Preparation and Initial Application of a Monoclonal Antibody Specific for a Newly Discovered Conserved Linear Epitope of Rabies Virus Nucleoprotein

Objective To prepare monoclonal antibodies against a newly discovered and conserved linear epitope of Rabies virus nucleoprotein and to use them in a rabies diagnostic test. Methods Synthetic peptide containing the epitope was used as immunogen to prepare hybridoma cell lines by classical hybridoma technology. Anti-peptide monoclonal antibodies produced in ascites of inoculated Balb/c mice were labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate （FITC） after purification and used in fluorescent antibody test （FAT）. Results Two positive hybridoma cell lines, RVNP-mAbl-CL and RVNP-mAb2-CL, were obtained. RVNP- mAbl-CL produced a higher concentration of monoclonal antibody RVNP-mAbl in Balb/c ascites. FITC-labeled RVNP-mAbl showed correct results on certain Rabies virus-positive canine brain tissue samples and cells of a small subclone of baby hamster kidney 21 cell line （BSR）. Conclusion FITC-labeled RVNP-mAbl has potential application for laboratory diagnosis of rabies

Preparation and Identification of Specific Monoclonal Antibody against Porcine Circovirus Type 2

BALB/c mice were immunized using synthetic tandem polypeptide of Cap protein epitope of porcine circovirus type 2 （PCV2） as the antigen. By using lym-phocyte hybridoma technique, a hybridoma cellline stably secreting monoclonal an-tibody against PCV2-rCap protein was successful y obtained and named as 670#. The ascites titer of the obtained monoclonal antibody was 1∶100 000. Western blot results showed that the monoclonal antibody could react with prokaryotical y ex-pressed PET32a-ORF2 recombinant protein, eukaryotical y expressed ORF1-ORF2 tandem protein and PCV2 whole virus celllysate. Indirect EILSA demonstrated that the monoclonal antibody could bind with ORF1-ORF2 tandem protein. Indirect im-munofluorescence assay （IFA） indicated that the monoclonal antibody could identify native PCV2 virus. The preparation of this monoclonal antibody provided technical tools for epitope analysis and molecular diagnosis of PCV2 virus.

Identification of the Epitopes of Monoclonal Antibodies against P74 of Helicoverpa armigera Nucleopolyhedrovirus

P74 is a per os infectivity factor of baculovirus.Here,we report the production of three monoclonal antibodies (mAbs),denoted as 20D9,20F9 and 21E1,raised against P74 of Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus (HearNPV),and the identification of their recognition epitopes.The full-length P74,without the transmembrane domains at the C-terminus,was first divided into three segments (N,M and C,respectively),based on the proposed cleavage model for the protein,which were then expressed individually.Western blot analyses revealed specific cross-reactions with the N fragment,for both 20D9 and 21E1.Extensive truncation,followed by prokaryotic expression,of the P74 N fragment was then performed in order to screen for linear epitopes of P74.The recognition regions of 20D9 and 21E1 were revealed to be localized at R144-T153 and T199-C219,respectively.In addition,immunofluorescence microscopy indicated that 20D9 and 20F9 could recognize native P74 in HearNPV-infected cells.These findings will facilitate further investigations of the proteolytic processing of HearNPV P74,and of its involvement in virus-host interactions.

A novel monoclonal antibody,CC4,targeting a conserved epitope of CEACAMs significantly inhibits tumor growth of colorectal cancer

Belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily of cell adhesion molecules, carcinoembryonic antigen related cell adhesion molecules (CEACAMs) have been found associated

