Seismic performance assessment of high CFRDs based on fragility analysis

Due to a large number of high concrete face rockfill dams(CFRDs) being constructed, the seismic safety is crucially important and seismic performance assessment must be performed for such dams. Fragility analysis is a method of great vitality for seismic performance assessment; it can intuitively forecast the structural effects of different ground motion intensities and provide an effective path for structure safety assessment. However, this method is rarely applied in the field of high earth dam risk analysis.This paper introduces fragility analysis into the field of high CFRD safety assessment and establishes seismic performance assessment methods. PGA, Sa(T1, 5%), PGV and PGD are exploited as the earthquake intensity measure(IMs). Relative settlement ratio of dam crest, cumulative sliding displacement of dam slope stability and a new face-slab destroying index(based on DCR and COD) are regarded as the dam damage measures(DMs). The dividing standards of failure grades of high CFRDs are suggested based on each DM. Fragility function is estimated according to incremental dynamic analysis(IDA) and multiple stripes analysis(MSA) methods respectively from a large number of finite element calculations of a certain CFRD, and seismic fragility curves are determined for each DM. Finally, this study analyzes the failure probabilities of the dam under different earthquake intensities and can provide references and bases for the seismic performance design and safety risk assessment of high CFRDs.

采用挤压边墙技术的高面板坝裂缝成因分析

为加快施工进度,国内很多高面板堆石坝都采用了挤压边墙技术,用上游坡面的挤压边墙代替传统的垫层。挤压边墙的施工特点决定了其与上覆面板之间的结构关系将与传统的面板-垫层有很大差别。虽然目前面板坝的施工技术和施工水平较以前有较大的提高,但少数工程仍然出现了比较严重的面板裂缝,而采用挤压边墙技术的面板坝施工期出现的裂缝分布规律与采用面板-垫层施工方法有明显的不同。面板裂缝的产生与面板施工期的应力变形状态密切相关,目前面板堆石坝计算中采用的整体模型方法对面板的概化较多,得到的面板应力精度较差。根据挤压边墙实际的施工特点,提出采用子模型法分析面板的应力变形,对某面板坝工程裂缝成因的分析结果表明,温降和上游坡面局部高程不平整引起的面板与挤压边墙之间的局部约束过大是导致面板裂缝的主要原因。

堆石体流变对混凝土面板坝应力变形特性的影响

简要介绍了公伯峡水电站混凝土面板堆石坝坝内堆石料流变试验结果和流变计算模型。采用三维有限单元法对公伯峡水电站混凝土面板坝进行了模拟计算,对比了考虑堆石料流变和不考虑流变的计算结果,分析研究了堆石料流变特性对坝体变形以及对混凝土面板应力变形和周边缝位移的影响。

超高面板堆石坝监测信息管理与安全评价的理论及实践

超高面板堆石坝(CFRD)的监测信息管理与安全评价一直是工程界关注的热点问题.针对超高面板堆石坝的建设与运行现状,探讨了海量监测数据与复杂信息的管理方法,提出了针对监测信息的三维可视化分析方法.研究了采用统计模型、灰色理论模型、模糊理论模型和数据挖掘技术进行监测信息分析评价与预测预报的基本方法.在此基础上,研发了天生桥一级水电站大坝监测信息管理与安全评价系统.

面板堆石坝软岩料的应用分析

通过分析软岩料的物理力学特性,论述了软岩料作为面板堆石坝填筑料的可行性,在此基础上研究了软岩堆石料的合理分区布置问题,进而提出了面板堆石坝软岩堆石料利用的基本原则;针对软岩料的利用问题,采用邓肯模型和有限元分析的方法,结合大坳工程分析了利用软岩料的面板堆石坝的应力变形特性,实例分析表明:在利用软岩料修筑的面板堆石坝设计中,通过合理布置软岩料分区,在保证坝体整体稳定和面板受力均匀的前提下,尽可能扩大软岩料利用区的范围可使工程设计进一步得到优化。

