基于24Model-D-ISM的地铁站火灾疏散影响因素研究

为预防地铁站火灾事故,深入了解地铁站火灾人员疏散影响因素间的内在联系与层次结构,基于第6版“2-4”模型(24Model)分析63起地铁站火灾疏散事故,充分考虑各个因素之间的交互作用,提取19个影响地铁站人员疏散的关键因素,建立地铁站火灾人员疏散影响因素指标体系;采用算子客观赋权法(C-OWA)改进决策试验与评价实验法(DEMATEL),确定地铁站火灾人员疏散的重要影响因素;在此基础上,采用解释结构模型(ISM)分析各个因素间的层次结构及相互作用路径,构建地铁站火灾人员疏散影响因素的多级递阶结构模型。研究结果表明:疏散引导、恐慌从众行为、人员拥挤为地铁站火灾人员疏散的关键影响因素;地铁站火灾人员疏散受表层因素、中间层因素、深层因素共同作用的影响,其中,疏散教育与培训、设施维护与检查、疏散预案等因素是根源影响因素,重视根源影响因素的改善有利于从本质上预防和控制事故的发生。

CHN-T2标模跨声速抖振特性及雷诺数效应研究

新一代客机具有较高的巡航速度,跨声速抖振和雷诺数效应研究是其气动设计中的关键一环。采用基于k-ωSST湍流模型耦合延迟脱体涡模拟技术的高精度数值模拟方法,针对CHN-T2宽体客机气动标模开展了相关研究,并基于非定常计算明确了CHN-T2标模在巡航马赫数Ma=0.85、飞行雷诺数Re=5×10^(7)工况下的抖振始发迎角约为4.4°。结果表明,CHN-T2标模机翼在抖振超临界迎角下同时存在由激波弦向振荡主导的低频成分(St=0.0297)和由翼根尾缘复杂高压区主导的高频成分(St=0.314)。在雷诺数效应方面,从风洞实验雷诺数(Re=5×10^(6))到飞行雷诺数(Re=5×10^(7))巡航状态下,CHN-T2机翼激波位置后移约10%当地弦长,附面层高度降低1/2~1/10,进而引发升/阻力系数发生明显变化。升力系数和摩阻系数的雷诺数效应不随迎角改变,而压阻系数的雷诺数效应与迎角线性相关。同时,雷诺数变化会显著影响抖振非定常流场求解,过低的模拟雷诺数会导致激波振荡消失。

24Model与LCM原因因素定义对比研究

为探究损失致因模型(LCM)原因因素定义与事故致因“2-4”模型(24Model)存在的异同和优缺点,梳理2个模型各层面原因和结果的定义,对比定义内容及其对事故原因分析等安全实务的指导作用,并以一起瓦斯爆炸事故为例加以实证分析,获得二者分析结果之间的差异。研究结果表明:LCM是首个将管理因素纳入事故致因分析的一维事件序列模型,可明确各层面原因因素的定义和因素间的逻辑关系,但部分定义存在交叉重复的问题,并没有揭示安全工作指导思想等深层次事故致因因素;24Model作为系统性事故致因模型,对各类因素的定义均以组织为主体,描述事件、事故、安全的概念内涵,划分个体安全动作、安全能力和组织安全管理体系的类别并给出含义解析,探究组织安全文化层面的问题并以32个元素体现;2个模型的事故原因分析方法均建立在对各层级原因因素定义的基础上,并适用于模型理论体系本身。

Phosphorus limitation on CO_(2)fertilization effect in tropical forests informed by a coupled biogeochemical model