Analysis of BAC_5 mcAb-Related Epitope Using Random Peptide library

Objective To identify epitope relating to BAC 5 mcAb, a kind of monoclonal antibody (mcAb) located on the surface of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells. Methods Using BAC 5 mcAb as a selected target, the 3 rounds of biopanning to a 12 mer random peptide library (RPL) presented by M13 phages were carried out. The positive M13 phage clones were chosen and confirmed with sandwich ELISA for antibody capture and competitive assay. The exogenous DNA fragments in the positive/negative M13 phages were sequenced to deduce and compare the order of the amino acids of exogenous peptides among the phage clones. Results 77% (35/45) of the phages eluted from the 3rd round of biopnning could be captured by BAC 5 mcAb. The 3 kinds of the peptides were displayed by M13 phages from the 8 positive clones identified with competitive assay. The same character of '-P-V-'structure existed near N-terminus of the 3 different peptides, i.e. -H-Q-S-H-Y-P-Y-P-V-V-S-L- (4/8) -Q-N-Q-A-W-F-S-Q-P-V-R-M- (3/8) and T-Q-A-Y-K-G-F-P-V-L-P-S- (1/8) in comparison with the peptide ' -N-H-Q-S-T-F-W-Q-K-W-T-A-' displayed by M13 phages from the negative clones (6/6). Conclusion BAC 5 mcAb can recognize the 3 kinds of the peptides with-P-V-structure near N-terminus. These peptides mimic the structure of the epitope on the surface of NPC cells recognized by BAC 5 mcAb.

降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)抗体治疗偏头痛

降钙素基因相关肽( Calcitonin gene-related peptide,CGRP)是参与偏头痛发病机制的一种重要的神经肽,具有扩血管的作用。针对CGRP 的治疗在临床试验中获得了显著的效果,而且不引起血管收缩,对心血管疾病患者相对安全。最早合成的药物是小分子量CGRP 受体拮抗剂,主要用于偏头痛急性期的治疗,但因肝脏毒性使其研发过程屡屡受挫,目前尚无该类药物获得上市批准。随后出现的CGRP 单克隆抗体在预防治疗发作性偏头痛和慢性偏头痛的临床试验中显示出充分的疗效和安全性,目前已经有3 个单克隆抗体获得上市批准。本文主要对CGRP 与偏头痛的关系以及CGRP 单克隆抗体治疗偏头痛进行综述。

A protective human antibody against respiratory syncytial virus by targeting a prefusion epitope across sites IV and V of the viral fusion glycoprotein

Respiratory syncytial virus(RSV)is one of the leading pathogens that cause lower respiratory tract infections in infants and the elderly.Passive immunoprophylaxis with monoclonal antibody(mAb)has been approved to prevent morbidity and mortality from RSV infection in infants.Here we report the isolation of two neutralizing mAbs against RSV from convalescent children by prefusion form of fusion(F)glycoprotein as bait.One mAb RV11 exhibited good potency in neutralization of RSV strains from both A and B subtypes in cell-based assay,and protected mice from RSV infection in vivo.An RV11 escape mutant was identified,which contains an S443P mutation in F protein.Crystal structure showed the RV11 bound to a conserved prefusion epitope across the antigenic sites IV and V of the F glycoprotein.RV11 showed a strong synergistic effect when combined with two RSV antivirals,an F-targeting small molecular inhibitor ziresovir and a siteØneutralizing mAb D25(the parental mAb for nirsevimab).The study extended our knowledge to the neutralizing and protective epitopes of RSV,and the mAb RV11 deserves further development for clinical translation.

Exact Location of Linear B-cell Epitopes of VP3 Protein of Goose Parvovirus

Four monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against Goose Parvovirus (GPV) VP3 protein already available were used to precisely locate linear B-cell epitopes in VP3 of GPV. The epitopes, recognized by four MAbs, had already been identified at low levels of resolution. Complementary oligonucleotides encoding ten amino acid fragments, with five amino acid overlaps were designed with suitable sticky ends for recombination with pET-32a and subsequent expression as small-fragment fusion proteins. Antigenicity of specific oligopeptides was determined by Western blotting with the MAbs. Using the same methods, amino acids were deleted one by one from the peptides of interest, enabling the two epitopes to be precisely located at amino acids 430-435 (-DRIMNP-) and 643-647 (-VFIKN-).

