Sooty moulds are a remarkable,but poorly understood group of fungi.They coat fruits and leaves superficially with black mycelia,which reduces photosynthesis rates of host plants.Few researchers have,however,tried to q...Sooty moulds are a remarkable,but poorly understood group of fungi.They coat fruits and leaves superficially with black mycelia,which reduces photosynthesis rates of host plants.Few researchers have,however,tried to quantify their economic importance.Sooty moulds have been well-studied at the morphological level,but they are poorly represented in a natural classification based on phylogeny.Representatives are presently known in Antennulariellaceae,Capnodiaceae,Chaetothyriaceae,Coccodiniaceae,Euantennariaceae,Metacapnodiaceae and Trichomeriaceae and several miscellaneous genera.However,molecular data is available for only five families.Most sooty mould colonies comprise numerous species and thus it is hard to confirm relationships between genera or sexual and asexual states.Future studies need to obtain single spore isolates of species to test their phylogenetic affinities and linkages between morphs.Next generation sequencing has shown sooty mould colonies to contain many more fungal species than expected,but it is not clear which species are dominant or active in the communities.They are more common in tropical,subtropical and warm temperate regions and thus their prevalence in temperate regions is likely to increase with global warming.Sooty moulds are rarely parasitized by fungicolous taxa and these may have biocontrol potential.They apparently grow in extreme environments and may be xerophilic.This needs testing as xerophilic taxa may be of interest for industrial applications.Sooty moulds grow on sugars and appear to out-compete typical“weed”fungi and bacteria.They may produce antibiotics for this purpose and their biochemical potential for obtaining novel bioactive compounds for medical application is underexplored.展开更多
Cyphellophora is a genus of black yeast-like fungi characterised by having simple phialides with multiseptate,curved conidia.Judging from SSU and LSU data,Cyphellophora was found to be located in a well-supported clad...Cyphellophora is a genus of black yeast-like fungi characterised by having simple phialides with multiseptate,curved conidia.Judging from SSU and LSU data,Cyphellophora was found to be located in a well-supported clade within the Chaetothyriales comprising a number of species occurring on human skin and nail.Cyphellophora is phylogenetically close to Phialophora europaea,P.reptans and P.oxyspora,though morphologically these species produce singlecelled phialoconidia rather than multiseptate ones.Pseudomicrodochium suttonii and P.fusarioides have dark colonies and phylogenetically fit in with Cyphellophora;the type species of Pseudomicrodochium,P.aciculare,has similar,septate conidia but has a hyaline thallus.In the present study,multilocus phylogenetic analyses were combined with morphology and physiology.Sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region,the DNA dependent RNA polymerase II largest subunit and the partial beta tubulin gene were analysed for a set of 30 strains.Two novel species,Cyphellophora pauciseptata and Phialophora ambigua were discovered.Cyphellophora eucalypti was reduced to synonymy of C.guyanensis.The role of the studied fungi between colonization and infection of human skin was discussed.Putative virulence factors for these black yeast-like fungi were hypothesized to be the ability to assimilate monoaromatic hydrocarbons,to produce melanin pigments,and to tolerate the temperature of epidermal human skin.展开更多
Ants in the tribe Attini(Hymenoptera,Formicidae)maintain a 50 million-year-old lifestyle of co-evolution with symbiotic basidiomycetous fungi which they cultivate as essential source of nutrition.However,other microor...Ants in the tribe Attini(Hymenoptera,Formicidae)maintain a 50 million-year-old lifestyle of co-evolution with symbiotic basidiomycetous fungi which they cultivate as essential source of nutrition.However,other microorganisms have been reported from ant habitats indicating a higher diversity of consistently associated species than established to date.Recently,black yeast-like fungi have been reported as a possible symbiont,like a competitor of the actinomycete bacteria that grow in the integument of the insects.During the mating season,gynes of Atta capiguara and A.laevigata were collected from nests located in Botucatu,SP,Brazil and sampled using flotation technique.Phylogenetic analysis based on ITS,partial 28S(LSU)andβ-tubulin sequences revealed the occurrence of two novel species of Phialophora among the melanized fungi isolated.展开更多
基金This work was carried out using a grant to the first author by the Office of the Higher Education Commission of Thailand.
