Behavior of Siderophile and Chalcophile Elements in the Subcontinental Lithospheric Mantle beneath the Changbaishan Volcano,NE China

The mantle xenoliths in the Quaternary ChangbaishanVolcano in southern Jilin Province contain spinel-facies lherzolites. The equilibration temperatures for these samples range from 902℃ to 1064℃ based on the two-pyroxene thermometer of Brey and Kohler （1990）, and using the oxybarometry of Nell and Wood （1991）, the oxidation state was estimated from FMQ-1.32 to -0.38 with an average value of FMQ-0.81 （n = 8）, which is comparable to that of abyssal peridotites and the asthenospheric mantle. ThefO2 values of peridotites, together with their bulk rock compositions （e.g., Mg#, Al2O3, CaO, Ni, Co, Cr） and mineral compositions （e.g., Mg# of olivine and pyroxene, Cr# [=Cr/ [Cr＋Al]] and Mg# [=Mg/[Mg＋Fe2~] of spinel）, suggest that the present-day subcontinental lithospheric mantle （SCLM） beneath the Changbaishan Volcano most likely formed from an upwelling asthenosphere at some time after the late Mesozoic and has undergone a low degree of partial melting. The studied lherzolite xenoliths show low concentrations of S, Cu, and platinum group elements （PGE）, which plot a flat pattern on primitive-mantle normalized diagram. Very low concentrations in our samples suggest that PGEs occur as alloys or hosted by silicate and oxide minerals. The compositions of the studied samples are similar to those of peridotite xenoliths in the Longgang volcanic field （LVF） in their mineralogy and bulk rock compositions including the abundance of chalcophile and siderophile elements. However, they are distinctly different from those of peridotite xenoliths in other areas of the North China Craton （NCC） in terms of Cu, S and PGE. Our data suggest that the SCLM underlying the northeastern part of the NCC may represent a distinct unit of the newly formed lithospberic mantle.

S-wave velocity structure beneath Changbaishan volcano inferred from receiver function

The S wave velocity structure in Changbaishan volcanic region was obtained from teleseismic receiver function modeling. The results show that there exist distinct low velocity layers in crust in volcano area. Beneath WQD station near to the Tianchi caldera the low velocity layer at 8 km depth is 20 km thick with the lowest S-wave velocity about 2.2 km/s At EDO station located 50 km north of Tianchi caldera, no obvious crustal low velocity layer is detected. In the volcanic region, the thickness of crustal low velocity layer is greater and the lowest velocity is more obvious with the distance shorter to the caldera. It indicates the existence of the high temperature material or magma reservoir in crust near the Tianchi caldera. The receiver functions and inversion result from different back azimuths at CBS permanent seismic station show that the thickness of near surface low velocity layer and Moho depth change with directions. The near surface low velocity layer is obviously thicker in south direction. The Moho depth shows slight uplifting in the direction of the caldera located. We con- sider that the special near surface velocity structure is the main cause of relatively lower prominent frequency of volcanic earthquake waveforms recorded by CBS station. The slight uplifting of Moho beneath Tianchi caldera indicates there is a material exchanging channel between upper mantle and magma reservoir in crust.

Modeling the multi-level plumbing system of the Changbaishan caldera from geochemical, mineralogical, Sr-Nd isotopic and integrated geophysical data