Predefined GPGRAFY-Epitope-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies with Different Activities for Recognizing Native HIV-1 gp120

A seven-amino acid epitope GPGRAFY at the tip of the V3 loop in HIV-1 gp120 is the principal neutralizing epitope, and a subset of anti-V3 antibodies specific for this epitope shows a broad range of neu-tralizing activity. GPGRAFY-epitope-specific neutralizing antibodies were produced using predefined GPGRAFY-epitope-specific peptides instead of a natural or recombinant gp120 bearing this epitope. All six monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) could recognize the GPGRAFY-epitope on peptides and two of the antibod-ies, 9D8 and 2D7, could recognize recombinant gp120 in enzymelinked immunosorkentassy (ELISA) as-says. In the flow cytometry analysis, the mAbs 9D8 and 2D7 could bind to HIV-Env+ CHO-WT cells and the specific bindings could be inhibited by the GPGRAFY-epitope peptide, which suggests that these two mAbs could recognize the native envelope protein gp120 expressed on the cell membrane. However, in syncytium assays, none of the mAbs was capable of inhibiting HIV-Env-mediated cell membrane fusion. The different activities for recognizing native HIV-1 gp120 might be associated with different antibody affinities against the epitopes. The development of conformational mimics of the neutralization epitope in the gp120 V3 loop could elicit neutralizing mAbs with high affinity.

Monoclonal Antibodies Against Human Brain Acetylcholinesterase and Properties of Epitopes Directed by the Antibodies

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC, 3, 1, 1, 7,) is distributed in human nervous system, and also in non-nervous systems such as erythrocytes and serum. It is a kind of secretory as well as membrane-combining protein. The subcellular fractions of some kinds of cells contain AChE as well. It is known that the AChE activity decreased

Monoclonal antibody, a novel probe for protein folding

Two monoclonal antibodies (McAb2C9, McAb1E5) against Staphylococcal nuclease R (SNase R) and its N terminal peptide fragments were prepared, purified and characterized. Further studies show that the intact enzyme SNase R and its seven N terminal peptide fragments differ in their interaction with McAb2C9. SNase R, SNR121, SNR102, SNR79 and SNR52 can bind to McAb2C9 readily, while fragments of SNR141, SNR135, SNR110 react with the antibody poorly. If this difference is due to diverse extent of exposure of the specific epitope in the fragments, it is suggested that the conformation of the peptide is subjected to continuous adjustments through chain elongation until the biologically active protein is formed. This result supports Tsou’s hypothesis of nascent peptide folding experimentally.

Antigen changes of monoclonal antibody MSH27 in process of post-testicular maturation (in mice)

An anti-mouse spermatozoon monoclonal antibody, MSH27, as well as its purified antigen, can block sperm-egg membrane fusion. As a candidate protein for sperm-egg membrane fusion, the sperm antigen was investigated in the process of post-testicular maturation (PTM). The molecule was produced in testes and located on the plasma membrane of the postacrosomal area of the spermatozoon. However, the epitope recognized by the MSH27 (MSH27Ep) was not exposed until the occurrence of the acrosome reaction. In the process of fertilization, spermatozoa must complete the acrosome reaction before penetrating across the zona pellucidas (ZPs) to approach the plasma membrane of eggs. The effects of the acrosome reaction and penetration of the ZP on the exposure of the MSH27Ep were also studied. It was shown that the percentage of the spermatozoa with the MSH27Ep exposed increased followed with their mature status in PTM. In fact, it had a linear correlativity with the rate of the acrosome reaction. After spermatozoa had passed ZPs, almost all of them became the MSH27-positive in immuno-staining compared with only a part of the spermatozoa after the acrosome reaction. In a word, the exposure of MSH27Ep was coincident with attaining the ability to penetrate the plasma membrane of eggs.

Characterization of Antibody Responses Against the 2F5 Epitope ELDKWA Using HIV-1 Env-Mediated Membrane Fusion and Neutralization Assays

The epitope ELDKWA, which is located in the membrane-proximal external region （MPER） of HIV-1 gp41, is an important neutralizing epitope. The human monoclonal antibody （mAb） 2F5 against this epitope shows broad neutralizing activity toward many HIV strains. However, several reports have shown that the epitope-specific mAbs induced by peptides containing MPER did not exhibit the same neutralizing activities as human mAb 2F5. In this study, four ELDKWA epitope specific mAbs （9E7, 7E10, 6B5, and 2B4） induced by immunization with the ELDKWA epitope in varied molecular contexts, all showed inhibitory activi- ties with different potencies in HIV-1 Env-mediated membrane fusion assays and pseudovirus neutralization assays. This result indicates that though these antibodies recognize the epitope ELDKWA, their characteri- zations differ from that of neutralizing antibodies, implying that the neutralizing mAbs can be induced but also need to be screened, and the protective ability of a related vaccine antigen depends on the concentra- tion of the neutralizing mAbs in the induced polyclonal antibodies.

