Structure and material study of dielectric laser accelerators based on the inverse Cherenkov effect

Dielectric laser accelerators(DLAs)are considered promising candidates for on-chip particle accelerators that can achieve high acceleration gradients.This study explores various combinations of dielectric materials and accelerated structures based on the inverse Cherenkov effect.The designs utilize conventional processing methods and laser parameters currently in use.We optimize the structural model to enhance the gradient of acceleration and the electron energy gain.To achieve higher acceleration gradients and energy gains,the selection of materials and structures should be based on the initial electron energy.Furthermore,we observed that the variation of the acceleration gradient of the material is different at different initial electron energies.These findings suggest that on-chip accelerators are feasible with the help of these structures and materials.

Cherenkov Radiation:A Stochastic Differential Model Driven by Brownian Motions

With the development of molecular imaging,Cherenkov optical imaging technology has been widely concerned.Most studies regard the partial boundary flux as a stochastic variable and reconstruct images based on the steadystate diffusion equation.In this paper,time-variable will be considered and the Cherenkov radiation emission process will be regarded as a stochastic process.Based on the original steady-state diffusion equation,we first propose a stochastic partial differential equationmodel.The numerical solution to the stochastic partial differential model is carried out by using the finite element method.When the time resolution is high enough,the numerical solution of the stochastic diffusion equation is better than the numerical solution of the steady-state diffusion equation,which may provide a new way to alleviate the problem of Cherenkov luminescent imaging quality.In addition,the process of generating Cerenkov and penetrating in vitro imaging of 18 F radionuclide inmuscle tissue are also first proposed by GEANT4Monte Carlomethod.The result of the GEANT4 simulation is compared with the numerical solution of the corresponding stochastic partial differential equations,which shows that the stochastic partial differential equation can simulate the corresponding process.

Imaging assessment of photosensitizer emission induced by radionuclide-derived Cherenkov radiation using charge-coupled device optical imaging and long-pass filters

BACKGROUND Radionuclides produce Cherenkov radiation(CR),which can potentially activate photosensitizers(PSs)in phototherapy.Several groups have studied Cherenkov energy transfer to PSs using optical imaging;however,cost-effectively identifying whether PSs are excited by radionuclide-derived CR and detecting fluorescence emission from excited PSs remain a challenge.Many laboratories face the need for expensive dedicated equipment.AIM To cost-effectively confirm whether PSs are excited by radionuclide-derived CR and distinguish fluorescence emission from excited PSs.METHODS The absorbance and fluorescence spectra of PSs were measured using a microplate reader and fluorescence spectrometer to examine the photo-physical properties of PSs.To mitigate the need for expensive dedicated equipment and achieve the aim of the study,we developed a method that utilizes a chargecoupled device optical imaging system and appropriate long-pass filters of different wavelengths(manual sequential application of long-pass filters of 515,580,645,700,750,and 800 nm).Tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin(TCPP)was utilized as a model PS.Different doses of copper-64(^(64)CuCl_(2))(4,2,and 1 mCi)were used as CR-producing radionuclides.Imaging and data acquisition were performed 0.5 h after sample preparation.Differential image analysis was conducted by using ImageJ software(National Institutes of Health)to visually evaluate TCPP fluorescence.RESULTS The maximum absorbance of TCPP was at 390-430 nm,and the emission peak was at 670 nm.The CR and CRinduced TCPP emissions were observed using the optical imaging system and the high-transmittance long-pass filters described above.The emission spectra of TCPP with a peak in the 645-700 nm window were obtained by calculation and subtraction based on the serial signal intensity(total flux)difference between^(64)CuCl_(2)+TCPP and^(64)CuCl_(2).Moreover,the differential fluorescence images of TCPP were obtained by subtracting the^(64)CuCl_(2)image from the^(64)CuCl_(2)+TCPP image.The experimental results considering different^(64)CuCl_(2)doses showed a dosedependent trend.These results demonstrate that a bioluminescence imaging device coupled with different longpass filters and subtraction image processing can confirm the emission spectra and differential fluorescence images of CR-induced TCPP.CONCLUSION This simple method identifies the PS fluorescence emission generated by radionuclide-derived CR and can contribute to accelerating the development of Cherenkov energy transfer imaging and the discovery of new PSs.

