可计算一般均衡(CGE)模型与环境政策分析

CGE模型是进行环境政策分析的理想工具 ,实际上CGE模型也是唯一有可能精确评估环境政策社会成本的分析手段。本文介绍了在环境政策分析中应用CGE模型的基本思路和不同类型 ;回顾了CGE模型在环境政策分析中的应用领域及国内应用现状 ;指出今后在环境政策分析中应用的CGE模型应该更多地结合经济体的现实特征 ,其发展方向则体现在三个方面 :在分析环境政策社会成本的同时也考虑这些政策的社会效益、分析环境政策的分配效应。

基于可计算一般均衡模型的能源价格变动对新疆经济的影响

基于通用可计算一般均衡(CGE)平台,探讨了能源价格变动对新疆地区宏观经济的影响。模拟结果显示:(1)煤炭价格和天然气价格分别上涨10%以后,新疆地区的GDP、各部门的产出和居民消费变动不大,说明提高煤炭和天然气价格不会对新疆经济造成大的波动,未来新疆地区能源价格改革应从煤炭和天然气入手。(2)油价上涨10%后,新疆地区部门产出和居民消费变化较大,因此未来新疆地区在提高油价时应考虑社会稳定,避免产生大的经济波动。值得注意的是提高油价后,城乡收入差距缩小。总体来说提高油价所产生的影响是积极的。

基于可计算的一般均衡模型的我国碳税政策“双重红利”研究

建立了分析我国减少二氧化碳排放而征收碳税的可计算的一般均衡模型,分析碳税政策的"双重红利"。结果显示:为减少二氧化碳排放而征收碳税,对社会经济变量将造成一定的负面影响。保持财政中性,在征收碳税的时候,减少居民或者企业间接税,都可以在减少二氧化碳排放量的同时提高社会福利或者保持社会福利变化不大,实现碳税的"双重红利"。但是在保持财政中性,在征收碳税的同时减少企业所得税,虽然减少了二氧化碳排放量,居民的社会福利却有了更大程度的下降。

迈向碳中和:中国减煤路径的模拟与评估

为应对全球气候变暖问题,中国提出努力争取2060年前实现碳中和的目标。目前,中国的主要碳排放源自能源消费,而能源消费仍以煤炭消费为主。因此,减少煤炭消费成为中国实现碳中和目标的关键第一步。该研究通过构建动态递归可计算一般均衡模型,深入探讨了多种减煤路径,包括煤炭去产能、碳税、碳交易和煤炭资源税等。通过情景模拟,评估了这些途径在达成相同减煤效果时,对宏观经济、碳排放、产业及能源结构的影响。研究发现,在中国特有的能源体系中,实施减煤路径必将带来碳排放的降低,但不同路径对GDP、产业结构和能源结构的影响却不尽相同。具体来说,煤炭去产能和煤炭资源税对GDP的负面影响最轻,但对于推动产业结构和能源结构的清洁转型没有显著效果,主因是企业能够通过采购廉价能源来维持低成本,从而未根本改变能源成本,且大幅度提升了对外能源依赖度;碳税、碳交易及其混合机制显著促进了产业结构的优化,虽然减排效果更佳,却对经济总量造成了较大的负面影响,因为该类路径考虑了所有能源品种的碳排放成本。建议:一是应注重需求侧减煤路径和碳减排政策的协同效应,完善碳交易机制,尽早将其他高耗能行业纳入碳交易体系,同时需要注意严格碳排放总量控制可能带来的经济损失风险;二是推进电力市场化改革,实现“碳-电”协同减排,将是未来20年减煤降碳的核心策略;三是借助电力市场化的红利,优化煤炭替代策略,如火电可逐步从基荷功能转变为调峰功能。

