南极冰藻Chlamydomonas sp.ICE-L的抗盐性

以南极冰藻(Chlamydomonassp.)为材料对其抗盐性进行研究,结果表明,冰藻在盐度33下生长良好,在盐度66和99也有较大的生长量,盐度132下也能生存,可以维持原有的生物量,而盐度165对冰藻则是致命的,仅能存活8 d;常温藻(Chlamydomonas monadina)仅能在盐度小于99时生存。由此可以看出,南极藻类较常温藻可抗更高的盐度。同时测定了与盐度变化相关的膜系统变化,与常温藻相比,南极冰藻中的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)和脯氨酸含量较高,而膜透性较低;经盐度99胁迫后,以上4种生化指标都升高。本研究初步结论为,超氧化物歧化酶、丙二醛、脯氨酸和膜透性对南极冰藻的抗盐性研究均有较好的指导意义。这项研究旨为南极冰藻抗盐机理研究提供基础依据。[中国水产科学,2006,13(1):73-78]

南极冰藻Chlamydomonas sp.ICE-L S-腺苷同型半胱氨酸水解酶基因的克隆及其生物信息学分析

S-腺苷同型半胱氨酸水解酶(S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase,SAHH)是一种细胞内广泛存在的酶,在调节生物体转甲基化反应中占据重要地位。本研究通过RT-PCR及RACE-PCR技术克隆了南极冰藻(Chlamydomonas sp.ICE-L)S-腺苷同型半胱氨酸水解酶全序列,命名为ICE-LSAHH。ICE-LSAHH全长1 844 bp,包括5′非编码区36 bp,3′非编码区344 bp,含有一个较长的poly(A)尾。开放阅读框1 461 bp,编码487个氨基酸。根据推导的氨基酸序列预测其分子量为53.0 kD,理论等电点为5.16。SignalP 3.0、TMHMM Server v.2.0、NetNGlyc 1.0和NetPhos 2.0预测结果显示,ICE-LSAHH蛋白不存在信号肽与跨膜区,含有1个N-糖基化位点及23个磷酸化位点。利用ClastalX 2.0及MEGA 5.0软件,以邻位相连法对南极冰藻及其他物种SAHH构建系统进化树,结果显示,ICE-LSAHH与杜氏盐藻(Dunaliella salina)、莱茵衣藻(Chlamydomonas reinhardtii)、小球藻(Chlorella variabilis)等有较近亲缘关系。利用SWISS-MODEL程序和PyMOL Viewer软件成功模拟了ICE-LSAHH蛋白亚基的三维结构,该结构包括20个α-螺旋和12个β-折叠,且存在3个结构域:N端底物结合域、NAD结合域和C端域。可见,SAHH基因存在于南极冰藻并进行了有效的表达,该蛋白定位于细胞质,进一步证实SAHH是一个进化上比较保守的蛋白。

南极衣藻(Chlamydomonas sp.ICE-L)谷胱甘肽还原酶基因的原核表达及其条件优化

采用RT-PCR技术克隆南极衣藻GR基因ORF全长cDNA,然后经酶切、连接等步骤构建其原核表达载体;并对其表达的诱导时间、IPTG浓度、温度进行了优化,以期获得较大量的酶蛋白。结果表明,将构建的原核表达载体pET-GR导入大肠杆菌BL21,可以高效表达融合蛋白;且表达的蛋白均以包涵体的形式存在;经SDS-PAGE电泳结果显示,获得的目的蛋白分子量为52.2kDa,符合预期分子量;GR蛋白在大肠杆菌中诱导表达优化条件为,1.0mmol/L的IPTG,28℃诱导3h。这些结果为进一步深入研究该基因的特性与功能奠定了基础。

