An extended stress-based method for orientation angle optimization of laminated composite structures

Orientation optimization plays an important role in the lay-up design of composite structures.Earlier orientation optimization methods face the main problem of huge number of design variables.Recently,a patch concept is proposed to reduce the number of design variables.However,the traditional stress-based method can not deal with patch orientation optimization of composite structures.In this paper,we propose an extended stress-based method to deal with such problems.The considered problems are to minimize the mean compliance under multiple load cases or to maximize the eigenvalues of a composite structure.Four numerical examples are solved to demonstrate the efficiency of the new method.It is shown that the new method has the ability to deal with constraints on orientation angle,such as symmetric,antisymmetric and discrete orientation angle constraints.The iteration is less time-consuming because no sensitivity analysis is needed and a quick convergence rate can be achieved.

A 3-Node Co-Rotational Triangular Finite Element for Non-Smooth,Folded and Multi-Shell Laminated Composite Structures

Based on the first-order shear deformation theory,a 3-node co-rotational triangular finite element formulation is developed for large deformation modeling of non-smooth,folded and multi-shell laminated composite structures.The two smaller components of the mid-surface normal vector of shell at a node are defined as nodal rotational variables in the co-rotational local coordinate system.In the global coordinate system,two smaller components of one vector,together with the smallest or second smallest component of another vector,of an orthogonal triad at a node on a non-smooth intersection of plates and/or shells are defined as rotational variables,whereas the two smaller components of the mid-surface normal vector at a node on the smooth part of the plate or shell(away from non-smooth intersections)are defined as rotational variables.All these vectorial rotational variables can be updated in an additive manner during an incremental solution procedure,and thus improve the computational efficiency in the nonlinear solution of these composite shell structures.Due to the commutativity of all nodal variables in calculating of the second derivatives of the local nodal variables with respect to global nodal variables,and the second derivatives of the strain energy functional with respect to local nodal variables,symmetric tangent stiffness matrices in local and global coordinate systems are obtained.To overcome shear locking,the assumed transverse shear strains obtained from the line-integration approach are employed.The reliability and computational accuracy of the present 3-node triangular shell finite element are verified through modeling two patch tests,several smooth and non-smooth laminated composite shells undergoing large displacements and large rotations.

Analysis of Dynamic Structure-Fluid Interaction Response of a Floating Laminated Composite Plate

In consideration of the effects of transverse shear deformation and structure-fluid interaction, the analytical expression of fluid force between a floating laminated composite plate and liquid surface is obtained. By expanding the displacements into Fourier series, the structure-fluid coupling dynamic response is solved. The effects of lamination angle, layer number, depth of fluid region and loading forms on dynamic response are investigated.

Effects of Hydrothermal Environment on the Deformation of the Thin Bamboo Bundle Veneer Laminated Composites

To overcome warping in thin bamboo bundle veneer laminated composites(TBLC),their hydrothermal deformation characteristics were systematically investigated in this study.It was found that TBLCs accelerated the release of internal stress in the thickness direction in a hydrothermal environment,which increased their warpage.TBLCs showed increased warpage in the width and diagonal directions upon increasing the temperature.The warpage of Type E increased by 155.88%and 66.67%in the width and diagonal directions,respectively,when the temperature increased from 25
C to 100
C.The symmetrical TBLC with cross-lay-up and odd layers displayed better hydrothermal stability.We revealed that the deformation of the TBLCs could be regulated under the synergistic effect of water and temperature.These results provide a scientific basis for improving the uniformity of bamboo bundle composite materials and for developing thin bamboo bundle fiber composite materials with designable structures and controllable performance.

Research on Fixture's Effect on Properties of Single-Shear Bolt Jointed Composite Laminates Structure

The testing on the bearing strength of single-shear bolt jointed composite laminates structure is done.And the effect of the fixture on the testing results is analyzed. Then a macro-micro multi-scale analytical model combined with the improved"Generalized Method of Cells( GMC) "is developed,which is used to predict the macro bearing strength and to characterize the micro constitute material failure of the bolt jointed composite laminates structure. Both the contact conditions at the bolt/hole boundary and the contact conditions at the specimen/fixture boundary,progressive damage,and the material properties degradation are all taken account into the analytical model. Thus,the numerical simulation results agree well with the experimental results.Finally,the effect of the fixture on the testing results is characterized. The results show that the incomplete contaction between the fixture and the specimen or the lack of the lateral constraint on the specimen will affect the limited bearing strength and the offset bearing strength of the bolt jointed composite laminates structure. In addition,the lower support rigid of the fixture will affect the rigid of the bolt jointed composite laminates structure.