Changbaishan,an intraplate volcano,is characterized by an approximately 6 km wide summit caldera and last erupted in 1903.Changbaishan experienced a period of unrest between 2002 and 2006.The activity developed in three main stages,including shield volcano(basalts),cone-construction(trachyandesites to trachytes with minor basalts),and caldera-forming stages(trachytes to comendites).This last stage is associated with one of the more energetic eruptions of the last millennium on Earth,the 946 CE,VEI 7 Millennium Eruption(ME),which emitted over 100 km^(3) of pyroclastics.Compared to other active calderas,the plumbing system of Changbaishan and its evolution mechanisms remain poorly constrained.Here,we merge new whole-rock,glass,mineral,isotopic,and geobarometry data with geophysical data and present a model of the plumbing system.The results show that the volcano is characterized by at least three main magma reservoirs at different depths:a basaltic reservoir at the Moho/lower crust depth,an intermediate reservoir at 10-15 km depth,and a shallower reservoir at 0.5-3 km depth.The shallower reservoir was involved in the ME eruption,which was triggered by a fresh trachytic melt entering a shallower reservoir where a comenditic magma was stored.The trachytes and comendites originate from fractional crystallization processes and minor assimilation of upper crust material,while the less evolved melts assimilate lower crust material.Syn-eruptive magma mingling occurred during the ME eruption phase.The magma reservoirs of the caldera-forming stage partly reactivate those of the cone-construction stage.The depth of the magma storage zones is controlled by the layering of the crust.The plumbing system of Changbaishan is vertically extensive,with crystal mush reservoirs renewed by the replenishment of new trachytic to trachyandesitic magma from depth.Unlike other volcanoes,evidence of a basaltic recharge is lacking.The interpretation of the signals preceding possible future eruptions should consider the multi-level nature of the Changbaishan plumbing system.A new arrival of magma may destabilize a part of or the entire system,thus triggering eruptions of different sizes and styles.The reference model proposed here for Changbaishan represents a prerequisite to properly understand periods of unrest to potentially anticipate future volcanic eruptions and to identify the mechanisms controlling the evolution of the crust below volcanoes.

Filling Pattern of Volcanostratigraphy of Cenozoic Volcanic Rocks in the Changbaishan Area and Possible Future Eruptions

The Cenozoic volcanostratigraphy in the Changbaishan area had complex building processes.Twenty-two eruption periods have been determined from the Wangtian＇e, Touxi, and Changbaishan volcanoes. The complex volcanostratigraphy of the Changbaishan area can be divided into four types of filling patterns from bottom to top. They are lava flows filling in valleys（LFFV）, lava flows filling in platform（LFFP）, lava flows formed the cone（LFFC）, and pyroclastic Flow filling in crater or valleys（PFFC/V）. LFFV has been divided into four layers and terminates as a lateral overlap. The topography of LFFV, which is controlled by the landform, is lens shaped with a wide flat top and narrow bottom.LFFP has been divided into three layers and terminates as a lateral downlap. The topography of LFFP is sheet and tabular shaped with a narrow top and wide bottom. It has large width to thickness ratio. It was built by multiple eruptive centers distributed along the fissure. The topography of LFFC, which is located above the LFFP, has a hummocky shape with a narrow sloping top and a wide flat bottom. It terminates as a later downlap or backstepping. It has large width to thickness ratio. It was built by a single eruptive center. The topography of PFFC/V, which located above the LFFC, LFFP, or valley, has the shape of fan and terminates as a lateral downlap or overlap. It has a small width to thickness ratio and was built by a single eruptive center. The filling pattern is controlled by temperature, SiO_2 content,volatile content, magma volume, and the paleolandform. In the short term, the eruptive production of the Changbaishan area is comenditic ash or pumice of a Plinian type eruption. The eruptive volume in future should be smaller than that of the Baguamiao period, and the filling pattern should be PFFC/V,which may cause huge damage to adjacent areas.

The strategy for conservation and sustainable utilization of biodiversity in Changbaishan Biosphere Reserve

This paper is focused on ecological assessment of the status of bio-diversity, and a strategic plan for biodiversity conservation on a sustainable basis. It described the present situation, the causes of bio-diversity degradation, and the approaches for conserving, utilizing and developing bio-diversity in Changbaishan Biosphere Reserve.

Deep seismic sounding investigation into the deep structure of the magma system in Changbaishan-Tianchi volcanic region

The magma system of Changbaishan-Tianchi Volcanic region is studied with three-dimensional deep seismic sounding (DSS) technique. The results show that the magma system of Changbaishan-Tianchi volcanic region, mainly characterized by low velocity of P wave, can be divided into three parts in terms of depth. At the depth range of 9-15 km, the distribution of the magma system is characterized by extensiveness, large scale and near-SN orientation. This layer is the major place for magma storage. From the depth of 15 km down to the lower crust, it is characterized by small lateral scale, which indicates the 'trace' of magma intrusion from the upper mantle into the crust and also implies that the magma system most probably extends to the upper mantle, or even deeper.(less than 8-9 km deep), the range of magma distribution is even smaller, centering on an SN-oriented area just north of the Tianchi crater. If low velocity of P wave is related to the magma system, it then reflects that the magma here is still in a state of relatively high temperature. In this sense, the magma system of Changbaishan-Tianchi volcanic region is at least not 'remains', in other words, it is in an 'active' state.