南极衣藻Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L硝酸还原酶基因的生物信息学分析

硝酸还原酶(NR)除调节植物的氮代谢外,在植物的各种非生物胁迫的适应过程中也发挥着重要的作用。从南极冰藻Chlamydomonas sp.ICE-L的cDNA文库中筛选到了硝酸还原酶的全长基因,对其进行测序并对其编码的蛋白序列进行了生物信息学分析,构建了NR的系统进化树,通过多序列比对探讨了可能与该酶逆境适应性相关的活性位点,并对该蛋白进行了三级结构预测分析。结果显示,NR基因的编码区长2 589bp,编码863个氨基酸。在以氨基酸序列构建的系统进化树中,南极衣藻的NR序列和其他绿藻类的聚在一起,与团藻、莱茵衣藻、杜氏盐藻和小球藻的同源性依次分别为63%,61%,60%和54%。蛋白质功能预测分析显示,该NR基因含有与高等植物NR相类似的3个不同的功能结构域。对南极冰藻NR基因的生物信息学分析研究,将有助于从硝酸还原酶角度了解南极衣藻对极端环境的适应性,拓展并深化其适应机制的研究。

紫外诱变筛选耐氧性Chlamydomonas moewusii产氢藻株

为解决绿藻中氢化酶对O2极为敏感的问题,以具高产氢催化活性的绿藻Chlamydomonas moewusii野生株作为出发藻株,通过紫外辐射,结合甲硝唑及外加氧法进行耐氧性产氢突变株的诱变和筛选,得到4株耐氧性及产氢活性均显著提高的突变藻株Mu-1、Mu-2、Mu-3、Mu-4,并进行了相应的氢化酶体内活性、呼吸活性与光系统Ⅱ光化学活性分析.结果表明,4株突变藻株的氢化酶体内活性约为野生株氢化酶体内活性的1.69、2.86、1.06和1.80倍,突变株经1%(体积分数)O2处理后,残留活性分别从野生株的(20.00±2.47)%提高到(34.40±4.88)%、(32.50±2.85)%、(55.60±3.30)%和(43.10±8.73)%,而Mu-1和Mu-2两株藻在生长过程中的的光合作用与呼吸作用均未发现明显变化.

Effect of Cd on GSH and GSH-related enzymes of Chlamydomonas sp.ICE-L existing in Antarctic ice

Glutathione(GSH) and GSH-related enzymes play a great role in protecting organisms from oxidative damage. The GSH level and GSH-related enzymes activities were investigated as well as the growth yield and malonyldialdehyde(MDA) content in the Antarctic ice microalga Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L exposure to the different cadmium concentration in this paper. The results showed that the higher concentration Cd inhibited the growth of ICE-L significantly and Cd would induce formation of MDA. At the same time, it is clear that GSH level, glutathione peroxidases(GPx) activity and glutathione S\|transferases(GST), activity were higher in ICE-L exposed to Cd than the control. But GR activity dropped notably when ICE-L were cultured in the medium containing Cd. Increase of GSH level, GPx and GST activities acclimate to oxidative stress induced by Cd and protect Antarctic ice microalga Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L from toxicity caused by Cd exposure. These parameters may be used to assess the biological impact of Cd in the Antarctic pole region environment.

Effects of Nano-TiO2 on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Cell Surface under UV,Natural Light Conditions

Cell surface of aquatic organisms constitutes a primary site for the interaction and a barrier for the nano-TiO2 biological effects.In the present study,the biological effects of nano-TiO2 on a unicellular green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii were studied by observing the changes of the cell surface morphology and functional groups under UV or natural light.By SEM,the cell surface morphology of C.reinhardtii was changed under UV light,nano-TiO2 with UV light or natural light,which indicated that photocatalysis damaged cell surface.It was also observed that cell surface was surrounded by TiO2 nanoparticles.The ATR-FTIR spectra showed that the peaks of functional groups such as C-N,-C=O,-C-O-C and P=O,which were the important components of cell wall and membrane,were all depressed by the photocatalysis of nano-TiO2 under UV light or natural light.The photocatalysis of nano-TiO2 promoted peroxidation of functional groups on the surface of C.reinhardtii cells,which led to the damages of cell wall and membrane.