Tropical forests store more than half of the world's terrestrial carbon(C)pool and account for one-third of global net primary productivity(NPP).Many terrestrial biosphere models(TBMs)estimate increased productivity in tropical forests throughout the 21st century due to CO_(2)fertilization.However,phosphorus(P)liaitations on vegetation photosynthesis and productivity could significantly reduce the CO_(2)fertilization effect.Here,we used a carbon-nitrogen-phosphorus coupled model(Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model;DLEM-CNP)with heterogeneous maximum carboxylation rates to examine how P limitation has affected C fluxes in tropical forests during1860-2018.Our model results showed that the inclusion of the P processes enhanced model performance in simulating ecosystem productivity.We further compared the simulations from DLEM-CNP,DLEM-CN,and DLEMC and the results showed that the inclusion of P processes reduced the CO_(2)fertilization effect on gross primary production(GPP)by 25%and 45%,and net ecosystem production(NEP)by 28%and 41%,respectively,relative to CN-only and C-on ly models.From the 1860s to the 2010s,the DLEM-CNP estimated that in tropical forests GPP increased by 17%,plant respiration(Ra)increased by 18%,ecosystem respiration(Rh)increased by 13%,NEP increased by 121%per unit area,respectively.Additionally,factorial experiments with DLEM-CNP showed that the enhanced NPP benefiting from the CO_(2) fertilization effect had been offset by 135%due to deforestation from the 1860s to the 2010s.Our study highlights the importance of P limitation on the C cycle and the weakened CO_(2)fertilization effect resulting from P limitation in tropical forests.

Performance validation of High Mountain Asia 8-meter Digital Elevation Model using ICESat-2 geolocated photons

High Mountain Asia(HMA),recognized as a third pole,needs regular and intense studies as it is susceptible to climate change.An accurate and high-resolution Digital Elevation Model(DEM)for this region enables us to analyze it in a 3D environment and understand its intricate role as the Water Tower of Asia.The science teams of NASA realized an 8-m DEM using satellite stereo imagery for HMA,termed HMA 8-m DEM.In this research,we assessed the vertical accuracy of HMA 8-m DEM using reference elevations from ICESat-2 geolocated photons at three test sites of varied topography and land covers.Inferences were made from statistical quantifiers and elevation profiles.For the world’s highest mountain,Mount Everest,and its surroundings,Root Mean Squared Error(RMSE)and Mean Absolute Error(MAE)resulted in 1.94 m and 1.66 m,respectively;however,a uniform positive bias observed in the elevation profiles indicates the seasonal snow cover change will dent the accurate estimation of the elevation in this sort of test sites.The second test site containing gentle slopes with forest patches has exhibited the Digital Surface Model(DSM)features with RMSE and MAE of 0.58 m and 0.52 m,respectively.The third test site,situated in the Zanda County of the Qinghai-Tibet,is a relatively flat terrain bed,mostly bare earth with sudden river cuts,and has minimal errors with RMSE and MAE of 0.32 m and 0.29 m,respectively,and with a negligible bias.Additionally,in one more test site,the feasibility of detecting the glacial lakes was tested,which resulted in exhibiting a flat surface over the surface of the lakes,indicating the potential of HMA 8-m DEM for deriving the hydrological parameters.The results accrued in this investigation confirm that the HMA 8-m DEM has the best vertical accuracy and should be of high use for analyzing natural hazards and monitoring glacier surfaces.

A multi-mechanism numerical simulation model for CO_(2)-EOR and storage in fractured shale oil reservoirs

Under the policy background and advocacy of carbon capture,utilization,and storage(CCUS),CO_(2)-EOR has become a promising direction in the shale oil reservoir industry.The multi-scale pore structure distribution and fracture structure lead to complex multiphase flow,comprehensively considering multiple mechanisms is crucial for development and CO_(2) storage in fractured shale reservoirs.In this paper,a multi-mechanism coupled model is developed by MATLAB.Compared to the traditional Eclipse300 and MATLAB Reservoir Simulation Toolbox(MRST),this model considers the impact of pore structure on fluid phase behavior by the modified Peng—Robinson equation of state(PR-EOS),and the effect simultaneously radiate to Maxwell—Stefan(M—S)diffusion,stress sensitivity,the nano-confinement(NC)effect.Moreover,a modified embedded discrete fracture model(EDFM)is used to model the complex fractures,which optimizes connection types and half-transmissibility calculation approaches between non-neighboring connections(NNCs).The full implicit equation adopts the finite volume method(FVM)and Newton—Raphson iteration for discretization and solution.The model verification with the Eclipse300 and MRST is satisfactory.The results show that the interaction between the mechanisms significantly affects the production performance and storage characteristics.The effect of molecular diffusion may be overestimated in oil-dominated(liquid-dominated)shale reservoirs.The well spacing and injection gas rate are the most crucial factors affecting the production by sensitivity analysis.Moreover,the potential gas invasion risk is mentioned.This model provides a reliable theoretical basis for CO_(2)-EOR and sequestration in shale oil reservoirs.