2-D crustal structure of Changbaishan-Tianchi volcanic region determined by seismic traveltime inversion

2-D velocity structure and tectonics of the crust and upper mantle is revealed by inversion of seismic refraction and wide-angle reflection traveltimes acquired along the profile L1 in the Changbaishan-Tianchi volcanic region. It is used in this study that seismic traveltime inversion for simultaneous determination of 2-D velocity and interface structure of the crust and upper mantle. The result shows that, under Changbaishan-Tianchi crater, there exists a low-velocity body in the shape of an inverted triangle, and the crustal reflecting boundaries and Moho all become lower by a varying margin of 2-6 km, forming a crustal root which is assumed to be the Changbaishan-Tianchi volcanic system. Finally, we make a comparison between our 2-D velocity model and the result from the studies by using trial-and-error forward modeling with SEIS83.

2-D crustal Poisson′s ratio from seismic travel time inversion in Changbaishan Tianchi volcanic region

Based on the inversion method of 2D velocity structure and interface, the crustal velocity structures of P-wave and S-wave along the profile L1 are determined simultaneously with deep seismic sounding data in Changbaishan Tianchi volcanic region, and then its Poisson's ratio is obtained. Calculated results show that this technique overcomes some defects of traditional forward calculation method, and it is also very effective to determine Poisson's ratio distribution of deep seismic sounding profile, especially useful for study on volcanic magma and crustal fault zone. Study result indicates that there is an abnormally high Poisson's ratio body that is about 30 km wide and 12 km high in the low velocity region under Tianchi crater. Its value of Poisson's ratio is 8% higher than that of surrounding medium and it should be the magma chamber formed from melted rock with high temperature. There is a high Poisson's ratio zone ranging from magma chamber to the top of crust, which may be the uprise passage of hot substance. The lower part with high Poisson's ratio, which stretches downward to Moho, is possibly the extrusion way of hot substance from the uppermost mantle. The conclusions above are consistent with the study results of both tomographic determination of 3D crustal structure and magnetotelluric survey in this region.

Geodetic monitoring of the Changbaishan volcano activity and its relationship with earthquakes,1999-2017

The major earthquakes often trigger unrest of surrounding volcanic magma chambers.In recent years,three major earthquakes occurred around the Changbaishan volcano,but it was unclear whether these earthquakes triggered the unrest of the magma chamber.Based on geodetic data,we analyzed the volcanic activity according to the Global Position System(GPS)and leveling sites time-series and reestimated the location and volume change of magma chamber from 2002 to 2005.Meanwhile,we calculated the dilatational strain variations of the deep magma chamber resulting from coseismic deformations caused by the 1999 Mw7.0 and 2002 Mw7.3 Wangqing deep earthquakes and the 2011 Mw9.0 Tohoku-oki earthquake.Our results show:(1)Changbaishan has experienced four stages of unrest since 1999,and the biggest unrest of the shallow magma chamber occurred from 2002 to 2005;(2)the parameters of the shallow magma chamber simulated by the Mogi and Point Compound Dislocation Model(p DCM)show that the magma chamber is located in the northern part of the crater,with a depth of approximately 7 km.The volume of the magma chamber increased by 25-28×10^(6) m from 2002 to2005;(3)the strain variation beneath the Changbaishan volcano corresponding to the 1999 Wangqing earthquake was small.The 2002 Wangqing earthquake produced an expansion strain of about 4.4 nanostrain on the magma chamber at a depth of 550 km,and probably promoted the unrest of the Changbaishan volcano.The 2011 Tohoku earthquake induced the expansion of the shallow magma chamber and compression of the deep magma chamber.Although this event promoted shallow magma unrest,it inhibited deep magma unrest.This may explain why the Changbaishan did not show obvious unrest after the 2011 Tohoku earthquake.Therefore,more attention should be paid to earthquakes that can promote deep magma unrest in the Changbaishan volcano.