Unraveling enhanced membrane lipid biosynthesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii starchless mutant sta6 by using an electrospray ionization mass spectrometry-based lipidomics method

The unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii,a well-established model organism,has been widely used in dissecting glycerolipid metabolism in oxygenating photosynthetic organisms.In previous studies,it has been found that shunting carbon precursors from the starch synthesis pathway can lead to a 10-fold increase in TAG content as compared to the wild type,but it is unknown whether inactivation of AGPase may affect membrane lipids biosynthesis.The study aims to investigate global changes in lipid metabolism and homeostasis in the starchless mutant C.reinhardtii sta6.By utilizing an electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry(ESI/MS)-based lipidomics approach,a total of 105 membrane lipid molecules of C.reinhardtii were resolved,including 16 monogalactosyldiacylglycerol(MGDG),16 digalactosyldiacylglycerol(DGDG),11 phosphatidylglycerol(PG),6 sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol(SQDG),49 diacylglyceryl-N,N,N-trimethylhomoserine(DGTS),2 phosphatidylethanolamine(PE),and 5 phosphatidylinositol(PI)molecules.The quantitative results indicated that the membrane lipid profiles were similar between the two C.reinhardtii strains grown under both low-and high-light conditions,but the cellular contents of a great number of lipids were altered in sta6 due to the defect in starch biosynthesis.Under low-light conditions,sta6 accumulated more PI,MGDG,DGDG but less amounts of DGTS as compared to WT.Under high light,sta6 cells contained higher content membrane lipids than cc-124,except for PG,which is more or less similar in both strains.Our results demonstrate that the cellular membrane lipid homeostasis underwent profound changes in the starchless mutant,and thereby its physiological impact remains to be explored.

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate signal pathway is involved in regulation of triacylglycerol biosynthesis following nitrogen deprivation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

The unicellular green alga,Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a model organism for studying various biological processes,such as photosynthesis,flagellar motility,and lipid metabolism.To find some novel genes regulating the lipid metabolism under various stress conditions,the paromomycin resistance gene aphVIII was transferred into the genome of C.reinhardtii to establish a mutant library.Two genes mutated in two of the TAG-reduced mutants(Cre06.g278111 in M2 mutant,Cre06.g278110 in M6 mutants)were neighboring in the genome,and their expression levels were down-regulated in their corresponding mutants in parallel with their reduced TAG levels following N deprivation.The proteins encoded by these two genes(KCN11 by Cre06.g278111,ACYC3 by Cre06.g278110)contained a conversed cyclic mononucleotide phosphate(cNMP)binding protein and an adenylate domain,respectively.Since cNMP binding protein and adenylate domain have been known as important components of cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP)signaling pathway,suggesting that these two genes might af fect cellular TAG biosynthesis through cAMP signal pathway.

Effect of Putrescine on Low-Temperature Acclimation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Putrescine is reported to be necessary for cold acclimation under low-temperature stress.In this study,the effect of low-temperature on some physiological and biochemical parameters has been investigated using the green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.The lipid peroxidation rate,amount of Rubisco protein,activities of antioxidant enzymes and gene expression of polyamine biosynthesis(odc2,and spd1),heat shock proteins(hsp70c,hsp90a,and hsp90c),and PSII repair mechanisms(psba,rep27,and tba1)were determined to understand the low-temperature response.Exogenous putrescine application significantly increased Rubisco protein concentration and catalase enzyme activities under low-temperature stress.Moreover,real-time RT-PCR results and gene expression analysis showed that polyamine metabolism induced gene expression at low-temperatures in the first 24 h.In the same way,the gene expression of heat shock proteins(hsp70c,hsp90a,and hsp90c)decreased under low-temperature treatment for 72 h;however,application of putrescine enhanced the gene expression in the first 24 h.The results obtained indicated that molecular response in the first 24 h could be important for cold acclimation.The psba and tba1 expressions were reduced under low-temperatures depending on the exposure time.In contrast,the exogenous putrescine enhanced the expression level of the psba response to low-temperature at 24 and 72 h.The results obtained in this study indicate that putrescine could play a role in the PS II repair mechanisms under low-temperature stress.