The Leu477 and Leu613 of ORF2-Encoded Protein Are Critical in Forming Neutralization Antigenic Epitope of Hepatitis E Virus Genotype 4

Hepatitis E virus （HEV） genotype 4 was originally identified in China. Its neutralization antigenic epitopes have not been characterized. Recently, we identified a neutralizing monoclonal antibody （mAb） IG10, which was generated following immunization of mice with p166Chn, a recombinant protein comprising 464-629 amino acids （aa） of the HEV genotype 4 capsid protein. In this study, a panel of 22 N- and/or C-terminal truncated and 6 site-directed mutated p166Chn proteins were prepared. Only those N- or C-terminal truncated proteins containing the region 477-613 aa could react with the mAb 1G10, suggesting the neutralization epitope of HEV genotype 4 is located between aa477 and aa613. However, a both N- and C-terminal truncated protein, pN477-C613, neither reacted to 1G10 nor elicited neutralizing antibodies in mice, while another both terminal truncated protein, pN472-C617, did, suggesting the flanking regions of the pN477-C613 could help to stabilize and allow presentation of the neutralization epitope to the immune system. Substituting Leu477 and/or Leu613 with the polar, uncharged threonine （Thr） caused 〉 50% reduction of the mutants＇ immunoreactivity to IG10, whereas replacement by hydrophobic phenylalanine （Phe） made little impact on the immunoreactivity, revealing functional associations between hydrophobicity of aa at positions 477 and 613 and the antigenicity of p166Chn. These data suggested Leu477 and Leu613 are critical in forming the neutralization epitope of HEV genotype 4. Cellular ＆ Molecular Immunology. 2008;5（6）：447-456.

狂犬病暴露后预防性单克隆抗体药物研究进展

简要介绍狂犬病的流行现状、发病机制、狂犬病病毒G蛋白中和抗原位点及其单克隆抗体的中和机制。重点介绍目前全球已上市或处于研发阶段的多种狂犬病病毒单克隆抗体药物的筛选发现技术、识别位点、作用方式以及体内外病毒中和效果,分析上述单克隆抗体在目前狂犬病暴露后治疗的应用推广中存在的问题,并针对当前狂犬病免疫球蛋白存在的血源供应、中和效价、质量控制及潜在病毒感染等问题,指出狂犬病病毒单克隆抗体研发的重要性,尤其是抗体的中和效价和中和广度,进而提出针对狂犬病病毒遗传谱系Ⅱ/Ⅲ的全人源单克隆抗体开发,以及针对G蛋白多个抗原位点的单克隆抗体鸡尾酒(mAb cocktail)疗法是当前在狂犬病暴露后预防性单克隆抗体药物研发中亟待解决的问题。

猪细小病毒4型单克隆抗体制备及抗原表位鉴定

为了制备猪细小病毒(PPV)4型Cap蛋白单克隆抗体(mAb)并鉴定其抗原表位,试验采用原核表达的Cap重组蛋白免疫BALB/c小鼠,将其脾细胞与SP2/0细胞进行融合,通过酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)、血凝抑制(HI)和免疫过氧化物酶单层细胞试验(IPMA)筛选阳性克隆,最终获得2E7、4D6和5C9这3株特异性杂交瘤细胞株;然后用mAb对Cap蛋白多肽进行ELISA检测,鉴定分析其抗原表位。结果显示:4D6和5C9 mAb识别表位为线性表位,分别为387RRQDN^(391)和578QRKE^(581),而2E7 mAb识别的表位为构象表位;通过对Cap蛋白3D结构定位分析,387RRQDN^(391)和578QRKE^(581)抗原表位位于蛋白表面,且在PPV4亚型中高度保守,而与猪瘟病毒(CSFV)、猪伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)、猪圆环病毒2型(PCV-2)、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)、猪乙型脑炎病毒(JEV)和猪博卡病毒(PBoV)基因序列同源性低。本研究为PPV4诊断试剂的开发和新型疫苗的研制提供了参考。