Sulfide-melt inclusions in mantle xenoliths from the Changbaishan district,Jilin province,China

Mantle xenoliths are common in the Cenozoic basalts of the Changbaishan District,Jilin Province,China.Sulfide assemblages in mantle minerals can be divided into three types:isolated sulfide grains,sulfide-meh inclusions and filling sulfides in fractures.Sulfide-meh inclusions occur as single-phase sulfides,sulfide-silicate melt,and CO_2-sulfide-silicate melt inclusions. Isolated sulfide grains are mainly composed of pyrrhotite,but cubanite was found occasionally.Sulfide-meh inclusions are mainly composed of pontlandite and MSS,with small amounts of chalcopyrite and talnakhite.The calculated distribution coefficient K_(D3)for lherzolite are similar to that of mean experimental value.The bulk sulfides in lherzolite were in equilibrium with the enclosing minerals, indicating immiscible sulfide melts captured in partial melting of upper mantle.Sulfide in fractures has higher Ni/Fe and(Fe+Ni)/S than those of sulfide melt inclusions.They might represent later metasomatizing fluids in the mantle.Ni/Fe and(Fe+Ni)/S increase from isolated grains,sulfide inclusions to sulfides in fractures.These changes were not only affected by temperature and pressure,hut by geochemistry of Ni,Fe and Cu,and sulfur fugacity as well.

Sources of dissolved inorganic carbon in rivers from the Changbaishan area, an active volcanic zone in North Eastern China

Major elements and carbon isotopes of dissolved inorganic carbon(DIC)have been measured in the waters of Changbaishan mountain,a volcanic area in northeastern China,between June and September 2016 to decipher the origin of the CO_2 involved in chemical weathering reactions.Spatial variations of major elements ratios measured in water samples can be explained by a change of the chemical composition of the volcanic rocks between the volcanic cone(trachytes)and the basaltic shield as evidenced by the variations in the composition of these rocks.Hence,DIC results from the neutralization of CO_2 by silicate rocks.DIC concentrations vary from 0.3 to 2.5 mmol/L and carbon isotopic compositions of DIC measured in rivers vary from-14.2‰to 3.5‰.At a first order,the DIC transported by rivers is derived from the chemical weathering’s consumption of CO_2 with a magmatic origin,enriched in^(13)C(-5%)and biogenic soil CO_2 with lower isotopic compositions.The highest δ^(13)C values likely result from C isotopes fractionation during CO_2 degassing in rivers.A mass balance based on carbon isotopes suggest that the contribution of magmatic CO_2 varied from less than 20%to more than 70%.Uncertainties in this calculation associated with CO_2 degassing in rivers are difficult to quantify,and the consequence of CO_2 degassing would be an overestimation of the contribution of DIC derived from the neutralization of magmatic CO_2 by silicate rocks.

Heating Stage Experimental Study of Melt Inclusions in Feldspars from Three Holocene Eruptions of Changbaishan Tianchi Volcano

There occurred several eruptions from Changbaishan Tianchi volcano in Holocene,and at least three of them were believed to be true according to the formal studies.The products of three eruptions were yellow comenditic pumice of～5000a B.P.(Eruption I),gray comenditic pumice and pyroclastic flow of～1000a B.P.(Eruption II,i.e.the millennium explosive eruption),black trachy pumice and welded tuff of～300a B.P.(Eruption Ⅲ)respectively.There were a large number of melt inclusions found in phenocrysts,which differ in size and color.The Leitz 1350 heating stage experiments for melt inclusions in host feldspars from three Holocene eruptions of Changbaishan Tianchi volcano imply that there were little differences between the homogenization temperatures of melt inclusions from Eruptions Ⅰ and Ⅲ,whereas it was rather complicated for Eruption II,i.e.there might be two kinds of melt with different homogenization temperature periods,which gave the evidence for the assumption that the explosive millennium eruption of Tianchi volcano was triggered by injection and mixing of two different magmas.The experimental results also indicate that(1)small melt inclusion is easy to be homogenized,while the large one,especially the one with lots of daughter crystals,is rather difficult to be homogenized;(2)homogenization temperature closely correlates with the size of melt inclusion within host crystal,with the temperature point switching from high heating rate to low heating rate,and correlates with whether it is the first time to obtain homogenization as well;and(3)a melt inclusion can get different homogenization temperatures when it is repeatedly heated.Even more,the next homogenization temperature is usually higher than the former one,which testifies the phenomenon that hydrogen migration occurs during repeated heating.