Heterologous expression of bacteriocin E-760 in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and functional analysis

The use of antimicrobial peptides(AMPs)synthesized by bacteria(bacteriocins)is an alternative for combating multidrug resistant bacterial strains and their production by recombinant route is a viable option for their mass production.The bacteriocin E-760 isolated from the genus Enterococcus sp.has been shown to possess inhibitory activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.In this study,the expression of a chimeric protein coding for E-760 in the nucleus of C.reinhardtii was evaluated,as well as,its antibacterial activity.The synthetic gene E-760S was inserted into the genome of C.reinhardtii using Agrobacterium tumefaciens.A transgenic line was identified in TAP medium with hygromycin and also by PCR.The increment in the culture medium temperature of the transgenic strain at 35°C for 10 minutes,increased the production level of the recombinant protein from 0.14(Noninduced culture,NIC)to 0.36%(Induced culture,IC)of total soluble proteins(TSP);this was quantified by an ELISA assay.Recombinant E-760 possesses activity against Staphylococcus aureus in 0.34 U log,Streptococcus agalactiae in 0.48 U log,Enterococcus faecium in 0.36 U log,Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 2 U log and for Klebsiella pneumoniae,the activity was 0.07 U log.These results demonstrate that the nucleus transformation of C.reinhardtii can function as a stable expression platform for the production of the synthetic gene E-760 and it can potentially be used as an antibacterial agent.

Differential Proteome Analysis of <i>Chlamydomonas reinhardtii</i>Response to Arsenic Exposure

The fresh water unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was used to explore whether it could function as a model system to identify proteins that are differentially expressed in response to arsenate exposure. Cells were treated with different concentrations of arsenate ranging from 100 - 400 μM. When exposed to 200 μM arsenate, the amount of live cells started to lessen on the second day and continued to diminish, indicating a toxic effect of arsenate. Proteomic analysis was used to investigate if these cells showed a specific response to arsenic-induced stress. Fifteen proteins were found that were over-expressed in the 200 μM arsenate-treated samples and two proteins were found to be very strongly over-expressed in samples treated with 400 μM. These were selected for identification using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Oxidative stress and protein damage were the major effects as shown by the up-regulation of Mn-superoxide dismutase, an oxygen-evolving enhancer protein, a chaperonin-like protein and a heat shock protein.

Cyclic Bis(3'-5')diadenylic Acid (c-di-AMP) Analogs Promote the Activities of Photosynthesis and Respiration of <i>Chlamydomonas reinhardtii</i>

Physiological changes in the photosynthesis, respiration and cell division of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a freshwater green alga, in response to adenine nucleotides were investigated. In advance of this investigation, two adenine nucleotides, di(2'-O-methyl)-cyclic bis(3'-5')diadenylic acid (1) and its N-benzoyl-protected analog 2 were synthesized from the commercially available adenosine phosphoramidite. The respective analogs significantly promoted the cell division (cell number) of C. reinhardtii strains 137c mt+ and BR mt+. Moreover, they significantly enhanced the O2 evolution (photosynthesis) and O2 uptake (respiration) of both strains. c-di-AMP analogs seem to play an effective role as a physiological activator in planta.

Efficient transcription of the larvicidal <i>cry</i>4<i>Ba</i>gene from <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i>in transgenic chloroplasts of the green algal <i>Chlamydomonas reinhardtii</i>

Unicellular micro-alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has been recognized as a promising host for expressing recombinant proteins albeit its limited utility due to low levels of heterologous protein expression. Here, transcription of the 3.4-kb mosquito-larvicidal cry4Ba gene from Bacillus thuringiensis in transgenic C. reinhardtii chloroplasts under control of the promoter and 5’-untranslated region of photosynthetic psbA gene was accomplished. Inverted repeats in chloroplast genomes of the host strain with deleted endogenous psbA genes were selected as recombination targets. Two transformant lines were obtained by dual-phenotypic screening via exhibition of resistance to spectinomycin and restoration of photosynthetic activity. Stable and site-specific integration of intact cry4Ba and psbA genes into chloroplast genomes found in both transgenic lines implied homoplasmy of organelle populations. Achievement in cotranscription of cry4Ba and psbA transgenes revealed by RT-PCR and Northern blot analyses demonstrates the sufficiency of this system’s transcription machinery, offering the further innovation for insecticidal protein production.