3D seismic forward modeling from the multiphysical inversion at the Ketzin CO_(2) storage site

From June 2008 to August 2013,approximately 67 kt of CO_(2) was injected into a deep saline formation at the Ketzin pilot CO_(2) storage site.During injection,3D seismic surveys have been performed to monitor the migration of sequestered CO_(2).Seismic monitoring results are limited by the acquisition and signal-to-noise ratio of the acquired data.The multiphysical reservoir simulation provides information regarding the CO_(2) fluid behavior,and the approximated model should be calibrated with the monitoring results.In this work,property models are delivered from the multiphysical model during 3D repeated seismic surveys.The simulated seismic data based on the models are compared with the real data,and the results validate the effectiveness of the multiphysical inversion method.Time-lapse analysis shows the trend of CO_(2) migration during and after injection.

Depositional model of the Member Deng-2 marginal microbial mound-bank complex of the Dengying Formation in the southwestern Sichuan Basin, SW China: Implications for the Ediacaran microbial mound construction and hydrocarbon exploration

Recent advances in hydrocarbon exploration have been made in the Member Deng-2 marginal microbial mound-bank complex reservoirs of the Dengying Formation in the western Sichuan Basin, SW China,where the depositional process is regarded confusing. The microfacies, construction types, and depositional model of the Member Deng-2 marginal microbial mound-bank complex have been investigated using unmanned aerial vehicle photography, outcrop section investigation, thin section identification,and seismic reflections in the southwestern Sichuan Basin. The microbialite lithologic textures in this region include thrombolite, dendrolite, stromatolite, fenestral stromatolite, spongiostromata stone,oncolite, aggregated grainstone, and botryoidal grapestone. Based on the comprehensive analysis of“depositional fabrics-lithology-microfacies”, an association between a fore mound, mound framework,and back mound subfacies has been proposed based on water depth, current direction, energy level and lithologic assemblages. The microfacies of the mound base, mound core, mound flank, mound cap, and mound flat could be recognized among the mound framework subfacies. Two construction types of marginal microbial mound-bank complex have been determined based on deposition location, mound scale, migration direction, and sedimentary facies association. Type Jinkouhe microbial mound constructions(TJMMCs) develop along the windward margin owing to their proximity to the seaward subfacies fore mound, with a northeastwardly migrated microbial mound on top of the mud mound,exhibiting the characteristics of large-sized mounds and small-sized banks in the surrounding area. Type E'bian microbial mound constructions(TEMMCs) primarily occur on the leeward margin, resulting from the presence of onshore back mound subfacies, with the smaller southwestward migrated microbial mounds existing on a thicker microbial flat. The platform margin microbial mound depositional model can be correlated with certain lateral comparison profile and seismic reflection structures in the 2D seismic section, which can provide references for future worldwide exploration. Microbial mounds with larger buildups and thicker vertical reservoirs are typically targeted on the windward margin, while small-sized microbial mounds and flats with better lateral connections are typically focused on the leeward margin.

