Consolidation analysis of composite foundation with partially penetrated cement fly-ash gravel(CFG) piles under changing permeable boundary conditions

Based on the double-layered foundation theory, the composite ground with partially penetrated cement fly-ash gravel(CFG) piles was regarded as a double-layered foundation including the surface reinforced area and the underlying untreated stratum. Due to the changing permeability property of CFG piles, the whole consolidation process of the composite ground with CFG piles was divided into two stages, i.e., the early stage(permeable CFG pile bodies) and the later stage(impermeable pile bodies). Then, the consolidation equation of the composite foundation with CFG piles was established by using the Terzaghi one-dimensional consolidation theory. Consequently, the unified formula to calculate the excess pore water pressure was derived with the specific solutions for the consolidation degree of composite ground, reinforced area and underlying stratum under instant load obtained respectively. Finally, combined with a numerical example, influencing rules by main factors(including the replacement rate m, the treatment depth h1, the permeability coefficient Ks1, Kv2 and compression modulus Es1, Es2 of reinforced area and underlying stratum) on the consolidation property of composite ground with CFG piles were discussed in detail. The result shows that the consolidation velocity of underlying stratum is slower than that of the reinforced area. However, the consolidation velocity of underlying stratum is slow at first then fast as a result of the transferring of effective stress to the underlying stratum during the dissipating process of excess pore water pressure.

Experimental Study of Dynamic Characteristics on Composite Foundation with CFG Long Pile and Rammed Cement-Soil Short Pile

Based on the idea of optimization design of pile type, the two kinds of the typical pile type are selected, which containing flexibility pile (e.g. rammed cement-soil pile is for short RCSP), and rigid pile (e.g. cement-flyash-gravel pile is for short CFGP). The three kinds of the composite foundation are designed, which are CFGP, CFG long pile and CFG short pile (for short CFGLP-CFGSP), CFG long-short pile and rammed cement-soil short pile (for short CFGLP-RCSSP). Natural earthquake is simulated by using the engineering blasting;the dynamic characteristics and dynamic response of the composite foundation are studied through field test. CFGLP-RCSSP is closed to linear relation. The bearing capacity of the four composite foundation of the CFGP, CFGLP-CFGSP, and CFGLP-RCSSP in the site are 225 kPa, 179 kPa, and 197 kPa, separately increases 150%, 98.8% and 119% compared to the natural foundation. The vibration main frequency is mainly depended on properties of foundation soil and piles between vibration source and measuring point, pilling load value. Horizontal vibration main frequency greater than the vertical vibration main frequency and the vertical vibration main frequency close to the first-order natural frequency of composite foundation. With the pilling load increasing, the CFGLP-RCSSP pile composite foundation combined frequency decreased. Under the same blast energy, the acceleration peak on the CFG pile composite foundation is less than CFGLP-CFGSP the corresponding values, as the load increases, the peak acceleration gently. CFG pile composite foundation is favorable on seismic. The distribution of peak acceleration is consistent within 4 m from pile top in the CFGLP_RCSSP composite foundation. The maximum of the horizontal acceleration peak along the pile body occurs at a distance of pile top 4 m or the pile top, and that of vertical acceleration peak occurred at a pile top.

Bearing capacity and mechanical behavior of CFG pile composite foundation

CFG pile (i.e., pile constructed by granular materials of cement, fly-ash and gravel) composite foundation is applied in subsoil treatment widely and successfully. In order to have a further study of this kind of subsoil treatment technology, the influencing factors and calculation methods of the vertical bearing capacity of single CFG pile and the CFG pile composite foundation were discussed respectively. And based on the obtained solutions, effects by the cushion and measurements to reduce negative friction area were analyzed. Moreover, the developing law of settlement and bearing capacity eigenvalue controlled by the material strength with the increase of load were given for the CFG composite foundation. The in-situ static load test was tested for CFG pile. The results of test show that the maximum test load or half of the ultimate load is used from all the points of test, the average bearing capacity eigenvalue of single pile is 390 kN, and slightly greater than the design value of bearing capacity. The bearing capacity eigenvalues of composite foundation for 3 piles are greater than 300 kPa, and the mechanical properties of CFG pile composite foundation are almost identical in the case of the same load and cushion thickness. The pile-soil stress ratio and the load-sharing ratio can be adjusted through setting up cushion thickness.