一株绿藻(Chlamydomonas sp.PD-4)产油性能的初步评价

[目的]评价绿藻Chlamydomonas sp.PD-4能否作为油藻的备选藻株。[方法]研究该藻基本的生化组成以及不同培养条件下该藻的生长、油脂含量以及脂肪酸组成,并且观察该藻的气浮现象。[结果]该藻在100μmol/(m^2·s)培养9 d可产25.81%蛋白、18.82%油脂以及23.50%糖。该藻在200μmol/(m^2·s)的光以及氮浓度限制条件下培养,其油脂含量和多不饱和脂肪酸含量都会进一步提高。在较高的光强下静置培养,该藻可以自身气浮。[结论]该藻具有产油微藻的潜力。

Non-Thermal Radio Frequency Stimulation Inhibits the Tryptophan Synthase Beta Subunit in the Algae <i>Chlamydomonas reinhardtii</i>

To demonstrate the ability of the Nativis signal transduction technology (Butters et al. 2014) to modulate the expression of algae mRNA and protein, we tested if we can alter specific enzyme levels in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. We inhibited the synthesis of the enzyme tryptophan synthase beta subunit (MAA7) by applying the signal derived from a published siRNA (Zhao et al. 2009). With lower levels of MAA7, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii can grow in the presence of the prodrug 5-Fluoroindole (5-FI), because less 5-Fluoroin-dole can be converted to the toxic 5-Fluoro-L-tryptophan (5-FT). We find a 24% (&plusmn;5%) increase of growth with the signal versus no signal. To see if that effect was due to the reduction of the amount of mRNA encoding MAA7, we used Real-Time Quantitative PCR (RT-QPCR) to measure the levels of MAA7 mRNA. To normalize the MAA7 mRNA level, we compared them to the levels of a mRNA that is not affected by the signal (G protein beta subunit-like polypeptide, Cblp). Two conditions increase the effectiveness of the signal. One can either treat the cell cultures during the logarithmic growth phase (starting the cultures at density of 0.104 OD at 750 nm). Or one can treat the cultures at a later stage of the logarithmic growth, but treating them for a longer time (8.7% versus 3.5% of the culture time). Under these conditions we found around a 50% decrease in the mRNA levels for MAA7. Treating the cultures at the earlier growth phase or at a later growth phase is less effective, with only a 20% effect.

Effect of high salinity on cell growth and protein production of Antarctic ice microalgae Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L

Antarctic ice microalgae Chlamydomonas sp.ICE-L can survive and thrive in Antarctic sea ice.In this study,Chlamydomonas sp.ICE-L could survive at the salinity of 132‰ NaCl.SDS-PAGE showed that the density of 2 bands（26 and 36 kD） decreased obviously at the salinity of 99‰ NaCl compared to at the salinity of 33‰ NaCl.The soluble proteins in Chlamydomonas sp.ICE-L grown under salinity of 33‰ and 99% NaCl were compared by 2-D gel electrophoresis.After shocking with high salinity,8 protein spots were found to disappear,and the density of 28 protein spots decreased.In addition,19 protein spots were enhanced or induced,including one new peptide（51 kD）.The changes of proteins might be correlated with the resistance for Chlamydomonas sp.ICE-L to high salinity.

