Integrated Water and CGE Model of the Impacts of Water Policy on the Beijing's Economy and Output

The article used general equilibrium model to analyze the change of gross domestic product and industry output affected by water resources policies in Beijing City by using GEMPACK soft tool.The article researches on rules of water supply and demand,evaluating water resources,building water resources input and output table,establishing water computable general equilibrium model and stimulating water policy.The stimulation gives a scenario that increases water price by 10%.The result shows the following aspects.First,water resources policy infects gross domestic product and industry output in different ways.There are different behaviors in different industries as to the water policy. Agriculture industry has the same tendency as water price change and it has more sensitive to water quantity than to water price.For basic energy industries such as oil and chemistry and gas,they show diversity tendency.As to some high water consumer industry such as paper and textile etc.,water resource economic policy can infect them greatly and can promote them to accomplish more water-saving technology.Waste water and construction and service industries show the same tendency as to water policy.Second,government should pay more attention to water resource policy by macro economic administration.The simulation also shows that the output and supply and consumer price change more than expect as to water policy in a free market economic in water industry.So as to a government policy maker,one should be more carefully and prepare suitable forecast and plan to water policy and its negative impact.

The Impact of Strengthening Environmental Regulatory Policy on China's Economy——Evaluation Based on CGE Model

This paper has established a computable general equilibrium(CGE) model taking into account the costs of environmental regulation to evaluate the overall impact of enhanced environmental regulation on China's economy.The results demonstrate that if environmental regulation is strengthened to the point at which industrial waste discharge meets the current legal standard,economic growth rate will decrease by approximately1%,employment in the manufacturing sector will decrease by approximately 1.8%,and the total value of exports will decrease by approximately 1.7%.The report also shows that enhanced environmental regulation has impacted each region of China differently.This paper argues that during the implementation of environmental regulation,policymakers will need to have a complete understanding of potential regional and structural impacts.China's environmental regulation policy should be implemented gradually,beginning with key polluting industries and those with low correlation to economic growth.Additionally,this paper proposes that environmental regulation should be carried out during periods of economic growth.

Economic Implications of CO2 Emission Reduction in Japan Applying a Dynamic CGE Model with Endogenous Technological Change： Use of Emission Permit Revenue

This study analyzes the economic and environmental impacts of a climate change measure in Japan using a single-country dynamic computable general equilibrium model with technological change as an endogenous variable. In this way, a comprehensive analysis of the relationships between climate change and its measures, technology, and economy has been done. The model uses technological change as the accumulation of knowledge capital that is derived from research and development investment. The study investigates the impacts of a climate change measure considering the use of emission permit revenue and technological change induced by the policy implementation in the Japanese economy. Simulation results show that there is compatibility between CO2 emission reduction and positive effects on GDP that depends on the ways of the revenue use and technological change induced by emission reduction. However, it is not possible to find the ways to realize positive effects on both GDP and welfare simultaneously in the study. The sensitivity analysis for the elasticity of substitution between knowledge capital and other inputs also confirms the obtained results.

Scheme of Constructing CGE Model of China's Direct Grain Subsidy Policy

This paper introduces the model of China's direct grain subsidy policy, adopts computable general equilibrium (CGE) theory, and advances the scheme of constructing the model of China's direct grain subsidy policy. On the basis of some assumptions, such as conforming to the complete competition of market, inexistence of move of capital and labor forces among countries, unchanged exchange rate and incomplete substitution, and the main body of behavior comprising representative households, producers, local government and central government, the model established in this paper includes production module and demand module. Moreover, the model takes into account equilibrium structure, the definition of profiting and macro condition for closure, the related coefficients this CGE model needs include Armingtion substitution elasticity of intermediate composite product, investment composite product and consumption composite product between import and domestic production; substitution elasticity among production factors; conversion elasticity of total sales between domestic absorption and export; elasticity of residents' expenditure; elasticity of price; elasticity of export demand; the relative share of all sectors in capital stock. This paper also points out the advantages and limitations of CGE model in analyzing direct grain subsidy policy.