Settlement Characteristics of Cement Fly-Ash GravelPile-Plate Composite Foundation of High-Speed Railway

Field tests on settlement characteristics were carried out on the cement fly-ash gravel （CFG） pile-plate composite foundation on Beijing-Xuzhou section of Beijing-Shanghai high-speed railway. The settlements of the piles and the soil between pries were measured and analyzed. The results show that the settlement-time dependency experienced three phases： rapid development phase, stable development phase and stable phase. Therefore, surcharge preloading was necessary to reduce the settlement after construction. The finite element software Plaxis was used to calculate the deformations of the pile top and the soil between piles at the embankment center, as well as the settlements of CFG pile reinforcement area and the underlying stratum under surcharge preloading. The calculation results and the field test results were compared and analyzed. Both the results show that the settlement of the composite foundation mainly occured in underlying stratum. The settlement characteristics of pile-plate composite foundation under high embankment are also concluded.

重载码头堆场CFG桩网复合地基离心模型试验研究

CFG桩网复合地基广泛应用于处理软土地基。采用土工离心模型试验研究某码头堆场超大荷载下CFG桩网复合地基的变形和桩土应力特性,试验模拟了地基、CFG桩、树根桩、加筋垫层、防尘网和轨道梁基础、矿石堆载等,分析了超大荷载作用下复合地基表面变形、桩顶轴力、桩间土压力、桩土应力比的变化规律。试验结果表明,复合地基的沉降速率在稳定控制标准之内,沉降量满足堆场使用要求,防尘网基础和轨道梁基础水平位移和沉降均很小,桩土应力比为25.2~43.8,CFG桩网复合地基在350 kPa荷载作用下是稳定安全的,达到了预期加固效果。

CFG桩复合地基设计与施工工艺

以CFG桩复合地基为研究对象,介绍了CFG桩的概念和基本原理,并结合具体工程,从土层参数、桩径、桩间距、面积置换率等方面进行了CFG桩复合地基设计,对CFG桩复合地基施工技术要点展开了研究,开展CFG桩复合地基的现场载荷试验,并对试验结果进行分析。

CFG桩复合地基设计要点

结合已有研究成果及工程实践,从CFG桩复合地基设计角度出发,对设计过程中的附加压力、变形计算深度、压缩模量、压缩模量提高系数、地下水等设计要点进行了分析,并探讨了桩长、桩径、桩间距等参数的选取原则,得出桩径越小,经济性越好,但同时相邻桩相互影响问题更加突出等结论。

水泥土搅拌桩+CFG桩在公路工程软基处理中的应用

文中以绵阳某公路项目为例,对水泥土搅拌桩+CFG桩复合地基在公路工程软基处理中的应用进行研究,采用静载试验对复合地基的承载力特征值进行验证。结果表明,水泥土搅拌桩+CFG桩复合地基展现出良好的承载力和稳定性,具有较高的经济效益和社会效益。

高层建筑CFG桩复合地基施工技术及质量管理措施

研究了高层建筑CFG桩复合地基施工技术及质量管理措施,在掌握工程概况的基础上,从施工工艺、施工准备、振动沉管、混合料灌注、桩头切割打磨、桩帽及褥垫层施工等方面出发,分析了振动沉管灌注成桩施工工艺,提出了施工方案优化、可视化技术交底、材料质量控制、施工过程监控等质量管理措施,不仅缩短了工期,节约了成本,还有利于提高CFG桩复合地基施工质量和效率。

CFG桩复合地基质量问题的检测与分析

某工程场区地层以粉土、黏性土及砂性土为主,地下水位较高,设计采用CFG桩复合地基。CFG桩复合地基检测结果显示,单桩及复合地基承载力均达不到设计要求,针对出现的质量问题采用低应变法和钻芯法检测对比查找并分析出现质量问题的原因。采用高压旋喷桩对地基进行补强加固处理,并对补强加固后的复合地基进行检测,检测结果显示复合地基承载力满足设计要求,建筑物沉降观测结果表明,建筑最大沉降量与整体倾斜值均满足设计与相关规范要求。可为解决同类工程质量问题提供参考。