Elastic and Plastic Behaviors of Laminated Ti-TiBw/Ti Composites

The novel laminated Ti-TiBw/Ti composites composed of pure Ti layers and TiBw/Ti composite layers have been successfully fabricated by reactive hot pressing. Herein, two-scale structures formed： the pure Ti layer and TiBw/Ti composite layer together constructed a laminated structure at a macro scale. Furthermore, TiBw reinforcement was distributed around Ti particles and then formed a network microstructure in TiBw/Ti composite layer at a micro scale. The laminated Ti-TiBw/Ti composites reveal a superior combination of high strength and high elongation due to two-scale structures compared with the pure Ti, and a further enhancement in ductility compared with the network structured composites. Moreover, the elastic modulus of the laminated composites can be predicted by H-S upper bound, which is consistent with the experimental values.

A refined finite element method for bending analysis of laminated plates integrated with piezoelectric fiber-reinforced composite actuators

This research presents a finite element formulation based on four-variable refined plate theory for bending analysis of cross-ply and angle-ply laminated composite plates integrated with a piezoelectric fiber-reinforced composite actuator under electromechanical loading. The four-variable refined plate theory is a simple and efficient higher-order shear deformation theory, which predicts parabolic variation of transverse shear stresses across the plate thickness and satisfies zero traction conditions on the plate free surfaces. The weak form of governing equations is derived using the principle of minimum potential energy, and a 4-node non-conforming rectangular plate element with 8 degrees of freedom per node is introduced for discretizing the domain. Several benchmark problems are solved by the developed MATLAB code and the obtained results are compared with those from exact and other numerical solutions, showing good agreement.

Dynamic Structure-Fluid Interaction Response of a Composite Cylindrical Shell Submerged in Water

This paper analyzes the dynamic structure-fluid interaction response of a submerged composite cylindrical shell. Dynamic equations based on the first-order shear deformation theory include the initial stresses and structure-fluid interaction forces due to fluid. The field equation is solved by expanding the velocity potential into series similar to transverse deflection of the cylindrical shell and the structure-fluid interaction force is obtained. The dynamic response is investigated by means of series expansion method. The effects of structure-fluid interaction on dynamic response are discussed.

Reliability analysis of a composite laminate using estimation theory

Composite laminates are made up of composite single-plies sequence. The plies generally have the same fiber and resin and their difference in fiber orientation results in a difference in various laminates' strength. Tsai-Hill failure criterion as a limiting state function to analyze structural reliability of a composite laminate and estimation theory in order to estimate statistical parameters of effective stress were utilized to construct probability box. Finally, we used the Monte Carlo simulation and FERUM software to calculate the upper and lower bounds of probability of failure.

BUCKLING AND POSTBUCKLING OF LAMINATED THIN CYLINDRICAL SHELLS UNDER HYGROTHERMAL ENVIRONMENTS

The influence of hygrothermal effects on the buckling and postbuckling of composite laminated cylindrical shells subjected to axial compression is investigated using a micro-to-macro-mechanical analytical model. The material properties of the composite are affected hy the variation of temperature and moisture, and are hosed on a micromechanical model of a laminate. The governing equations are based on the classical laminated shell theory, and including hygrothermal effects. The nonlinear prebuckling deformations and initial geometric imperfections of the shell were both taken into account. A boundary layer theory of shell buckling was extended to the case of laminated cylindrical shells under hygrothermal environments, and a singular peturbation technique was employed to determine buckling loads and postbuckling equilibrium paths. The numerical illustrations concern the postbuckling behavior of perfect and imperfect, cross-ply laminated cylindrical shells under different sets of environmental conditions. The influences played by temperature rise, the degree of moisture concentration, fiber volume fraction, shell geometric parameter, total number of plies, stacking sequences and initial geometric imperfections are studied.

Evaluation on the Application of GLB Structures

Glued Laminated Bamboo (GLB) is one kind of composite material;the use of GLB in structural engineering can reduce the demand for wood, a possible solution to relieve the damage to natural forest. With the help of the design and construction experience of timber structures, a new type of building structure: bamboo structure is introduced. This paper presents a comprehensive review on the study of GLB and bamboo structure. Some important physical, mechanical, and chemical properties such as seismic performance, fire resistance, and energy consumption are discussed. In addition, the property of bamboo composites, the failure mode of GLB beam and columns are also analyzed. This paper also pointed out the problems faced by the development of bamboo structure, which can be a suggestion for subsequent research. In general, GLB is a green and environmentally-friendly structural material and the development of bamboo structure provides another choice to conform the concept of sustainable development.