Cherenkov型自由电子激光器增益和效率的研究

研究了Cherenkov型自由电子激光器的增益和效率。结果表明:在选用合适的物理参量和匹配的工作相位条件下,Cherenkov型自由电子激光器比普通自由电子激光器有高得多的增益和效率。

Cherenkov型自由电子激光器中介电系数选择的研究

计算了Cherenkov型自由电子激光器中介质的介电系数的变化对激光器输出性能的影响,结果表明,偏大或偏小的介电系数不仅会降低效率,而且对增益特性产失严重的影响。

自由电子激光器中Cherenkov相干辐射机理研究

由于普通的Compton—Raman型自由电子激光器是一类利用被Wiggler磁场驱动的相对论电子束横向动能转换成辐射能的装置,在这种系统辐射机理中,大部分电子束的纵向动能没有被利用。为进一步提高能量转换效率,我们根据一种系统可形成二种不同辐射机理的原则,以及现有的相对论电子束Cherenkov辐射理论和实验基础,研究了一种把普通自由电子激光器中相干辐射机理和相对论电子束在慢波器件所形成的Cherenkov辐射机理统一于一体的新辐射机理—Cherenkov相干辐射机理。

等离子体填充金属光子晶体Cherenkov辐射源模拟研究

等离子体填充能够明显提高真空电子器件的效率和功率,研究等离子体填充器件具有重要的科学价值.本文基于对等离子体填充金属光子晶体慢波结构色散特性的分析,利用粒子模拟方法展示了等离子体填充慢波结构中的注波互作用过程.重点研究了慢波结构中场分布特性、等离子体密度和外部工作条件对频率及输出功率的影响.研究发现,填充一定密度等离子体后,慢波结构内纵向和横向电场强度明显增大,注波互作用增强,输出频率受等离子体影响不大.金属光子晶体结构具有的频率选择特性使器件工作于TM01模态.阴极电压增加使输出功率增大,频率略有增加.引导磁场增加使输出功率先增大后减小,而频率基本不受影响.等离子体填充后器件的输出功率上升,当增加压强至100 m Torr(1 m Torr=0.133 Pa)时,输出功率提高约20%,但只有适当密度下才有较好的角向场分布.通过理论与模拟相结合,发现填充一定密度的等离子体能够提高器件输出功率和效率,为发展新型高功率毫米波振荡辐射源奠定了理论和仿真基础.

电子在水中产生Cherenkov辐射的Geant4模拟

用Geant4模拟能量分别为0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0,2.5 MeV入射电子在水中的Cherenkov辐射角和辐射光谱,分析电子产生Cherenkov辐射光子数与初级电子和次级电子的关系,并模拟Cherenkov辐射光在水中传输不同距离的吸收情况.结果表明:电子在水中产生的Cherenkov辐射角随入射电子能量的增加而增大;在Cherenkov辐射光传播过程中,水介质对紫外波段辐射光的吸收较大.

氟化铅晶体的生长与Cherenkov辐射特性

采用脱氧剂非真空坩埚下降法生长出的大尺寸PbF_2晶体具有优异的Cherenkov辐射特性，其透光截止波长最短可达245um，能量分辨率优于32％／，辐照损伤很弱，用365um的过滤光漂白后，透光能力几乎可以完全恢复到辐照之前的水平．

Three-dimensional simulation of a Ka-band relativistic Cherenkov source with metal photonic-band-gap structures

This paper presents a three-dimensional particle-in-cell （PIC） simulation of a Ka-band relativistic Cherenkov source with a slow wave structure （SWS） consisting of metal photonic band gap （PBG） structures. In the simulation, a perfect match layer boundary is employed to absorb passing band modes supported by the PBG lattice with an artificial metal boundary. The simulated axial field distributions in the cross section and surface of the SWS demonstrate that the device operates in the vicinity of the π point of a TM01-1ike mode. The Fourier transformation spectra of the axial fields as functions of time and space show that only a single frequency appears at 36.27 GHz, which is in good agreement with that of the intersection of the dispersion curve with the slow space charge wave generated on the beam. The simulation results demonstrate that the SWS has good mode selectivity.