Metal-N_(4)model single‐atom catalyst with electroneutral quadri‐pyridine macrocyclic ligand for CO_(2)electroreduction

Metal–N–C single‐atom catalysts,mostly prepared from pyrolysis of metalorganic precursors,are widely used in heterogeneous electrocatalysis.Since metal sites with diverse local structures coexist in this type of material and it is challenging to characterize the local structure,a reliable structure–property relationship is difficult to establish.Conjugated macrocyclic complexes adsorbed on carbon support are well‐defined models to mimic the singleatom catalysts.Metal–N_(4)site with four electroneutral pyridine‐type ligands embedded in a graphene layer is the most commonly proposed structure of the active site of single‐atom catalysts,but its molecular counterpart has not been reported.In this work,we synthesized the conjugated macrocyclic complexes with a metal center(Co,Fe,or Ni)coordinated with four electroneutral pyridinic ligands as model catalysts for CO_(2)electroreduction.For comparison,the complexes with anionic quadri‐pyridine macrocyclic ligand were also prepared.The Co complex with the electroneutral ligand expressed a turnover frequency of CO formation more than an order of magnitude higher than that of the Co complex with the anionic ligand.Constrained ab initio molecular dynamics simulations based on the well‐defined structures of the model catalysts indicate that the Co complex with the electroneutral ligand possesses a stronger ability to mediate electron transfer from carbon to CO_(2).

Tidal modeling based on satellite altimetry observations of TOPEX/ Poseidon, Jason1, Jason2, and Jason3 with high prediction capability: A case study of the Baltic Sea

This research aims to optimize the utilization of long-term sea level data from the TOPEX/Poseidon,Jason1,Jason2,and Jason3 altimetry missions for tidal modeling.We generate a time series of along-track observations and apply a developed method to produce tidal models with specific tidal constituents for each location.Our tidal modeling methodology follows an iterative process:partitioning sea surface height(SSH)observations into analysis/training and prediction/validation parts and ultimately identi-fying the set of tidal constituents that provide the best predictions at each time series location.The study focuses on developing 1256 time series along the altimetry tracks over the Baltic Sea,each with its own set of tidal constituents.Verification of the developed tidal models against the sSH observations within the prediction/validation part reveals mean absolute error(MAE)values ranging from 0.0334 m to 0.1349 m,with an average MAE of 0.089 m.The same validation process is conducted on the FES2014 and EOT20 global tidal models,demonstrating that our tidal model,referred to as BT23(short for Baltic Tide 2023),outperforms both models with an average MAE improvement of 0.0417 m and 0.0346 m,respectively.In addition to providing details on the development of the time series and the tidal modeling procedure,we offer the 1256 along-track time series and their associated tidal models as supplementary materials.We encourage the satellite altimetry community to utilize these resources for further research and applications.

24 Model在道路运输事故成因中的应用

为预防道路运输事故,基于事故致因“2-4”(24 Model)模型,对2015—2021年发生的215起道路运输事故的行为原因进行研究。从个人层面和组织层面分析导致事故发生的直接原因、间接原因、根本原因及其根源原因。结果表明:发生频次最多的不安全动作是驾驶员超速行驶(占10.67%);22.33%的道路运输事故存在管理者违章安排无资质员工上岗作业;管理者和领导者对57.67%的道路运输事故的发生有重要影响;由人为因素产生的不安全物态占比达71.53%;驾驶员、车辆安全生产管理制度欠缺或执行不到位在根本原因中尤为突出(占20.92%)。基于此,提出道路运输事故预防对策并构建出道路运输系统各因素关系图。

2-D Modeling and Calculations of Stratospheric Ozone and Influences of Convection, Diffusion, and Time

An engineering system approach of 2-D cylindrical model of transient mass balance calculations of ozone and other concerned chemicals along with fourteen photolysis, ozone-generating and ozone-depleting chemical reaction equations was developed, validated, and used for studying the ozone concentrations, distribution and peak of the layer, ozone depletion and total ozone abundance in the stratosphere. The calculated ozone concentrations and profile at both the Equator and a 60˚N location were found to follow closely with the measured data. The calculated average ozone concentration was within 1% of the measured average, and the deviation of ozone profiles was within 14%. The monthly evolution of stratospheric ozone concentrations and distribution above the Equator was studied with results discussed in details. The influences of slow air movement in both altitudinal and radial directions on ozone concentrations and profile in the stratosphere were explored and discussed. Parametric studies of the influences of gas diffusivities of ozone DO3 and active atomic oxygen DO on ozone concentrations and distributions were also studied and delineated. Having both influences through physical diffusion and chemical reactions, the diffusivity (and diffusion) of atomic oxygen DO was found to be more sensitive and important than that of ozone DO3 on ozone concentrations and distribution. The 2-D ozone model present in this paper for stratospheric ozone and its layer and depletion is shown to be robust, convenient, efficient, and executable for analyzing the complex ozone phenomena in the stratosphere. .