土地利用政策仿真模拟框架构建——基于两类模型的对比分析

土地政策是土地利用优化管理的重要手段。土地优化利用蕴含丰富的人类活动信息,可以通过改变生态系统类型及生态过程影响生态系统服务功能,进而影响人类福祉。本研究在界定土地利用政策模拟内涵的基础上,从复杂政策行为表现中厘清土地利用、生态系统服务功能和人类福祉之间的传动机制,分别构建基于系统动力学(system dynamics,SD)模型和可计算一般均衡(computable general equilibrium,CGE)模型框架,解析生态系统服务功能和人类福祉在不同土地利用优化政策下的变化问题,及其政策变化所带来的直接或间接影响。最后从研究尺度、数据依赖性和预测功能等方面系统对比两类模型在土地利用优化政策模拟中的优缺点和适用条件。研究成果可为土地利用政策制定和实施提供参考,降低土地利用相关政策制定存在的风险、降低损失。

煤电产业布局对区域经济协调发展的影响研究——基于多区域可计算一般均衡模型分析

电力产业布局不仅影响我国能源生产与消费的格局,同时也影响着各地区的经济发展。基于2007年投入产出表,利用多区域动态可计算一般均衡(CGE)模型,比较分析区域配置和跨区配置两种不同的煤电发展模式对区域经济协调发展的影响。研究结果表明:相对于区域配置的煤电布局方式,跨区配置有利于拉动送端地区①的经济增长,促进送端地区与受端地区②的产业合理化分工,缩小地区之间的差距。

The Impact of Climate Change on China＇s Grain Market and Food Security-- A CGE Model Approach

This paper examines the impact of climate change on China＇s grain production and food security. The research is one of the four studies on future conditions of China＇s food production system under the influence of climate change using numerical simulation methods, carried out under a national 973 project entitled ＂impacts of climate change on food systems in China and its adaptation＂. The other three studies focus on changes in cultivated land area and food production, while this study incorporates their grain yield results into a general equilibrium model to simulate future conditions of the grain market. Our simulation analysis arrives at the impact of climate change by comparing such economic variables as grain production, consumption, and GDP growth rate between a baseline scenario and two climate change scenarios. Our results are summarized as follows： （1） In 2050, the total grain production will reach 689.683 million tons--584.264 million tons of total grain consumption and 42.808 million tons of exports. Without considering losses and inventory demand, in 2050 China＇s grain supply and demand will remain well balanced, with a slight surplus expected. （2） Climate change is expected to benefit China＇s macro economy and individual sectors. In comparison with the baseline scenario of no climate change, real wage, real GDP, investment, household consumption, exports, and other macroeconomic indicators will rise under the climate change scenarios. As far as the agricultural, manufacturing, and service sectors are concerned, production, consumption, imports, and exports will each be favorably affected by climate change. （3） The favorable impact of climate change on China＇s macroeconomy and individual sectors under the high emissions scenario （A2） is stronger than that under the low emissions scenario （B2）. （4） In the grain market, climate change is expected to increase supply, reduce imports, increase supply, and demand; and supply will increase more than demand does. All in all, if taking into the fertilization effect of CO2 account, climate change is expected to strengthen China＇s grain supply and safeguard food security.

Economic Implications of CO2 Emission Reduction in Japan Applying a Dynamic CGE Model with Endogenous Technological Change： Use of Emission Permit Revenue

This study analyzes the economic and environmental impacts of a climate change measure in Japan using a single-country dynamic computable general equilibrium model with technological change as an endogenous variable. In this way, a comprehensive analysis of the relationships between climate change and its measures, technology, and economy has been done. The model uses technological change as the accumulation of knowledge capital that is derived from research and development investment. The study investigates the impacts of a climate change measure considering the use of emission permit revenue and technological change induced by the policy implementation in the Japanese economy. Simulation results show that there is compatibility between CO2 emission reduction and positive effects on GDP that depends on the ways of the revenue use and technological change induced by emission reduction. However, it is not possible to find the ways to realize positive effects on both GDP and welfare simultaneously in the study. The sensitivity analysis for the elasticity of substitution between knowledge capital and other inputs also confirms the obtained results.