An Analysis of the Possible Economic Effects of HIV/AIDS in Swaziland Using the SAM and CGE Models

This is a conceptual paper which was motivated by the fact that Swaziland does not have a Social Accounting Matrix （SAM） in place and as such there are many shocks that affect that country＇s economy but which cannot be analyzed effectively. Most notable of this is the economic effects of the HIV/AIDS scourge that is affecting that country of which it has been difficult to determine the effects it has had on the economy in an objective manner. This paper will highlight the usefulness of the SAM and Computable General Equilibrium （CGE） models in analyzing the possible economic effects of HIV/AIDS in Swaziland. The absence of a SAM for Swaziland means that empirical analysis of the effect of the disease on the economy could not be undertaken, but it is hoped that the arguments presented here will contribute to the use of these methods as tools for analyzing various shocks in an economy. The paper is divided into 4 parts. Part 1 is a brief introduction into the Swaziland economy, part 2 is a brief description of the SAM, description of CGE Modeling and a detailed application of the SAM data into the CGE modeling framework, part 3 introduces the HIV/AIDS situation in Swaziland and models its possible effects using a macroeconomic SAM and part 4 is the discussion and conclusion. The main aim of the paper then is to lay the basic framework to help small developing countries develop practical SAMs that will become an important tool in analyzing the performances of their economies.

Simulation Analysis of Macroeconomic Policy Orientations' Effects on the Industrial Economy——Based on Dynamic CGE Model

There are three different orientations of the macroeconomic policies,namely,factor-expansion,prudent-continuation and structural-adjustment.The paper uses the dynamic CGE model to simulate the effects of the three different orientations on the economy,and arrives at the following conclusions:while the factor-expansion policies can lead to growth of economic output,they also result in the further imbalance in the industrial structure and the "crowding-out effect" on the private investment.In addition,such growth is unsustainable in the long run;the growth of the industrial economy will decline rapidly to a lower level after reaching a certain high level.The prudent-continuation policies refer to the continuation of the current policies that sustain the current trends of the industrial economy,and such policies reduce the growth of the industrial economy to a lower level in the long run.The structural-adjustment policies reduce the economic output at the current stage;however,it can bring a gradual improvement of industrial structure and a balance of the supply and demand.In the long run,the optimized structure will improve the total factor productivity(TFP) and the production-possibility frontier,and thereby realize a longterm steady and rapid growth of the industrial economy.Four policy recommendations are proposed based on the simulation of the models,including taking the structural adjustment as the fundamental orientation of macroeconomic policies,lowering the "floor level" of economic growth with macro regulation,giving play to the fundamental role of market mechanism in structural adjustment and increasing the role of TFP in the growth of the industrial economy.

CGE model-based analysis of the neutralized hybrid carbon policy and its decomposed effects on economic growth,carbon reduction,and energy utilization costs

The hybrid policy is a flexible policy tool that combines features of carbon trading and carbon taxation.Its economic and environmental effects under China's background are still not studied in detail.Given the exogenous carbon reduction targets,carbon prices,and carbon tax-rates,by computable general equilibrium modeling methods and factor decomposition methods,this article investigates direct and cascaded effects of the hybrid policy on economic growth,energy utilization,and carbon emission on the national level and the sector level,with China's national input-output data-set.Stepwisely,policy scenarios with irrational estimated results are selectively excluded based on comprehensive evaluation among economic,carbon reduction and other policy targets.As a result,against national economic conditions in 2007,the hybrid policy,with a carbon reduction target of -10%,a carbon tax-rate of around $10,and a ceiling carbon price of $40,is highly recommended,because of its significant lower economic loss,lower energy utilization cost,and practical robustness against fluctuation of energy market and carbon market.Furthermore,by decomposition analysis,carbon reduction-related costs are decomposed into a direct part that includes carbon allowance price and carbon tax,and an indirect part as the energy price incremental induced by direct carbon costs.Gross carbon reduction may be decomposed into three parts such as energy intensity,economic scale,and technical progress.And,carbon taxation is the main policy tool that stimulates to improve the energy efficiency.