Test system of the front-end readout for an application-specific integrated circuit for the water Cherenkov detector array at the large high-altitude air shower observatory

The water Cherenkov detector array(WCDA) is an important part of the large high-altitude air shower observatory(LHAASO),which is in a research and development phase.The central scientific goal of LHAASO is to explore the origin of high-energy cosmic rays of the universe and to push forward the frontier of new physics.To simplify the WCDA's readout electronics,a prototype of a front-end readout for an application-specific integrated circuit(ASIC) is designed based on the timeover-threshold method to achieve charge-to-time conversion.High-precision time measurement and charge measurement are necessary over a full dynamic range[1-4000photoelectrons(P.E.)].To evaluate the performance of this ASIC,a test system is designed that includes the front-end ASIC test module,digitization module,and test software.The first module needs to be customized for different ASIC versions,whereas the digitization module and test software are tested for general-purpose use.In the digitization module,a field programmable gate array-based time-todigital converter is designed with a bin size of 333 ps,which also integrates an inter-integrated circuit to configure the ASIC test module,and a universal serial bus interface is designed to transfer data to the remote computer.Test results indicate that the time resolution is better than 0.5 ns,and the charge resolution is better than 30%root mean square(RMS) at 1 P.E.and 3%RMS at 4000 P.E.,which are beyond the application requirements.

基于超构材料的Cherenkov辐射

Cherenkov辐射(Cherenkov radiation,CR)是自由电子速度超过介质中光速时产生的电磁辐射,其在粒子探测、生物医学、电磁辐射源等领域具有重要的应用价值.近年来,人们发现由不同材料和结构组成的超构材料具有新奇的力学、声学和光学特性.电磁波在超构材料中的传播、耦合和辐射可以具有与传统材料完全不同的奇特性质.将传统真空电子学与微纳光电子学结合,探索自由电子与超构材料的相互作用,成为近期不少研究者关注的热点之一.超构材料的引入打破了传统材料和结构中电磁学规律的限制,自由电子在其中产生的辐射以及与辐射的相互作用表现出许多新现象和新效应.本文首先回顾了CR的基本概念和辐射原理,在此基础上介绍了自由电子与双曲超材料、负折射率材料、高Q值超材料以及超表面相互作用产生辐射的相关工作,重点阐述在这些不同功能的超构材料中产生CR的机理及其特性,涉及的工作包括无阈值CR、反向CR、受激CR以及辐射偏振和相位的调控.自由电子与各种新型超构材料相互作用的研究和发展,为实现新型高效的集成化自由电子器件提供了新的途径.

Intense Cherenkov-type terahertz electromagnetic radiation from ultrafast laser-plasma interaction

A Cherenkowtype terahertz electromagnetic radiation is revealed, which results efficiently from the collective effects in the time-domain of ultrafast pulsed electron current produced by ultrafast intense laser plasma interaction. The emitted pulse waveform and spectrum, and the dependence of laser pulse parameters on the structure of the radiation field are investigated numerically. The condition of THz radiation generation in this regime and Cherenkov geometry of the radiation field are studied analytically.

Highly efficient Cherenkov radiation generation in the irregular point of hollow-core photonic crystal fiber

Highly efficient Cherenkov radiation （CR） is generated by the soliton self-frequency shift （SSFS） in the irregular point of a hollow-core photonic crystal fiber （HC-PCF） in our laboratory. The impacts of pump power and wavelength on the CR are investigated, and the corresponding nonlinear processes are discussed. When the average power of the 120 fs pump pulse increases from 500 mW to 700 mW, the Raman soliton shifts from 2210 nm to 2360 nm, the output power of the CR increases by 2.3 times, the maximum output power ratio of the CR at 539 nm to that of the residual pump is calculated to be 24.32：1, the width of the output optical spectrum at the visible wavelength broadens from 35 nm to 62 nm, and the conversion efficiency η of the CR in the experiment can be above 32%.

Design and performance study of a gas-Cherenkov detector with an off-axis parabolic reflector for inertial confinement fusion experiments

In this work,the gas-Cherenkov detector with an off-axis parabolic reflector(Opr GCD)is designed using the Geant4 Monte Carlo simulation toolkit,which is helpful to improve the collection efficiency of Cherenkov photons.The method to study the performance of Opr GCD based on femtosecond laser-wakefield-accelerated electron beams is presented.Cherenkov signals with high signal-to-noise ratio were obtained,and the measured Cherenkov signals changing with the CO2 pressure were consistent well with the simulation results.The design and study of this Opr GCD system lay the foundation for the application of fusion gamma diagnostics system in large laser facilities of China.