An Analysis of the Possible Economic Effects of HIV/AIDS in Swaziland Using the SAM and CGE Models

This is a conceptual paper which was motivated by the fact that Swaziland does not have a Social Accounting Matrix （SAM） in place and as such there are many shocks that affect that country＇s economy but which cannot be analyzed effectively. Most notable of this is the economic effects of the HIV/AIDS scourge that is affecting that country of which it has been difficult to determine the effects it has had on the economy in an objective manner. This paper will highlight the usefulness of the SAM and Computable General Equilibrium （CGE） models in analyzing the possible economic effects of HIV/AIDS in Swaziland. The absence of a SAM for Swaziland means that empirical analysis of the effect of the disease on the economy could not be undertaken, but it is hoped that the arguments presented here will contribute to the use of these methods as tools for analyzing various shocks in an economy. The paper is divided into 4 parts. Part 1 is a brief introduction into the Swaziland economy, part 2 is a brief description of the SAM, description of CGE Modeling and a detailed application of the SAM data into the CGE modeling framework, part 3 introduces the HIV/AIDS situation in Swaziland and models its possible effects using a macroeconomic SAM and part 4 is the discussion and conclusion. The main aim of the paper then is to lay the basic framework to help small developing countries develop practical SAMs that will become an important tool in analyzing the performances of their economies.

Simulation Analysis of Macroeconomic Policy Orientations' Effects on the Industrial Economy——Based on Dynamic CGE Model

There are three different orientations of the macroeconomic policies,namely,factor-expansion,prudent-continuation and structural-adjustment.The paper uses the dynamic CGE model to simulate the effects of the three different orientations on the economy,and arrives at the following conclusions:while the factor-expansion policies can lead to growth of economic output,they also result in the further imbalance in the industrial structure and the "crowding-out effect" on the private investment.In addition,such growth is unsustainable in the long run;the growth of the industrial economy will decline rapidly to a lower level after reaching a certain high level.The prudent-continuation policies refer to the continuation of the current policies that sustain the current trends of the industrial economy,and such policies reduce the growth of the industrial economy to a lower level in the long run.The structural-adjustment policies reduce the economic output at the current stage;however,it can bring a gradual improvement of industrial structure and a balance of the supply and demand.In the long run,the optimized structure will improve the total factor productivity(TFP) and the production-possibility frontier,and thereby realize a longterm steady and rapid growth of the industrial economy.Four policy recommendations are proposed based on the simulation of the models,including taking the structural adjustment as the fundamental orientation of macroeconomic policies,lowering the "floor level" of economic growth with macro regulation,giving play to the fundamental role of market mechanism in structural adjustment and increasing the role of TFP in the growth of the industrial economy.

Economic Analysis of CO2 Emission Abatement Applying a Dynamic CGE Model with Endogenous Technological Change： Impacts of the Time Horizon

We evaluate economic and environmental impacts of climate change mitigation in a country scale considering various time horizons in the analysis applying a single-country dynamic computable general equilibrium model with endogenous technological change. Although there is a possibility that Gross Domestic Product （GDP） becomes larger for the abatement cases than the baseline case in the earlier years, it tends to be lower than that in the later years. The longer the time horizon and/or the more severe the abatement, the larger the negative impacts will be. When subsidizing R＆D investment, increase in GDP compared to the baseline case is realized in the middle of the time horizon, and the larger increase tends to be observed for the longer-term cases. These results would be due to technological change induced by the subsidies and emission abatement. Environmental indicators are also improved. We showed that the results were influenced by the target time horizon when using an intertemporal dynamic model.

