planimetric Variations, Vegetation Indices and Temperature

Urban cemeteries have the potential to negatively impact the quality of health of populations in their immediate vicinity.Thus,it becomes important to understand the factors influencing the potential to disperse contamination.This study examined the altimetry,Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI)and Land Surface Temperature(LST)in five urban cemeteries in the City of Passo Fundo/RS,in the south of Brazil,and the possible potential for the proliferation of contaminating agents present in these cemetery spaces in relation to a radius of 300 meters(m).The methodologies used Landsat 8 satellite images to sample the altimetry,NDVI and LST,applied to a regression model,to analyze the dispersion factors of the correlation of collected data.The results showed a trend of contamination of the environment by urban cemeteries in Passo Fundo,in the regions with the highest population density and the lowest vegetative cover.

The morphological evolution of Chinese urban cemeteries from the perspective of fringe belt:A case study of Nanjing

The urban cemetery is the material carrier of citizens’view of life and death,and it also evolves with time as a special part of the urban form.Since the reform of the housing system in the 1990s,China has entered a period of rapid urbanization,and the urban cemeteries has entered a cycle of shock and accelerated transformation.The cemeteries originally located on the urban fringe were gradually surrounded by new built-up areas as the city sprawled,and then most of them inevitably migrated outward under the pressure of urban population explosion and land shortage.Taking Nanjing as an example,this paper presents the morphological evolution of Nanjing’s urban cemetery since the early 20th century,discusses the relationship between the evolution of the cemetery and the urban fringe belt,and analyzes the reasons for its evolution.The different types of morphological evolution of Nanjing cemetery are further summarized,revealing the general law and its Chinese particularity.The article concludes with a discussion of the value and significance of morphological research on urban cemeteries in China.