CGE Model Measures Carbon Duty's Impact on China's Exports

Carbon-motivated border tax adjustment is a unilateral international trade policy aimed at compensating for the loss ofcompetitiveness of carbon-intensive products due to carbon dioxide abatement actions.It violates fundamental principlesof the UNFCCC and potentially conflicts with the core WTO principle of non-discrimination as reflected in the GATTArticle Ⅰ and Article Ⅲ.Based on an analysis of carbon emissions embodied in China’s industrial exports,this paperevaluates with a recursive dynamic CGE model the potential impacts of the carbon duty on China’s industrial production,exports and employment.The results of a simulation show that with a tariff rate of US＄30 or US＄60 per ton of carbon,theoutput of China’s industrial sectors would decline by 0.62-1.22 percent,exports by 3.53-6.95 percent,and employment by1.22-2.39 percent.The authors suggest several measures of alleviating the impacts of carbon duty and put forward a carbonduty policy based on carbon consumption per capita as a countermeasure.

Economic Implications of Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change： An Analysis Using the AIM/CGE [Global] Model

The purpose of this study is to analyze economic impacts of reducing greenhouse gases emissions significantly. A large amount of emissions reductions are required throughout this century to avoid dangerous climate change, and understanding the economic consequences under such situations is important and meaningful. The AIM/CGE [Global] model, a recursive dynamic computable general equilibrium model on a global scale, is applied to analyze carbon prices and changes in GDP when implementing five policy scenarios represented by emissions pathways, respectively. As a result of the analysis, higher carbon prices and larger decreases in GDP compared to the baseline emissions scenario are observed when emissions are reduced more deeply. However, such GDP losses are rather small and insignificant compared to the GDP growth observed throughout the century. These results suggest that although it is challenging to reduce emissions until the level to avoid dangerous climate change, there is a sufficient possibility to achieve it from economic perspectives.

The Potential Impact of Sino-Korean Bilateral Trade on Economic Growth and the Environment： A CGE Model Analysis

A consensus is still to be reached regarding the relationship between trade, growth, and the environment in either the existing theoretical models or previous empirical analyses. By using a Sino-Korean case study, we expect this work to contribute to the theoretical and empirical knowledge of the relationship between trade, growth and the environment. In this paper, four types of simulation are executed by applying a Sino-Korea CGE model. The results reveal that an increasing volume of bilateral trade boosts the real GDP at a decreasing rate. Different degrees in the volume of increase of bilateral trade produce welfare gains for Chinese households, i.e. more household spending. Welfare increases at a decreasing rate when the degree of bilateral trade growth increases less stringently, while in Korea there are welfare losses （less household consumption） when the bilateral trade target becomes increasingly stringent. Moreover, the investment gains in the economy tend to rise more sharply as the degree of bilateral trade growth increases less stringently in China. The investment tends to decrease at a proportional rate when the target bilateral trade volume becomes more stringent and the changes in the gross investment become more significant in Korea. In addition, the aggregate production shows a tendency to increase at a proportional rate with a more stringent target bilateral trade volume and when there are considerable changes in gross production. Furthermore, the impact of most production sectors can benefit China, but have a negative impact on Korea. Meantime, the simulations highlight that import growth increases carbon emissions at a decreasing rate, and export growth increases carbon emissions. According to our policy findings, policy makers should be advised to consider the third trade policy （Scenario c）, which maintains a reasonable economic growth but at the expense of investment and welfare.