Characteristics of S-wave Envelope Broadening in the Changbaishan Tianchi Volcano

High-frequency S-wave seismogram envelopes of microearthquakes broaden with increasing travel distance,a phenomenon known as S-wave envelope broadening. Multiple forward scattering and diffraction for the random inhomogeneities along the seismic ray path are the main causes of S-wave envelope broadening,so the phenomenon of S-wave envelope broadening is used to study the inhomogeneity of the medium. The peak delay time of an S-wave,which is defined as the time lag from the direct S-wave onset to the maximum amplitude arrival of its envelope,is accepted to quantify S-wave envelope broadening. 204 small earthquake records in Changbaishan Tianchi volcano were analyzed by the S-wave envelope broadening algorithm. The results show that S-wave envelope broadening in the Changbaishan Tianchi volcano is obvious,and that the peak delay time of S-wave has a positive correlation with the hypocenter distance and frequency of the S-wave. The relationships between the S-wave peak delay time and the hypocenter distance for different frequency bands were obtained using the statistics method. The results are beneficial to the understanding of the S-wave envelope broadening phenomena and the quantitative research on the inhomogeneities of the crust medium in the Changbaishan Tianchi volcano region.

A Preliminary Study of the Types of Volcanic Earthquakes and Volcanic Activity at the Changbaishan Tianchi Volcano

Since 2002, a significant increase in seismicity, obvious ground deformation and geochemical anomalies have been observed in the Changbaishan Tianchi volcanic area. A series felt earthquakes occur near the caldera, causing great influence to society. In this paper, the types of volcanic earthquakes recorded by the temporal seismic network since 2002 have been classified by analyzing the spectrum, time-frequency characteristics and seismic waveforms at different stations. The risk of volcano eruptions was also estimated. Our results show that almost all earthquakes occurring in Tianchi volcano are volcanic-tectonic earthquakes. The low frequency seismic waveforms observed at a few stations may be caused by local mediums, and have no relation with long-period events. Although the level of seismicity increased obviously and earthquake swarms occurred more frequently than before, we considered that the magma activity is still in its early stage and the eruption risk of Changbaishan Tianchi volcano is still low in the near future.

从“一气周流”角度探讨长白山通经调脏推拿治疗失眠的理论基础

失眠是临床的常见症,总病机以阴阳营卫失交,脏腑失和为主。长白山通经调脏手法经过几代人的传承与发展,在治疗失眠方面已取得了不错的临床疗效,其原理是通过手法的作用使中焦脾胃升降有序,脏腑调和,气机通畅,促进阴阳、营卫、气血在全身周流,使阴阳相交,营卫调和,人体则可达到气调安神的状态。本文从黄元御提出的“土枢四象,一气周流”的理论阐述长白山通经调脏手法治疗失眠的理论依据。附验案1则以佐证。

基于SKS分裂研究长白山区上地幔各向异性特征

长白山火山区是中国最大的新生代火山区,位于东北走向的敦化—密山断裂、鸭绿江断裂、图们江断裂和西北走向的白山—金策断裂系统的交汇处,其内部变形特征复杂多变。地震各向异性是了解壳幔变形的有效方法之一,聚焦该火山区研究上地幔各向异性特征及变形演化,将有助于理解长白山区深部地幔动力学过程,为地震与火山灾害预警提供理论支持(刘嘉麒等,2022)。