Differential reactivity of mouse monoclonal anti-HBs antibodies with recombinant mutant HBs antigens

AIM: To investigate the reactivity of a panel of 8 mouse anti-hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) using a collection of 9 recombinant HBsAg mutants with a variety of amino acid substitutions mostly located within the “a” region.METHODS: The entire HBs genes previously cloned into a mammalian expression vector were transiently transfected into COS7 cells. Two standard unmutated sequences of the ayw and adw subtypes served as controls. Secreted mutant proteins were collected and measured by three commercial diagnostic immunoassays to assess transfection efficiency. Reactivity of anti-HBs mAbs with mutated HBsAgs was determined by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).RESULTS: Reactivity of anti-HBs mAbs with mutated HBsAgs revealed different patterns. While three mutants reacted strongly with all mAbs, two mutants reacted weakly with only two mAbs and the remaining proteins displayed variable degrees of reactivity towards different mAbs. Accordingly, four groups of mAbs with different but overlapping reactivity patterns could be envisaged. One group consisting of two mAbs (37C5-S7 and 35C6-S11) was found to recognize stable linear epitopes conserved in all mutants. Mutations outside the “a” determinant at positions 120 (P→S), 123(T→N) and 161(M→T) were found to affect reactivity of these mAbs.CONCLUSION: Our findings could have important implications for biophysical studies, vaccination strategies and immunotherapy of hepatitis B virus (HBV) mutants.

偏头痛新药靶向降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)单抗药物的非临床评价要点

偏头痛是一种常见的神经系统疾病,以单侧搏动性头痛为主要特征。降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)在偏头痛的发病机制中发挥重要作用,并由此开发了用于偏头痛的CGRP拮抗药物,近期有3个以CGRP单抗或CGRP受体的单抗药物Aimovig■、Ajovy■和Emgality■被FDA批准上市。概述了这3个单抗新药的非临床研究内容,并结合ICHS6 (R1)分析了生物制品类新药非临床研究的要点,以期为国内该类药物的研发提供参考。