中国产业部门如何走出“气候赌场”——基于CGE模型的隐含碳定价机制探析

基于CGE模型和SDA方法分析模拟了8种碳定价机制对宏观经济、减排目标和驱动因素的影响程度。结果表明:由于碳税和碳交易的价格形成过程不同,开征碳税对中国宏观经济的冲击更大,需要制定配套的税收返还措施,以有效弥补部分社会福利损失;价格-数量混合型碳定价机制对产业关联性较强部门如“交通运输设备制造业”“建筑业”和“化石能源”等部门的降碳效果更为显著;碳排放强度效应和中间投入结构效应是促进碳减排的主要驱动因素,且不同驱动因素对不同产业部门的作用程度存在显著差异。应坚持“政府+市场”双轮驱动,着力构建碳税与碳交易协同互补的碳定价机制,助力中国如期实现“碳达峰、碳中和”目标。

政府性融资担保对普惠金融发展的影响研究——基于CGE模型的实证检验

本文构建了一个包含融资担保与普惠金融模块的可计算一般均衡(CGE)模型,从微观企业、中观产业、宏观经济三个层面阐述政府性融资担保对普惠金融发展的影响。研究发现,微观层面,政府性融资担保政策显著提升了中小企业的信用扩张程度;中观层面,对于从事农林牧渔业、制造业、建筑业、信息传输、软件和信息服务业等风险较高且回报周期较长行业的中小企业而言,政府性融资担保政策对其产出增长具有显著的促进效果;宏观层面,政府性融资担保政策在提振经济增长、控制通胀风险、拉动投资和创造就业方面呈现出均衡的有效性。因此,推动政府性融资担保可持续发展,强化其对普惠金融的促进作用尤为重要。在此基础上,本文根据现存问题提出相关对策建议,以期为我国政府性融资担保行业高质量发展提供借鉴。

基于CGE模型的能源税政策影响分析

在能源—环境—经济(3E)研究领域中,CGE模型得到了广泛的应用。本文通过一个10部门静态可计算一般均衡(CGE)模型定量分析中国实施能源税对经济、能源、环境以及各生产部门的影响。模型以2002年为基准年,研究设定5个情景,包括一个基准情景和四个能源税征收情景。模型模拟分析表明,征收能源税对国民经济总量增长有轻微影响;与此同时,能源税政策有利于减少能源需求量,降低能源强度,减少煤炭在能源合成品中的份额,对能源结构的改善有一定作用,并可促进产业结构的调整,有利于减少二氧化碳和二氧化硫的排放量,改善环境质量。在实施的过程中,可以采用渐进提高税率,并在征收能源税的同时,降低所得税(用能源税收入替代其它税种的收入)以及减免行政性收费等方式,实现税制的绿化,且可避免对国民经济和居民生活产生明显冲击。

水资源经济政策CGE模型及在北京市的应用

水资源经济政策的研究对于解决突出的水问题具有重要意义,本文采用2002年北京市投入产出表和有关的水资源公报等数据,通过单列水行业和废污水行业建立了基于一般均衡理论的水资源经济CGE(Computable General Equilibrium)模型和相应的42×53多部门水资源投入产出表,利用GEMPACK软件包,对北京市水资源经济政策进行了模拟和分析。模拟显示,当水价增加10%时,行业产出和销售量变化呈现不同的特点和变动趋势;当水量增加10%时,造成行业产出的变化和销售量的变动也值得深虑。该成果可为制定和实施水资源政策提供决策参考及模拟平台。

基于CGE模型的我国能源-环境-经济系统分析

利用一般均衡(CGE)模型分析能源与环境问题时,能源部门的合理划分与相对准确的基准情景预测是非常重要的.通过RAS法(双比列平衡法)实现对能源部门的合理细分,并对模型结构和外生参数合理设置的基础上,构建动态CGE模型对我国2007年—2030年经济增长,能源消费与碳排放的发展趋势与变化特征进行了相对准确的预测分析.研究结果表明,在模拟期内我国经济保持相对比较高的增长率,但增长速度逐渐放缓.能源强度和碳排放强度不断降低,能源消费结构和产业结构逐渐得到优化,但随着经济增长,能源消耗总量和CO_2排放总量也逐渐增加.