“双碳”目标下我国电力部门低碳转型政策研究

文中构建动态可计算一般均衡(CGE)模型,模拟可再生能源发展、碳税和技术进步在我国电力部门低碳转型中的不同成效,探讨电力部门碳达峰、碳中和的时间与路径。研究发现,电力部门清洁化是其实现碳中和的关键,在大力发展可再生能源的情景下,到2060年电力部门接近实现碳中和目标;技术进步是电力部门低碳转型的重要支撑,可再生能源发展且伴随强技术进步情景下,电力部门在2058年后能够实现碳中和;碳税有助于减排但对经济增长产生负面影响;伴随能源结构优化和技术进步,我国可兼顾实现碳中和与经济增长。最后提出,在大力发展可再生能源和致力于能源技术创新的同时,要拓宽低碳转型渠道,推动电力部门低碳转型的高质量发展。

财政成本视角下的棉花目标价格改革影响分析——基于CGE模型的测算

本文利用可计算一般均衡(CGE)模型,在剔除国际棉价下行对国内影响的基础上,基于补贴来源于税收的财政机制,对棉花目标价格改革的经济影响进行了分析。结果显示,该项改革无疑对建立棉花市场价格形成机制、提高纺织业竞争力作用明显,纺织产业链上各个产业的产出均扩张。但是,该项改革在短期内也存在一定的财政成本,会造成0.02%的GDP损失和0.04%的就业减少。就本文揭示的棉花价格影响机制来看,市场化改革也要关注其初期财政成本,关注政策的可持续性。

全球多区域CGE模型的构建及其3E扩展

全球多区域可计算一般均衡模型(computable general equilibrium,CGE)是最重要的全球气候政策评估工具之一。该文给出了自主开发的全球多区域可计算一般均衡模型(global applied general equilibrium model,GAGE)的理论框架,描述了区域内框架的地区账户收入分配方案和生产模块的嵌套结构以及区域间框架的国际贸易结构和2个虚拟国际机构的构建,即建立国际运输部门和国际银行用于描述国际贸易的运输服务供需以及投资的区域间流动。在标准GAGE模型的基础上进行了能源-环境-经济扩展,以描述能源与资本之间以及各类能源之间的替代关系。碳减排情景研究结果验证了GAGE模型理论框架的合理性,展示了能源替代对于减排潜力的显著影响。

资源价格对区域经济增长的影响研究:以上海经济为例

本文利用上海2012年投入产出表等数据构建了CGE模型,模拟分析资源价格变动对上海经济增长以及主要产业部门产生的影响。研究表明,石油天然气价格波动对上海经济增长的影响最大;主要资源性产品价格对上海经济各方面的影响存在显著的差异;资源性产品价格波动对各个产业部门产生不同的影响。为了缓解国际国内资源价格波动对上海经济增长产生的负面影响,上海需要在提高资源使用效率的前提下加快产业结构调整与升级。

Agricultural Policy Simulation Based on Computable General Equilibrium Model

[Objective] This study aimed to examine the simulated effect of Computable General Equilibrium （CGE）-based agricultural policy simulation system. [Method] The policy simulation platform based on CGE model was constructed by integrating policy simulation, CGE model and Decision Supporting System （DSS）. The scenario analysis method was used to analyze the agricultural subsides policy simulation through empirical analysis. [Result] Farmers were the main beneficiaries of increasing agricultural production subsidies, which increased farmers＇ income and improved the export of agriculture products. The prototype system could solve the problems in actual policy simulation. [Conclusion] The results lay the foundation for the quantitative study on agricultural subsidy policy in China.

全国碳市场引入CCER交易及抵销机制的经济影响研究

基于中国风电及光伏国家核证自愿减排量(CCER)现状及发展趋势,针对CCER供给、抵销和价格形成等关键机制问题,运用电力部门细分的递推动态可计算一般均衡(CGE)模型,模拟了在取消电价补贴的背景下全国碳市场引入风电及光伏CCER交易及抵销机制的经济影响。研究发现:引入CCER交易及抵销机制会降低碳配额交易价格,并缓解取消电价补贴对风电和光伏电力的负面影响,但也会削弱全国碳市场的碳减排效果,且随着CCER供给总量增加这些作用更明显;全国碳市场引入CCER交易及抵销机制后,碳排放强度较高的控排行业将选择购买更多的CCER,其中火电行业是主要的CCER需求方;未来我国如果不放开CCER项目备案审批则风电行业将是主要受益方,而未来适度放开CCER项目备案审批则风电和光伏行业都将从中受益。因此,全国碳市场在引入CCER交易及抵销机制的同时需从紧设置初始碳配额发放量,并可考虑适时重启CCER项目备案审批工作以更好地促进风电和光伏电力的发展,但允许的CCER清缴比例上限应结合碳减排目标合理设定,以避免对全国碳市场产生较大冲击。