Numerical Models and Methods of Atmospheric Parameters Originating in the Formation of the Earth’s Climatic Cycle

Atmospheric models are physical equations based on the ideal gas law. Applied to the atmosphere, this law yields equations for water, vapor (gas), ice, air, humidity, dryness, fire, and heat, thus defining the model of key atmospheric parameters. The distribution of these parameters across the entire planet Earth is the origin of the formation of the climatic cycle, which is a normal climatic variation. To do this, the Earth is divided into eight (8) parts according to the number of key parameters to be defined in a physical representation of the model. Following this distribution, numerical models calculate the constants for the formation of water, vapor, ice, dryness, thermal energy (fire), heat, air, and humidity. These models vary in complexity depending on the indirect trigonometric direction and simplicity in the sum of neighboring models. Note that the constants obtained from the equations yield 275.156˚K (2.006˚C) for water, 273.1596˚K (0.00963˚C) for vapor, 273.1633˚K (0.0133˚C) for ice, 0.00365 in/s for atmospheric dryness, 1.996 in2/s for humidity, 2.993 in2/s for air, 1 J for thermal energy of fire, and 0.9963 J for heat. In summary, this study aims to define the main parameters and natural phenomena contributing to the modification of planetary climate. .

IFAM与24Model的对比研究

为完善和推动事故致因理论的发展,提高事故防控水平,在对信息流事故致因模型(IFAM)和事故致因2-4模型(24Model)理论基础、组成要素和分析过程对比研究的基础上,通过实例分析辨识二者之间的异同。研究结果表明:IFAM与24Model都有较强的理论基础,部分组成要素存在对应关系,但原因类别划分存在差异。IFAM以信息流和组织为研究对象,研究过程相对复杂,更适用于分析单起事故;24Model以组织为研究对象,事故原因模块通用性和逻辑性强,适用于分析单起或某类事故。在实际应用中,IFAM与24Model均可用于事故调查分析和事故分级定责,具有一定的理论和实践价值。IFAM通过信息流表征事故致因,直观描述组织外部原因因素,但对个体能力的深入研究欠缺;而24Model认为组织外部因素需要通过组织内部原因模块的欠缺体现,认为个体能力是引发事故的间接原因并进行细致分析,但对组织间相关关系的探究欠缺。研究结果可为事故预防工作提供新视角和理论支撑。

基于24Model的房屋市政工程事故致因组态研究

为探索房屋市政工程事故的影响因素与关联组态路径,依据案例的完整性、代表性与可靠性选取2018—2022年发生的70起较大及以上规模房屋市政工程生产安全事故作为研究对象,运用定性比较分析方法和“2-4”模型寻找该类事故的致因组态。研究结果表明:组织安全管理体系的执行情况是导致事故发生的重要影响因素;安全文化型和不安全动作型是事故的主要发生机制;事故致因与结果之间存在多重并发的因果关系。房屋市政工程生产安全管理需夯实安全管理体系,利用致因组态强化事故预防措施,以改善工程的经济与社会效益。

Analysis of the Application Effect of Family Collaborative Care Model on Elderly Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and the Situation of Self-Care Ability

Objective: To study the application effect of the family collaborative care model on elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and its influence on self-care ability. Methods: The elderly type 2 diabetes mellitus patients (400 cases) treated in our hospital between March 2020 and July 2023 were divided into two groups by randomized grouping method;the control group received the conventional nursing program, while the observation group received the family collaborative nursing model. Blood glucose level, self-care ability, and quality of life were compared between the groups. Results: The blood glucose level of the observation group was lower than that of the control group (P < 0.05). The self- care ability and quality of life scores of the observation group were higher than those of the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The family collaborative care model for elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus can promote their self- care ability, improve the effect of glycemic control, and improve their quality of life, and is suitable for further promotion and application.