基于震源机制分析中国东北地区现今构造动力学背景

通过收集1957—2022年以来日本东北至中国东北地区的不同深度的地震震源机制解,采用联合迭代应力反演的方法,计算俯冲带构造应力场及中国东北地区构造应力场状态。研究结果显示:日本海沟浅部区域不仅受到太平洋板块的俯冲挤压,也与北美板块的推挤作用有关;中国东北区域的深源地震与海沟俯冲带的长期作用存在密切的联系。长白山火山区的形成与俯冲带的逆冲存在巨大的联系,俯冲带的地震活动间接控制着东北亚火山区的形成与活动。辽宁营口地区主压应力轴分布于NEE-SWW方向,主张应力轴分布于NNW-SSE方向。结合火山区及周边浅源地震震源机制的结果,认为东北火山区现今构造应力场延续了东北区域应力的整体结构,主压应力轴呈NEE-SWW向,主张应力轴呈NNWSSE向。

Distribution, geochemistry and age of the Millennium eruptives of Changbaishan volcano, Northeast China - A review

Large explosive volcanic eruptions generate extensive regional tephra deposits that provide favorable conditions for identifying the source of volcanoes, comparing the sedimentary strata of a region and determining their ages. The tephra layer, referred to as B- Tm, generated by the Millennium eruption of Chang- baishan volcano, is widely distributed in Northeast China, Japan, D.P.R. Korea, and the nearby coastal area of Russia. It forms part of the widespread northeast Asian strata and is significant for establishing an isochronal stratigraphic framework. However, research on the temporal characterization and stratigraphic correlation of associated strata using this tephra layer is mainly concentrated in and near Japan. In northeastern China, this tephra layer is seldom seen and its application in stratigraphic correlations is even rarer. More importantly, the determination of accurate ages for both distal and proximal tephras has been debated, leading to controversy in discussions of its environmental impacts. Stratigraphic records from both distal and proximal Changbaishan ash show that this eruption generally occurred between 1,012 and 1,004 cal yr BP. Geochemical comparison between Changbaishan ash and the Quaternary widespread ash around Japan illustrates that Changbaishan ash is a continuous composition from rhyolitic to trachytic and its ratio of FeOT to CaO is usually greater than 4, which can be used as a distinguishing identifier among worldwide contemporary eruptions.

Overview of deep structures under the Changbaishan volcanic area in Northeast China

The Changbaishan volcano is an active and considerably hazardous volcano located on the border of China and North Korea. This paper summarizes a series of geophysical surveys as well as seismological and volcano-observational networks around the Changbaishan volcanic area. We characterize deep structures related to the Changbaishan volcanic area. The prominent low-velocity anomalies and low-resistance bodies associated with the magma system under the Changbaishan volcano were detected in the crust and upper mantle, and high-velocity anomalies were imaged within the mantle transition zone,suggesting that the origin of the Changbaishan volcano is related to the subducted Pacific slab. However, there exist a few major obstacles for comprehensively elucidating the deep structure of the Changbaishan volcano as well as for the preparedness for and response toward future volcanic unrest and activity. It is essential to collect data from both China and Korean Peninsula to image the deep structure beneath the Changbaishan volcanic area. A multi-disciplinary approach comprising seismological investigations, deformation information from GNSS and InSar, and gravity and magnetotelluric surveying is a reliable manner for imaging high-resolution structures and fluid movement for the spatial distribution and variation of the volcanic magma chamber.An effective volcano-monitoring network system is considerably important to improve hazard assessments and characterize the potential future eruption of the Changbaishan volcano.

The date of last large eruption of Changbaishan-Tianchi volcano and its significance

The systematical 14 C age of a large gagatite, which has been found in the pumiceous airfall deposits of the last large eruption of Changbaishan\|Tianchi volcano, is dated from its centre to its edge. By fitting the 14 C age with the high precise calibrated curve of tree ring, it is concluded that the date of the last large eruption is (1215±15)AD. In addition, the climatic effects of that large eruption are also discussed, pointing out that the last large eruption probably corresponds to the sulfuric acid peak at (1227±2)AD in GISP2 Greenland ice core.