水布垭高混凝土面板堆石坝施工新技术

清江水布垭大坝是当今世界最高的混凝土面板堆石坝(CFRD),坝体填筑工程总量为1 568万m3,由于没有相应规范和现成经验可遵循和借鉴,需要在施工过程中探索和创新。为此,采用了自主研发、引入吸收、试验研究、优化改进、技术集成等一系列施工的新技术在工程施工中应用,获得了良好的效果和社会经济效益。

面板堆石坝筑坝材料力学特性参数反演分析

介绍了土石坝筑坝材料本构模型参数反演计算原理,并采用基于免疫遗传算法的反演方法并结合某面板堆石坝筑坝材料大型现场压缩试验,对该面板坝筑坝材料的E—B模型参数进行反演计算,分析计算结果的合理性,说明此反演结果可以对筑坝材料的室内三轴试验结果进行修正,并为原型大坝的变形与应力分析提供更为可靠的依据。

面板堆石坝流变特性研究

简要介绍了某水电站混凝土面板堆石坝工程概况和流变计算模型。采用三维有限单元法对该混凝土面板坝筑坝及蓄水过程进行模拟计算,对比考虑堆石料流变和不考虑流变的两种计算结果,分析说明筑坝材料的流变特性对面板坝坝体以及混凝土面板变形应力的影响。

考虑颗粒形状的面板堆石坝振动台模型试验DEM模拟

提出了一种复杂形状颗粒的DEM模拟方法,实现了包括凹多边形在内的复杂形状颗粒的模拟,通过参数控制使得生成的颗粒形状更加真实,模拟了面板堆石坝振动台模型试验,从细观角度揭示了面板堆石坝动力特性。计算结果表明:在地震作用下面板与底板容易滑动,随着峰值加速度的增大,下游坝坡颗粒滑移面角度变大,坝顶沉降和坝体断面剪胀加剧;震前坝体强力链法向接触力主轴方向接近于竖直方向,震后向下游偏转;随着峰值加速度的增大,法向接触力各向异性程度逐渐增强;在相同初始组构条件下面板堆石坝激发的摩擦激励是一定的,与加载条件无关。

Seismic responses of high concrete face rockfill dams:A case study

Seismic responses of the Zipingpu concrete face rockfill dam were analyzed using the finite element method. The dynamic behavior of rockfill materials was modeled with a viscoelastic model and an empirical permanent strain model. The relevant parameters were obtained either by back analysis using the field observations or by reference to parameters of similar rockfill materials. The acceleration responses of the dam,the distribution of earthquake-induced settlement, and the gap propagation under the concrete slabs caused by the settlement of the dam were analyzed and compared with site investigations or relevant studies. The mechanism of failure of horizontal construction joints was also analyzed based on numerical results and site observations. Numerical results show that the input accelerations were considerably amplified near the top of the dam, and the strong shaking resulted in considerable settlement of the rockfill materials, with a maximum value exceeding 90 cm at the crest.As a result of the settlement of rockfill materials, the third-stage concrete slabs were separated from the cushion layer. The rotation of the cantilever slabs about the contacting regions, under the combined action of gravity and seismic inertial forces, led to the failure of the construction joints and tensile cracks appeared above the construction joints. The effectiveness and limitations of the so-called equivalent linear method are also discussed.

Numerical analysis of dislocations of the face slabs of the Zipingpu Concrete Faced Rockfill Dam during the Wenchuan earthquake

The Zipingpu Concrete Faced Rockfill Dam （CFRD） was obviously damaged during the Wenchuan earthquake in 2008. A wide range of dislocations occurred along the horizontal construction joints at EL. 845m, between the face slabs constructed in the second and third stages. The maximum displacement of the dislocations reached 17cm. In this study, the slab dislocations were investigated using finite element （FE） analysis. The method based on strain potential was applied to compute the permanent deformation of the Zipingpu Dam during the Wenchuan earthquake. The calculated magnitude of the slab dislocation showed good agreements with the field measurements. The dislocation mechanism was discussed. The results show that the dislocation of the concrete slab is a subsequent damage after the permanent deformation of the rockfill materials. The effects of the shear strength and the direction of the construction joints, the reservoir water level and the seismic waves were studied. The shear strength and the direction of the construction joints, reservoir water level and have a significant effect on the dislocation displacement. The dislocation can be effectively reduced by measures such as changing the direction of the construction joints or improving the shear strength at the horizontal joints.