Biomass,nutrient uptake and fatty acid composition of Chlamydomonas sp.ICE-L in response to different nitrogen sources

Nitrogen removal from media by microalgae provides the potential benefit of producing lipids for biodiesel and biomass. However, research is limited on algal growth and biomass under different nitrogen sources and provides little insight in terms of biofuel production. We studied the influences of nitrogen sources on cell growth and lipid accumulation of Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L, one of a promising oil rich micro algal species. Chlamydomonas sp.ICE-L grown in NH_4 Cl medium had maximum growth rate. While the highest dry biomass of 0.28 g/L was obtained in media containing NH_4NO_3, the highest lipid content of 0.21 g/g was achieved under nitrogendeficiency condition with a dry biomass of 0.24 g/L. In terms of total polyunsaturated fatty acids（PUFAs）production, NH_4NO_3 and NH_4 Cl media performed better than nitrogen-deficiency and KNO_3 media.Furthermore, NH_4NO_3 and NH_4 Cl media elucidated better results on C18：3 and C20：5 productions while KNO_3and-N conditions were better in C16：0, C18：1 and C18：2, comparatively.

Characteristics of N^(6)-methyladenosine Modification During Sexual Reproduction of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

The unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii(hereafter Chlamydomonas)possesses both plant and animal attributes,and it is an ideal model organism for studying fundamental processes such as photosynthesis,sexual reproduction,and life cycle.N^(6)-methyladenosine(m^(6)A)is the most prevalent mRNA modification,and it plays important roles during sexual reproduction in animals and plants.However,the pattern and function of m^(6)A modification during the sexual reproduction of Chlamydomonas remain unknown.Here,we performed transcriptome and methylated RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing(MeRIP-seq)analyses on six samples from different stages during sexual reproduction of the Chlamydomonas life cycle.The results show that m^(6)A modification frequently occurs at the main motif of DRAC(D=G/A/U,R=A/G)in Chlamydomonas mRNAs.Moreover,m^(6)A peaks in Chlamydomonas mRNAs are mainly enriched in the 30 untranslated regions(30 UTRs)and negatively correlated with the abundance of transcripts at each stage.In particular,there is a significant negative correlation between the expression levels and the m^(6)A levels of genes involved in the microtubule-associated pathway,indicating that m^(6)A modification influences the sexual reproduction and the life cycle of Chlamydomonas by regulating microtubule-based movement.In summary,our findings are the first to demonstrate the distribution and the functions of m^(6)A modification in Chlamydomonas mRNAs and provide new evolutionary insights into m^(6)A modification in the process of sexual reproduction in other plant organisms.

Characterization of arsenate transformation and identification of arsenate reductase in a green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Arsenic （As） is a pervasive and ubiquitous environmental toxin that has created catastrophic human health problems world-wide. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a unicellular green alga, which exists ubiquitously in freshwater aquatic systems. Arsenic metabolism processes of this alga through arsenate reduction and sequent store and efflux were investigated. When supplied with 10 μmol/L arsenate, arsenic speciation analysis showed that arsenite concentration increased from 5.7 to 15.7 mg/kg dry weight during a 7-day period, accounting for 18%–24% of the total As in alga. When treated with different levels of arsenate （10, 20, 30, 40, 50 μmol/L） for 7 days, the arsenite concentration increased with increasing external arsenate concentrations, the proportion of arsenite was up to 23%–28% of the total As in alga. In efflux experiments, both arsenate and arsenite could be found in the efflux solutions. Additionally, the efflux of arsenate was more than that of arsenite. Furthermore, two arsenate reductase genes of C. reinhardtii （CrACR2s） were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli strain WC3110 （？arsC） for the first time. The abilities of both CrACR2s genes to complement the arsenate- sensitive strain were examined. CrACR2.1 restored arsenate resistance at 0.8 mmol/L. However, CrACR2.2 showed much less ability to complement. The gene products were demonstrated to reduce arsenate to arsenite in vivo. In agreement with the complementation results, CrACR2.1 showed higher reduction ability than CrACR2.2, when treated with 0.4 mmol/L arsenate for 16 hr incubation.