Microstructure evolution and improved properties of laminated titanium matrix composites with gradient equiaxed grains

With the purpose of improving both the strength and ductility,gradient equiaxed grains were successfully achieved in the matrix of the laminated TiB/Ti-TiB/Ti-6.58Al-1.76Zr-1.04V-0.89Mo composite via water quenching(WQ) and thermal compressing deformation. Gradient equiaxed grains varied from approximately 1.0 μm in TiB/Ti-6.58Al-1.76Zr-1.04V-0.89Mo layer to 5.5 μm in TiB/Ti layer. The formation of the gradient structure was related to the alloying elements diffusion during the initial sintering process,and the equiaxed shape was constructed by dynamic recrystallization during thermal compressing. WQ treatment before thermal compressing was adopted to obtain fine lamellar structure,which promoted the segmentation of αlamellae,and accelerated the dynamic recrystallization process. Raising the quenching temperature can increase the proportion of equiaxed grains in the composite,which improved both the bending strength and ductility. Compared with the as-sintered specimen,the specimen with gradient equiaxed grains exhibited nearly 30% enhancement in flexural strength(from 1719 to 2218 MPa),and the ultimate bending fracture strain was increased from 7.0% to 17.2%. This significant improvement should be attributed to the coordination deformation by interface gradient grains,the grain refinement strengthening and the good balance between strength and ductility of the recrystallized equiaxed grains.

高速冲击加载下碳纤维复合材料层合结构抗侵彻特性及响应机理

碳纤维复合材料层合结构在高冲击服役环境中常遭受外来物体冲击作用,使之出现一些不可预测的各种损伤形式,甚至会出现不可控的损伤模式。为确保这些结构的安全性和可靠性,对碳纤维复合材料层合结构抗冲击响应及防护机理展开了研究。以碳纤维复合材料层合结构作为研究对象,基于一级轻气炮构建高速冲击加载试验装置,探明了碳纤维复合材料层合结构能量吸收特性与冲击能量之间的联系规律,结合弹道极限方程,确定了其弹道极限,并明确了不同冲击速度作用下的损伤模式。同时引入内聚力单元进行数值模拟仿真研究,探明了碳纤维复合材料层合结构层与层之间内聚力单元的损伤模式,揭示了其在高速冲击加载环境下的损伤机制。研究结果为反向设计适用于高速冲击加载环境复合材料层合结构提供理论依据。

牛庄洼陷沙四上—沙三下亚段细粒沉积岩成分与纹层结构的关系

湖相细粒沉积岩的纹层发育,但纹层的厚度、密度、连续度等结构特征变化很大,这些变化与细粒沉积岩的沉积环境密切相关。利用图像分析的手段,对牛庄洼陷沙四上—沙三下亚段细粒沉积岩纹层的厚度、密度、侧向连续性进行定量表征,并与细粒沉积岩的各种物质成分对比研究。结果表明:牛庄洼陷沙四上—沙三下亚段细粒沉积岩的纹层厚度、密度、侧向连续性与长英质、黏土、碳酸盐等矿物质量分数基本没有相关性,纹层密度与有机碳含量具有一定的正相关性,长英质矿物与黏土矿物质量分数具有明显的正相关性;牛庄洼陷沙四上—沙三下亚段细粒沉积岩的沉积速率越低,越有利于有机碳含量的提高;长英质矿物与黏土矿物主要是洪水以表层流、层间流的形式一起搬运到深湖环境沉积下来的;湖泊表层碳酸盐矿物的产生与沉淀,与水体深度、沉积速率没有关系,也不存在湖相碳酸盐补偿界面(CCD)。

A Three-Dimensional Multi-scale Plasticity Model for Metal-Intermetallic Laminate Composites Containing Phases of the L12 Structure

A three-dimensional plasticity model was developed and applied to metal-intermetallic laminate composites containingphases of the L12 structure. A multi-scale approach that combined the methods of continuum mechanics and dislocationkinetics was used. This model takes account of the different mechanisms of self-locking superdislocations, the dislocationsand the dislocation walls＇ density storage for each type of layer at the micro-scale. At the meso-scale, the solutions to thedislocation kinetics equations, in the form of stress-strain curves, were used to create the properties of a three-dimensionalrepresentative element. The numerical simulation study of the macroscopic deformation was carried out with the finiteelement method using the dynamic model of continuum mechanics, which included the classical conservation laws,constitutive equations and the equation of state. It was shown that the simulation results generated using this model were ingood agreement with the mechanical tests conducted on the single crystals of the L12 structure. The model provides anexcellent description of the high-temperature plastic strain superlocalization effect of single crystal intermetallics of theLI2 structure. This paper describes the numerical results of the study of the tension and compression tests of metal-intermetallic laminate composites containing phases of the L12 structure. The model allows the description of the dis-tribution of the accumulated plastic strain inhomogeneities and is capable of predicting the strengthening properties andplastic behaviour of the metal-intermetallic laminate composites containing phases of the L12 structure.