Seepage simulation of high concrete-faced rockfill dams based on generalized equivalent continuum model

This research focused on the three-dimensional(3 D) seepage field simulation of a high concrete-faced rockfill dam(CFRD) under complex hydraulic conditions. A generalized equivalent continuum model of fractured rock mass was used for equivalent continuous seepage field analysis based on the improved node virtual flow method. Using a high CFRD as an example, the generalized equivalent continuum range was determined, and a finite element model was established based on the terrain and geological conditions, as well as structural face characteristics of the dam area. The equivalent seepage coefficients of different material zones or positions in the dam foundation were calculated with the Snow model or inverse analysis. Then, the 3 D seepage field in the dam area was calculated under the normal water storage conditions, and the corresponding water head distribution, seepage flow, seepage gradient, and seepage characteristics in the dam area were analyzed. The results show that the generalized equivalent continuum model can effectively simulate overall seepage patterns of the CFRD under complex hydraulic conditions and provide a reference for seepage analysis of similar CFRDs.

A simplified physically-based breach model for a high concrete-faced rockfill dam:A case study

A simplified physically-based model was developed to simulate the breaching process of the Gouhou concrete-faced rockfill dam （CFRD）, which is the only breach case of a high CFRD in the world. Considering the dam height, a hydraulic method was chosen to simulate the initial scour position on the downstream slope, with the steepening of the downstream slope taken into account; a headcut erosion formula was adopted to simulate the backward erosion as well. The moment equilibrium method was utilized to calculate the ultimate length of a concrete slab under its self-weight and water loads. The calculated results of the Gouhou CFRD breach case show that the proposed model provides reasonable peak breach flow, final breach width, and failure time, with relative errors less than 15% as compared with the measured data. Sensitivity studies show that the outputs of the proposed model are more or less sensitive to different parameters. Three typical parametric models were compared with the proposed model, and the comparison demonstrates that the proposed physically-based breach model performs better and provides more detailed results than the parametric models.

缓黏结预应力钢绞线研究及其在CFRD中的应用

介绍缓黏结预应力技术研究的基本情况。对缓黏结预应力钢筋用胶黏剂的组成材料环氧树脂、固化剂、稀释剂、填料及悬浮剂的选择因素进行研究,并对胶黏剂主要材料进行配比。测定胶黏剂的固化期和试用期,以及其物理性能和固化后的力学性能。介绍缓黏结预应力筋的生产工艺和具体的产品规格。阐述缓黏结预应力钢绞线在水利工程CFRD中的实际应用情况。实践表明,缓黏结预应力钢绞线作为堆石坝面板的预应力筋,在对钢筋混凝土面板施加预应力时,面板混凝土在受力状态和防裂方面均比普通钢筋混凝土面板要好得多。

九甸峡混凝土面板堆石坝施工关键技术研究

九甸峡水利枢纽工程大坝最大坝高133 m,基础覆盖层深约45 m,大坝填筑总量约300万m3,是目前国内在深覆盖层上修建的规模最大的高混凝土面板堆石坝,且其两岸边坡陡峭,所处地区属严寒高海拔地区,施工工期紧、难度大,为此,针对深覆盖层坝基基础的处理方法、防渗墙施工、陡峭坝基边坡坝体的施工、冬季施工及防裂等施工关键点及难点进行了重点研究,提出了相应的施工技术及方法,并得到了实际应用,取得了良好效果。

Influence of seismic wave type and incident direction on the dynamic response of tall concrete-faced rockfill dams