Cherenkov terahertz radiation from Dirac semimetals surface plasmon polaritons excited by an electron beam

We demonstrate a physical mechanism for terahertz(THz) generation from surface plasmon polaritons(SPPs). In a structure with a bulk Dirac semimetals(BDSs) film deposited on a dielectric substrate, the energy of the asymmetric SPP mode can be significantly enhanced to cross the light line of the substrate due to the SPP-coupling between the interfaces of the film. Therefore, the SPPs can be immediately transformed into Cherenkov radiation without removing the wavevector mismatch. Additionally, the symmetric SPP mode can also be dramatically lifted to cross the substrate light line when a buffer layer with low permittivity relative to the substrate is introduced. In this case, dual-frequency THz radiation from the two SPP modes can be generated simultaneously. The radiation intensity is significantly enhanced by over two orders due to the field enhancement of the SPPs. The radiation frequency can be tuned in the THz frequency regime by adjusting the beam energy and the chemical potential of the BDSs. Our results could find potential applications in developing room temperature, tunable, coherent, and intense THz radiation sources to cover the entire THz band.

PLASMA-FILLED DIELECTRIC CHERENKOV MASER WITH A LONGITUDINAL MAGNETIC FIELD

The use of a background plasma in a dielectric Cherenkov maser can effectively increase the efficiency and the microwave output power of the device. Here, the effect of the longitudinal uniform magnetic field on the wave-beam interaction of the plasma-filled dielectric Cherenkov maser is examined by solving the beam-plasma, dielectric lined waveguide dispersion equation. And the effects of the longitudinal magnetic field, plasma density and dielectric parameters on the linear spatial growth rate and the energy ratio are presented.

Polarization-dependent efficient Cherenkov radiation at visible wavelengths in hollow-core photonic crystal fiber cladding

Efficient Cherenkov radiation （CR） is experimentally generated by a soliton self-frequency shift （SSFS） in a knot of hollow-core photonic crystal fiber （HC-PCF）. When the angle of the half-wave plate is rotated from 0° to 45°, the Raman soliton shifts from 2227 to 2300 nm, the output power of the CR increases 8.15 times, and the maximum output power ratio of the CR at 556 nm to the residual pump is estimated to be 20：1. The width of the output optical spectrum at visible wavelengths broadens from 25 to 45 nm, and the conversion efficiency of the CR can be above 28%. Moreover, the influences of the pump polarization and wavelength on the CR are studied, and the corresponding nonlinear processes are discussed.

Axial magnetic field effect in numerical analysis of high power Cherenkov free electron laser

Cherenkov free electron laser(CFEL) is simulated numerically by using the single particle method to optimize the electron beam. The electron beam is assumed to be moving near the surface of a flat dielectric slab along a growing radiation. The set of coupled nonlinear differential equations of motion is solved to study the electron dynamics. For three sets of parameters, in high power CFEL, it is found that an axial magnetic field is always necessary to keep the electron beam in the interaction region and its optimal strength is reported for each case. At the injection point, the electron beam’s distance above the dielectric surface is kept at a minimum value so that the electrons neither hit the dielectric nor move away from it to the weaker radiation fields and out of the interaction region. The optimal electron beam radius and current are thereby calculated. This analysis is in agreement with two previous numerical studies for a cylindrical waveguide but is at odds with analytical treatments of a flat dielectric that does not use an axial magnetic field. This is backed by an interesting physical reasoning.

A novel trigger algorithm for wide-field-of-view imaging atmospheric Cherenkov technique experiments

The high-altitude detection of astronomical radiation(HADAR)experiment is a new Cherenkov observation technique with a wide field of view(FoV),aimed at observing the prompt emissions ofγ-ray bursts(GRBs).The bottleneck for this type of experiment can be found in determining how to reject the high rate of nightsky background(NSB)noise from random stars.In this work,we propose a novel method for rejecting noise,which considers the spatial properties of GRBs and the temporal characteristics of Cherenkov radiation.In space coordinates,the map between the celestial sphere and the fired photomultiplier tubes(PMTs)on the telescope's camera can be expressed as f(δ(i,j))=δ'(i',j'),which means that a limited number of PMTs is selected from one direction.On the temporal scale,a 20-ns time window was selected based on the knowledge of Cherenkov radiation.This allowed integration of the NSB for a short time interval.Consequently,the angular resolution and effective area at 100 GeV in the HADAR experiment were obtained as 0.2°and 10^(4)m^(2),respectively.This method can be applied to all wide-FoV experiments.