玻璃纤维增强聚丙烯基叠层复合材料的力学性能

玻璃纤维增强聚丙烯复合材料(GRPP)具备优异的刚性,但韧性较差;而聚丙烯(PP)的韧性好,在机械外力作用下不易损伤变形。把PP和自增强聚丙烯(SRPP)两种材料分别用作夹芯结构,GRPP用作蒙皮结构,采用真空袋压工艺制备“三明治”叠层复合材料。利用万能试验机等设备测试夹芯同厚度占比下GRPP/PP和GRPP/SRPP两种复合材料的拉伸性能、弯曲性能和层间剪切性能。试验结果表明,全PP材料的引入增强了GRPP的整体韧性,但都会损伤GRPP的原有刚性。同厚度占比下,SRPP对GRPP拉伸模量的保留率比PP高15%;SRPP对GRPP弯曲模量的保留率比PP高5%;但GRPP/SRPP的层间剪切强度(13 MPa)低于GRPP/PP的层间剪切强度(17 MPa)。

某超限高层建筑结构关键技术分析与设计

某超限高层建筑结构采用钢管混凝土叠合柱-钢筋混凝土核心筒结构。主塔楼结构高223.46m,上部楼层设置斜柱,分别进行小震常规分析、大震动力弹塑性时程分析,主体结构达到所设定的C级抗震性能目标,底部加强区剪力墙竖向分布钢筋配筋率提高至0.4%,以满足罕遇地震下,筒体抗震性能要求;本项目进行详细风洞试验,保证结构在强风作用下安全可靠;从PMM曲线分析结果表明,叠合柱可满足压弯承载力,给出了叠合柱的梁柱节点做法大样及加强措施要求;对于上部区域斜柱传力路径分析,通过加强与斜柱相连梁板配筋,以满足斜柱传力要求,为后续工程项目提供有意义参考。

层合板和蜂窝夹心结构复合材料敲击特性研究

制备了层合板结构和蜂窝夹心结构两种不同结构的复合材料损伤试块,基于有限元理论对这两种典型复合材料损伤结构的振动特性进行了分析,发现损伤尺寸对碳纤维蜂窝材料固有频率的影响显著优于碳纤维层合板的固有频率。采用啄木鸟智能检测仪对两种不同结构的复合材料损伤试块进行了敲击试验,试验结果表明,蜂窝夹心结构损伤试块的敲击检测脉宽损伤差异率为50.5%,而层合板损伤试块的敲击检测脉宽损伤差异率为31.5%,敲击检测对碳纤维蜂窝复合材料的损伤检测灵敏度显著大于层合板结构复合材料。

沙戈荒环境下风电叶片中复合材料耐高温性能研究

风电叶片在沙戈荒环境服役过程中会遇到极端高温天气,叶片内腔无法散热会导致温度远高于大气环境温度,随着未来沙戈荒地区风力发电机组装机量不断增加,研究沙戈荒环境下风电叶片复合材料耐高温性能至关重要。对风电叶片蒙皮、梁帽、壳体所用复合材料在60℃下的力学性能变化情况进行了研究,为沙戈荒环境下的风电叶片材料的选择和设计提供参考。试验结果表明:60℃高温作用3 h后,蒙皮用层合板的拉伸和压缩性能退化程度高,拉伸强度和压缩强度下降率分别为23.9%、41%,但层合板的V形剪切强度下降率相对较低,为1.5%;梁帽用拉挤板的V形剪切强度下降率较高,为16.3%,拉挤板的拉伸强度和压缩强度下降率分别为3.3%、6.3%;壳体用PVC60泡沫和Balsa轻木夹芯复合材料的剪切强度分别下降31%、4.2%。

小型多旋翼无人机振动特性分析及改进

为改善某小型多旋翼无人机飞行试验中的共振现象,本文系统分析了该无人机的模态与谐响应振动特性,从机臂铺层结构出发,进行复合材料铺层方案的优化与改进。通过仿真计算结果可以发现,45°铺层角度正负方向与0°铺层位置的改变对于振动特性的影响极其微弱,可以忽略不计。但中性面的改变对频率和幅值的影响显著,中性面为0°铺层时,振动特性整体得到了明显改善。并且不同中性面方案均表现出随着0°铺层数量的增加,频率逐渐右移、幅值逐渐降低的规律。因此,为实现本型及类似构型多旋翼无人机振动特性优化,建议优先选择0°中性面铺层并合理增加0°铺层数量(3~4层为宜)。