CFG桩与管桩处理深厚淤泥层的适用性研究

某高铁车站分布有深厚淤泥及淤泥质砂,具有含水量高、孔隙比大及强度低的特点,处理规模巨大,不仅要控制路基工后沉降,而且要消除砂土液化。采用CFG桩联合预应力管桩的加固方案,但试桩表明,CFG桩在深厚淤泥中的成桩质量不佳,遂将CFG桩变更为预应力管桩。预应力管桩现场试桩及沉降监测表明,成桩质量良好,处理后地基承载力和沉降均满足设计要求。

成本管控下高层建筑CFG桩复合地基优化设计

为降低工程成本,对漯河市某在建高层建筑地基进行方案优化。以项目中的15号楼为例,考虑桩长和桩间距两个因素,设计3种CFG桩复合地基比选方案,满足承载力要求的前提下以经济性作为评价指标,计算3种比选方案的工程造价并与原设计方案进行对比分析,研究结果表明:当桩长为16 m、桩直径为0.4 m、桩间距为1.35 m时为最优方案,仅单栋建筑比原设计方案节约造价20.142万元。为进行不同地基基础方案对比,设计桩间距亦为1.35 m的预应力高强混凝土管桩地基方案,并根据桩端持力层深度确定桩长为22 m。管桩内径为0.21 m,外径为0.4 m,桩周长为1.26 m,承载力满足要求。计算该方案工程造价,与CFG桩复合地基方案中的最优方案进行经济性对比,结果表明:仅单栋建筑采用CFG桩复合地基优化方案较管桩方案可节省工程造价57.806万元,对于需要进行地基处理的11栋楼仅复合地基就可节省约635.866万元,因此,最终确定该工程项目采用CFG桩复合地基优化方案。

CFG桩加碎石桩两种桩型复合地基工程应用

场地存在可液化土的高层建筑,地基处理除了考虑地震影响需消除地基液化外,还需要提高地基承载力、控制变形,单一桩型碎石桩复合地基无法满足要求时,可采用多桩型复合地基方案。北京通州某高层住宅楼的岩土工程勘察结果显示,场地内存在可液化土层,同时天然地基承载力和变形也不满足上部结构要求,单一桩型复合地基难以满足全部地基处理需求。经综合比较分析,采用CFG桩加碎石桩两种桩型复合地基处理方案,进行了方案设计和确定了施工工艺;在施工完成后对复合地基进行了检测,并对建筑物进行了长期沉降观测,表明已消除地基液化的影响,同时满足承载力及变形要求,建筑物沉降收敛稳定。本工程应用结果表明,对场地存在可液化土的高层建筑,采用CFG桩加碎石桩两种桩型复合地基,具有良好的处理效果。

CFG桩复合地基在塔式起重机基础地基处理中的应用研究

水泥粉煤灰碎石桩多用于高层建筑、工业与民用建筑和高速公路等地基处理中,而在塔式起重机基础地基处理中的应用相对较少。本研究以山东省德州市齐河县城南学校项目1号塔式起重机基础地基处理为例,介绍了CFG桩在本工程中的设计方案、技术参数,并对地基承载力试验结果进行分析评价。