基于CGE模型的中国煤炭产能政策优化

本文基于CHINAGEM模型构建了中国能源经济均衡模型(CGE),建立差异化的多情景政策分析,比较了不同煤炭产能政策及其组合对中国宏观经济和产业部门的影响。研究结果表明:①煤炭产能政策在优化煤炭生产结构的同时,会显著影响其他能源产业和与之有上下游关联的非能源产业产出,不可避免地对宏观经济造成一定的冲击。②降产量政策对煤炭产业结构调整的作用最有效,但对宏观经济的冲击也最大;税收政策对宏观经济的冲击最小,但对煤炭产业结构调整的作用最弱;去产能政策对煤炭产业结构与宏观经济的影响介于降产量政策和税收政策之间。③在实施煤炭产能政策的同时,综合利用税收优惠、产能置换、技术进步等综合政策手段有助于推进煤炭生产结构调整,减缓其对宏观经济的负面影响,最终实现煤炭行业长效发展。本文采用冲击资本投入的方式模拟产能政策的结果更合理,更符合煤炭去产能的经济学含义,该方法同样适用于钢铁、玻璃、水泥等产业去产能的研究。

Analysis on Impacts and Co-Abatement Effects of Implementing the Low Carbon Cement Standard

Based on the MAP-CGE model,this paper simulated the impacts on the output,energy consumption and pollutant emissions of different cement production processes when implementing a low carbon cement standard in China.It also calculated the impacts on the marginal abatement cost and equilibrium price of the cement industry,and analyzed the co-abatement effects of different pollutants.The results showed that implementing the low carbon cement standard will be beneficial in promoting an upgrading of cement production processes,and strengthening the energy conservation and emission reduction in the cement industry.If there is no change in the existing technology,the cement industry will reduce SO2emissions by 1.17 kg and NOxemissions by 4.44 kg per ton of CO2emission reduction.Implementing low carbon cement standard can also promote NOxabatement in the cement industry.However,the cement industry will bear the abatement costs,and their equilibrium price will increase slightly.

国有企业、价格管制与经济稳定——来自中国特色汽柴油市场的视角

国际油价的大幅度波动对经济不确定性带来较大影响,2018年以来,中国的石油对外依存度已经超过了70%。文章从具有“中国特色”的汽柴油市场定调价机制的角度出发,利用动态递归的可计算一般均衡模型,模拟并研究了国际油价波动的条件下,汽柴油市场不同的定价机制(完全市场化价格或带有“基准价+浮动价”的价格管制手段)带来的影响。研究结果认为,当国际油价上涨时,价格管制具有较强的抗冲击能力,能够缓解大量的GDP下行压力,提振国内石油的生产与消费,同时起到稳定市场、保护居民购买力、控制通胀、防止人民币贬值等作用。但是这一切的好处不是没有代价的,政府将会损失1.57%~3.22%的总税收收入。另外,由于价格管制阻碍了油价上升的价格效应和替代效应,相对于完全竞争市场,能源消费量将增加,碳排放总量将上升,新能源发展也受到一定阻碍。油价下跌时价格管制的影响与上涨时的影响相反。研究注意到,过低的国际油价会也会降低中国的经济水平,更多的生产要素会流入石油加工企业,对第三产业带来一定的冲击,但是价格管制能够很好地缓解这一现象的发生。文章认为价格管制手段一定程度将外部对企业和居民的冲击转移为对政府的冲击,政府成了外部风险的阻滞剂。考虑到价格管制带来的负面环境问题,在国际油价上涨时需要必要的可再生能源支持政策;考虑到国际形势以及成品油市场的价格管制具有抗风险作用,文章建议应当看到价格管制积极的一面,可待中国石油依存度适当下降至可控范围后,再考虑放开价格管制手段。