2.1亚型猪瘟病毒流行株E2蛋白单克隆抗体的制备及其抗原表位的鉴定

为获得仅与我国基因2.1亚型猪瘟病毒(CSFV)流行株反应的单克隆抗体(MAb),并揭示疫苗株与流行株E2蛋白抗原氨基酸的差异,本研究利用基因2.1亚型重组质粒p FastBac1-JL23 E2通过杆状病毒表达重组E2蛋白(rE2),并采用Ni柱纯化后经SDS-PAGE检测r E2的表达及纯化效果;采用western blot鉴定r E2的反应原性。SDS-PAGE及western blot结果表明经杆状病毒表达了基因2.1亚型CSFV E2蛋白,且其纯化效果和反应原性均较好。采用杂交瘤技术制备2.1基因亚型CSFV E2蛋白的单克隆抗体(MAb),采用亲和层析法纯化该MAb,采用BCA法测定其浓度及亚类。将79株1.1、2.1、2.2和2.3基因亚型的CSFV及1.1基因亚型的HCLV株和SM株感染PK-15细胞,72 h后采用IFA检测MAb与不同基因型CSFV的反应性;采用western blot鉴定MAb与10个基因亚型共18种CSFV代表株E2蛋白的反应性。采用IFA鉴定MAb与不同基因型CSFV的中和活性。结果显示,经IFA筛选后共获得16株分泌E2蛋白MAb的杂交瘤细胞株。其中仅一株MAb TCH061与所有2.1基因亚型(2.1a、2.1b、2.1c、2.1g、2.1h、2.1i、2.1j、2.1k、2.1l、2.1m、2.1n)CSFV感染的细胞反应后出现绿色荧光,与基因1.1亚型HCLV疫苗株和SM株以及其他基因型CSFV感染的细胞反应后均无绿色荧光;western blot结果显示,该MAb能够识别2.1基因亚型CSFV E2蛋白(2.1a、2.1b、2.1c、2.1g、2.1h、2.1i、2.1j),在90 ku处出现特异性条带,而与其他基因型CSFV E2蛋白均不反应。表明TCH061为2.1基因亚型CSFV E2蛋白特异性的MAb。MAb的纯化结果显示,在50 ku和25 ku处有明显条带,其浓度为1.70μg/μL且该MAb TCH061重链为Ig G2a,轻链为κ链。中和活性结果显示,TCH061对JL^(23)株(2.1b)、GDLF1株(2.1c)有一定的中和活性,但不能中和C株。分别以GD53株E^(24)个不同区域的截短蛋白为抗原通过western blot初步确定MAb识别抗原表位的区域。利用CLC Sequence Viewer比对与MAb反应的CSFV E2蛋白氨基酸序列的差异,通过SWISS-MODEL预测MAb抗原表位的关键氨基酸位点。利用杆状病毒表达CSFV JL^(23)株各位点突变后的E2蛋白,采用western blot鉴定各突变的E2蛋白与MAb TCH061的反应性。Western blot结果显示,TCH061的抗原表位位于E2蛋白的aa1~aa90,且其识别CSFV E2蛋白P^(20)不识别L^(20)的CSFV。通过SWISS-MODEL预测E2蛋白氨基酸序列的I18、G^(19)、P^(20)、L^(21)、G^(22)、A^(23)和E^(24)在空间上比较接近;MAb TCH061与JL^(23)株I18M突变的E2蛋白反应,与G^(19)K、P^(20)L和L^(21)P突变的E2蛋白均不反应,与G^(22)K突变的E2蛋白反应性较弱,与HCLV E2蛋白不反应,但与HCLV L^(20)P突变的E2蛋白反应。证实TCH061的抗原表位为^(19)GPLG^(22),经Py MOL结构模拟确定其为空间构象表位;且除了aa^(20),其他位点在各基因型CSFV中均非常保守,表明P^(20)是2.1基因亚型CSFV流行株E2蛋白抗原表位的关键氨基酸。综上所述,本研究首次获得一株区别于CSFV疫苗株和2.1基因亚型CSFV流行株的MAb TCH061,揭示了疫苗株与流行株E2蛋白氨基酸位点的差异,为研发猪瘟疫苗和CSFV流行株感染的血清学鉴别检测方法的建立提供了重要的MAb资源。

口蹄疫病毒Asia1型猪源中和抗体的筛选与抗原表位鉴定

Asia1型口蹄疫病毒(FMDV)仍然在我国周边国家存在,对我国畜牧业造成长期威胁。本研究旨在利用单个B细胞抗体技术研制Asia1型FMDV的中和性单克隆抗体,以此为工具,鉴定Asia1型FMDV的保护性抗原位点。以FMDV Asia1/JS/05为诱饵抗原,通过流式细胞术分选免疫猪PBMCs中的抗原特异性B细胞,通过巢式PCR扩增单个B细胞IgG抗体重链与轻链可变区基因序列,分别构建IgG抗体重链与轻链表达质粒,将其共转染CHO-S细胞进行抗体表达;通过间接ELISA、间接免疫荧光试验(IFA)、病毒中和试验(VNT)验证抗体反应性和中和活性,利用免疫印迹、中和抗体逃逸突变株筛选鉴定中和抗体所识别的抗原表位类型和抗原表位关键氨基酸。结果显示:获得了5株反应性良好的Asia1型FMDV特异性抗体,其中PD3和PD7为中和抗体,两株中和抗体识别相同表位,关键氨基酸为VP2蛋白72位残基(D)。本研究首次获得Asia1型FMDV特异性猪源中和抗体,鉴定VP272D是中和表位的关键氨基酸,进一步丰富了Asia1型FMDV抗原位点信息,为FMDV Asia1型分子疫苗和新诊断检测技术研究的奠定了基础。