Owing to the stochastic behavior of earthquakes and complex crustal structure,wave type and incident direction are uncertain when seismic waves arrive at a structure.In addition,because of the different types of the structures and terrains,the traveling wave effects have different influences on the dynamic response of the structures.For the tall concrete-faced rockfill dam(CFRD),it is not only built in the complex terrain such as river valley,but also its height has reached 300 m level,which puts forward higher requirements for the seismic safety of the anti-seepage system mainly comprising concrete face slabs,especially the accurate location of the weak area in seism.Considering the limitations of the traditional uniform vibration analysis method,we implemented an efficient dynamic interaction analysis between a tall CFRD and its foundation using a non-uniform wave input method with a viscous-spring artificial boundary and equivalent nodal loads.This method was then applied to investigate the dynamic stress distribution on the concrete face slabs for different seismic wave types and incident directions.The results indicate that dam-foundation interactions behave differently at different wave incident angles,and that the traveling wave effect becomes more evident in valley topography.Seismic wave type and incident direction dramatically influenced stress in the face slab,and the extreme stress values and distribution law will vary under oblique wave incidence.The influence of the incident direction on slab stress was particularly apparent when SH-waves arrived from the left bank.Specifically,the extreme stress values in the face slab increased with an increasing incident angle.Interestingly,the locations of the extreme stress values changed mainly along the axis of the dam,and did not exhibit large changes in height.The seismic safety of CFRDs is therefore lower at higher incident angles from an anti-seepage perspective.Therefore,it is necessary to consider both the seismic wave type and incident direction during seismic capacity evaluations of tall CFRDs.

Rockfill material uncertainty inversion analysis of concrete-faced rockfill dams using stacking ensemble strategy and Jaya optimizer

Numerical simulation of concrete-faced rockfill dams(CFRDs)considering the spatial variability of rockfill has become a popular research topic in recent years.In order to determine uncertain rockfill properties efficiently and reliably,this study developed an uncertainty inversion analysis method for rockfill material parameters using the stacking ensemble strategy and Jaya optimizer.The comprehensive implementation process of the proposed model was described with an illustrative CFRD example.First,the surrogate model method using the stacking ensemble algorithm was used to conduct the Monte Carlo stochastic finite element calculations with reduced computational cost and improved accuracy.Afterwards,the Jaya algorithm was used to inversely calculate the combination of the coefficient of variation of rockfill material parameters.This optimizer obtained higher accuracy and more significant uncertainty reduction than traditional optimizers.Overall,the developed model effectively identified the random parameters of rockfill materials.This study provided scientific references for uncertainty analysis of CFRDs.In addition,the proposed method can be applied to other similar engineering structures.

Analysis on residual strain of Zipingpu Concrete Faced Rockfill Dam after Wenchuan earthquake

The Zipingpu Concrete Faced Rockfill Dam （CFRD） was subjected to significant local damage in the ＂5.12＂ Wenchuan earthquake. It is the first rockfill dam of more than one hundred meters high to encounter a strong earthquake anywhere in the world. Based on the finite element smoothing method, the residual strains at a typical cross-section and a downstream slope of the dam were obtained by processing the dam monitored displacement data. The position of and reason for the dam settlement and deformation ofrockfill dilatancy in the earthquake were analyzed according to the section residual strain. The results show that the maximum settlement ratio on the dam body approximately occurs at 2/3 of the dam height; dilatancy occurs from the dam crest to 25-30 m in the upstream and downstream slope; the immediate cause of the face slabs horizontal construction joint dislocation is excessive residual shear strain. Meanwhile, the position of and reason for the dam fissure in the earthquake were analyzed according to the dam slope residual strain.

Cracks in Tianshengqiao CFRD Versus Sectionalized Filling

During the later period of construction of Tianshengqiao concrete faced rockfill dam(CFRD), cracks appeared in the upstream fill slope. The main reason was the nonuniform deformation. The treatment methods were: for cracks with opening less than 1 cm, the cracked slope was compacted with added effort to eliminate cracks; for cracks with opening greater than 1 cm , crack grouting was carried out . The practice demonstrated the treatment was successful. Careful analysis of the relation between sectionalized filling and crack emergence is of significance in guiding the construction design and drawing out filling plan for a high CFRD.