CFG桩复合地基新型嵌入式褥垫层桩-土应力比改善特性

CFG桩复合地基具有较好的环保效益,近年来在软基处理中推广迅速。鉴于天然地基自身较差的工程特性,加之CFG桩施工扰动易引发表层土持力性能进一步弱化,受荷状态下刚性的CFG桩与桩间土易形成过大的桩-土应力比,褥垫层结构破坏风险增大,不利于复合地基协同受力。研究提出对截桩面下约50 cm厚剧烈影响区土层采用压实碎石换填,再铺设水泥土垫层而形成新型嵌入式褥垫层结构,以改善CFG桩复合地基持力性能,得到以下结论:①基于单桩复合地基现场载荷试验对比分析,采用嵌入式褥垫层测得的桩-土应力比显著低于常规平铺褥垫层,极限载荷下桩-土应力比较常规褥垫层的22.9降至13.8,降幅约40%,且全过程桩-土应力比曲线波动相对平缓,尤其是达到极限承载力后无陡降,有利于地基安全受荷;②采用数值试验手段模拟CFG群桩复合地基竖向受荷特性,嵌入式褥垫层对桩间土压缩层起到了显著的综合强化作用,既有效减小了桩向褥垫层的相对刺入,也使得褥垫层的变形形态更均匀平整,局部刺入和翘起得到有效缓解,避免了桩-土应力比过大对褥垫层结构的破坏;③嵌入式褥垫层条件下不同部位CFG桩的水平变形状态更优,顶部较强的约束将CFG桩受力模式由接近“悬臂式”变为接近“简支式”,对复合地基边桩和角桩的变形受力状态改善显著。

CFG桩复合地基在某岩溶强发育场地高层建筑中的应用

针对岩溶强发育场地高层建筑桩基础在一定深度范围内的找不到完整持力层的问题,通过对该场地的工程地质和水文地质条件及建筑物结构荷载进行综合分析,提出了采用CFG桩对岩溶场地进行地基处理的思路。详细介绍了该项目的工程概况、工程地质和水文地质条件、岩溶发育特征及CFG桩复合地基处理方案,并进行了复合地基检测和建筑物沉降观测。结果表明:CFG桩复合地基承载力特征值能达到450kPa,满足了设计要求;建筑物沉降观测最后120d的最大沉降速率为0.013mm/d,满足规范规定的稳定状态标准。CFG桩复合地基在岩溶强发育场地高层建筑中的应用取得了较好的效果,为类似工程项目建设提供了一定的经验。

CFG桩复合地基在建筑工程中的应用

CFG桩体和桩间土共同承担上部结构荷载,二者与褥垫层组成复合地基,区别于常规桩基主要靠桩体承受荷载的模式。CFG桩具有取材方便、经济实用、可明显提高软弱地基的承载力、减小建筑工程的沉降量等特点,在建筑工程中得到较为广泛的应用。结合皖北某高层住宅建筑采用CFG桩的工程实例,分析探讨了CFG桩在建筑工程中应用的常见问题,为类似的基础工程提供了经验参考的依据。

基于遗传算法的CFG桩复合地基优化设计

CFG桩因其显著的经济效益在实际工程中应用越来越广泛。但目前对CFG桩复合地基处理技术的理论研究较为欠缺,工程人员在进行方案设计时过分依赖以往的工程经验,耗时耗力。针对这一问题,将遗传算法引入到CFG桩复合地基设计领域中建立其优化设计数学模型,在MATLAB平台上编制基于遗传算法的计算机程序来实现模型计算求解,并通过实例验证了该模型可以高效、可靠地推理出经济可行的CFG复合地基处理方案,能够达到提高设计效率与经济效益的目的。

CFG桩复合地基在深层软土路基处理中的应用

软土具有含水量高、孔隙比大、强度低、压缩性高等特点,导致修建在深层软土地基上的道路存在路基失稳、工后沉降大的问题,因此对深层软土地基的路基处理关乎工程成败,是道路建设中的一个重要问题。文中通过分析现有的常用软土路基处理方法后,认为CFG桩复合地基具有稳定性好、施工简便、承载力高、工程沉降控制方面更有优势,有较好的应用价值。

CFG桩复合地基多层加筋垫层力学特性分析

基于弹性理论,建立路堤荷载作用下多层加筋垫层力学模型,提出格栅拉力和多层加筋垫层复合模量计算方法,通过某工程实测数据验证计算方法的合理性;分析格栅层数、位置、铺设间距等因素对格栅拉力的影响。研究结果表明:随着格栅层数的增多,总拉力和底层格栅拉力不断降低;随着底层格栅远离桩顶,格栅总拉力和底层格栅拉力逐渐增大,上层格栅拉力先增大后减小;格栅总拉力和底层格栅拉力随着铺设间距的增大而增大,上层格栅拉力随着铺设间距的增大而减小。