应用CGE模型量化分析中国实施能源环境税政策的可行性

应用一个可计算一般均衡(CGE)模型对中国若干工业行业按照差别税率对所投入的煤炭和油气产品征收从价能源环境税的情况进行了量化模拟,预测了该项政策在中国实施的可行性;并在量化模拟和分析之后得出如下结论:即征收能源环境税有助于促进工业部门,尤其是能源密集型行业,节能、降耗、改善能源消费结构和削减SO2 和CO2 污染排放,但该项政策的实施并不能够从根本上促进能源利用效率的提高,反而易对宏观经济造成负面影响。

中国经济受CO_2减排率影响的不确定性CGE模拟分析

以 State- contingent模型为基础 ,结合中国具体情况 ,采用不确定性参数 ,对中国合理的 CO2 减排率制定问题进行了模拟分析。结果表明 ,中国完全可以完成本世纪中叶的 CO2 减排任务 ,根据中国国情可以采用减排率为 0 %的政策方案。另一方面在 CO2 减排率的制定中 ,可以进行定期调整减排量的方案。

考虑能源、环境影响的住宅建筑节能CGE模型构建

中国承诺将于2030年左右使单位国内生产总值二氧化碳排放比2005年下降60%—65%,排放总量达到峰值并争取尽早实现。我国目前的碳排放主要来自工业、交通运输业和建筑业,其中建筑业碳排放约40%,所占比重最大,而高达550亿m2的存量住宅能耗和排放是建筑业碳排放的主力。住宅建筑节能是关系到我国建筑业节能减排目标能否顺利实现的重要因素,是我国节能减排工作的重要领域。构建一个可用于衡量住宅建筑节能对资源环境及经济发展影响的可计算模型是推动住宅建筑节能工作的重要基础。本文尝试以CGE标准模型为基础,依次对住宅建筑生产模块、污染排放模块、节能住宅建筑模块、动态模块和环境福利模块进行详细构建说明。在四方面对标准模型进行扩展:第一,将生产要素扩展为资本、劳动和能源要素束,能源要素束被深化分解为清洁能源与非清洁能源束,然后再予深化细化;第二,依据差异的贸易伙伴将进出口细化为差异的国家和地区;第三,将建筑污染排放作为一个特殊部门,建立建筑污染排放模块,纳入到CGE模型中,并将污染要素纳入到效应函数中;第四,依据资本增长模型,建立动态模块。通过将住宅建筑节能作为变量扩展到标准CGE模型的方法,构建了住宅建筑节能CGE扩展模型。借助该扩展模型,可以研究非节能建筑约束、外部节能建筑与经济增长之间的内在关系,进而破解非节能建筑约束、外部节能建筑与住宅建筑节能快速发展之间难以协调的矛盾。在本文研究成果的基础上,可进一步建立相应的社会核算矩阵(SAM),并对各种函数的参数估计和敏感性检验进行实证分析。

基于多区域CGE模型的水污染间接经济损失评估——以长江三角洲流域为例

通过构建长江三角洲流域多区域CGE模型,模拟了2011年水污染对长江三角洲流域内部地区(上海、流域内浙江、流域内江苏)造成的间接经济损失.并且构建间接影响系数来反映流域内不同区域和行业受水污染的间接波及程度.研究结果表明:水污染对流域内区域的经济影响差异明显,从GDP绝对值减少量来看,上海GDP损失最大(161.3亿元),但从GDP百分比变化来看,流域内浙江损失更为显著(2.84%);上海经济对长江三角洲流域水污染最为敏感,其间接经济损失将是其直接经济损失的3.5倍左右,而流域内江苏、流域内浙江仅为0.92倍和1.98倍.

环境CGE模型中生产函数的计量经济估算与选择

对几种常用生产函数的性质进行了比较 ,结合环境CGE模型的应用目标 ,选择CES生产函数作为环境CGE模型中供给部分的理论生产函数 .进一步通过计量经济估算法 ,根据 1980— 1996年中国工业总量数据对理论上的 3种三要素二级嵌套CES生产函数进行了模拟 ,得到相应的参数值 ,通过对估算结果的比较分析 ,对环境CGE模型中可行的生产函数形式进行了筛选 .