文摘Sooty moulds are a remarkable,but poorly understood group of fungi.They coat fruits and leaves superficially with black mycelia,which reduces photosynthesis rates of host plants.Few researchers have,however,tried to quantify their economic importance.Sooty moulds have been well-studied at the morphological level,but they are poorly represented in a natural classification based on phylogeny.Representatives are presently known in Antennulariellaceae,Capnodiaceae,Chaetothyriaceae,Coccodiniaceae,Euantennariaceae,Metacapnodiaceae and Trichomeriaceae and several miscellaneous genera.However,molecular data is available for only five families.Most sooty mould colonies comprise numerous species and thus it is hard to confirm relationships between genera or sexual and asexual states.Future studies need to obtain single spore isolates of species to test their phylogenetic affinities and linkages between morphs.Next generation sequencing has shown sooty mould colonies to contain many more fungal species than expected,but it is not clear which species are dominant or active in the communities.They are more common in tropical,subtropical and warm temperate regions and thus their prevalence in temperate regions is likely to increase with global warming.Sooty moulds are rarely parasitized by fungicolous taxa and these may have biocontrol potential.They apparently grow in extreme environments and may be xerophilic.This needs testing as xerophilic taxa may be of interest for industrial applications.Sooty moulds grow on sugars and appear to out-compete typical“weed”fungi and bacteria.They may produce antibiotics for this purpose and their biochemical potential for obtaining novel bioactive compounds for medical application is underexplored.
基金This work was supported by the project 11CPD009 of the china desk of the Netherlands Academy of Sciences.
文摘Cyphellophora is a genus of black yeast-like fungi characterised by having simple phialides with multiseptate,curved conidia.Judging from SSU and LSU data,Cyphellophora was found to be located in a well-supported clade within the Chaetothyriales comprising a number of species occurring on human skin and nail.Cyphellophora is phylogenetically close to Phialophora europaea,P.reptans and P.oxyspora,though morphologically these species produce singlecelled phialoconidia rather than multiseptate ones.Pseudomicrodochium suttonii and P.fusarioides have dark colonies and phylogenetically fit in with Cyphellophora;the type species of Pseudomicrodochium,P.aciculare,has similar,septate conidia but has a hyaline thallus.In the present study,multilocus phylogenetic analyses were combined with morphology and physiology.Sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region,the DNA dependent RNA polymerase II largest subunit and the partial beta tubulin gene were analysed for a set of 30 strains.Two novel species,Cyphellophora pauciseptata and Phialophora ambigua were discovered.Cyphellophora eucalypti was reduced to synonymy of C.guyanensis.The role of the studied fungi between colonization and infection of human skin was discussed.Putative virulence factors for these black yeast-like fungi were hypothesized to be the ability to assimilate monoaromatic hydrocarbons,to produce melanin pigments,and to tolerate the temperature of epidermal human skin.
基金The authors would like to thank D.Smith and G.Omer for technical support with DNA purification,PCR and sequencing.Laboratory work at the CBS was financed by the Royal Dutch Academy of Arts and Science(KNAW)the Fonds voor Economische Stuctuurversterking(FES)with the grant‘Barcoding the CBS collections’.Laboratory work at UNESP was financed by CNPq(proc.305.457/2001-0 and 560.682/2010-7).
文摘Ants in the tribe Attini(Hymenoptera,Formicidae)maintain a 50 million-year-old lifestyle of co-evolution with symbiotic basidiomycetous fungi which they cultivate as essential source of nutrition.However,other microorganisms have been reported from ant habitats indicating a higher diversity of consistently associated species than established to date.Recently,black yeast-like fungi have been reported as a possible symbiont,like a competitor of the actinomycete bacteria that grow in the integument of the insects.During the mating season,gynes of Atta capiguara and A.laevigata were collected from nests located in Botucatu,SP,Brazil and sampled using flotation technique.Phylogenetic analysis based on ITS,partial 28S(LSU)andβ-tubulin sequences revealed the occurrence of two novel species of Phialophora among the melanized fungi isolated.