Analysis of the Effect of Integrated Extended Care Model in Improving the Quality of Life of Elderly Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Objective: To analyze the impact of an integrated extended care model on improving the quality of life of elderly patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). Methods: A total of 176 patients admitted to the hospital from March 2015 to February 2018 were selected and randomly assigned to an observation group and a control group, with 88 patients each. The control group implemented conventional nursing interventions, and the observation group carried out an integrated extended-care model. The level of glycemic control, quality of life, and daily medication adherence between both groups were compared. Results: The observation group showed significant improvement in the level of glycemic control, and their fasting blood glucose, 2-hour postprandial blood glucose, and glycated hemoglobin levels were significantly lower as compared with those in the study group (P < 0.05). The quality of life of the patients in the observation group was higher than that of the control group (P < 0.05). The observation group had a higher compliance score (95.48 ± 7.45) than the control group (81.31 ± 8.72) (t = 8.909, P < 0.05). Conclusion: The integrated extended care model allows patients to receive comprehensive and individualized nursing services after discharge, which improves the effect of drug therapy and the quality of life of patients.

基于24Model的煤炭企业安全文化提升实践研究

为了发挥安全文化在事故预防中的重要作用,运用基于事故致因“2-4”模型的安全文化水平提升方法研究某煤炭企业的安全文化建设现状并提出改进措施。首先,明确了24Model视域下的安全文化水平提升方法在我国的适用性;然后,从安全文化水平现状和安全理念2方面开展了针对该企业的实践研究;最后,提出改进措施。结果表明:该企业安全文化水平总体上要比国内或同行业的安全业绩较差的企业好,比安全业绩较好的企业差;该企业安全理念涉及32元素的13个方面;一线人员、班组长、专业人员和领导层对部分元素的理解程度不佳,并且这些元素中仅有元素3、元素4、元素6、元素13、元素16的内容在企业的安全理念有所体现。提出了14条改进的安全理念用于提高企业的安全文化水平。

基于24model的建筑施工机械伤害事故脆弱性分析

为预防建筑施工机械伤害事故,本研究采用事故致因2-4模型(24model)和复杂网络理论(CN)对施工机械事故进行分析整理。首先采用24model梳理86起典型机械事故报告中各层次事故的致因,对伤害事故中的安全管理体系、习惯性行为、不安全动作和不安全物态进行定性分析;随后根据复杂网络理论构建风险要素网络模型,通过网络攻击的手段找到导致事故的关键要素。研究结果表明:未经允许冒险作业、无相关施工资质、作业环境恶劣是事故关键致因。通过对关键节点的防控,可有效提升建筑施工安全水平。

宽体客机气动标模CHN-T2设计

发展商用运输机标模是我国独立发展具有自主知识产权的先进民用飞机的重要支撑手段,对验证CFD技术和确认风洞试验品质具有重要意义。结合国内外主流宽体商业客机的布局特点和气动设计需求,基于自主开发的AMDEsign设计平台,设计研发了宽体客机标模CHN-T2。标模设计马赫数0.85,设计升力系数0.48。模型充分体现了主流宽体商用客机典型的双通道机身/超临界机翼/平立尾/翼吊通气短舱等几何特征,具有典型的部件间强干扰/激波分离/转捩等流场特征以及优异的高亚声速巡航/高升阻比气动效率等性能特征。通过气动外形优化设计、短舱吊挂组件影响及雷诺数效应等研究,并结合风洞试验数据对比分析,最终确认CHN-T2模型巡航升阻比达到21.8、阻力发散马赫数约为0.872、抖振边界大于1.3倍巡航升力系数、风洞试验准雷诺数为3×10^(7)。研究认为,CHN-T2模型具有良好的气动性能,能够作为先进宽体客机气动标模进行应用推广。通过持续建立的丰富气动数据库和流场影像,可有力支撑宽体客机流动机理分析、CFD技术验证与确认、先进风洞试验技术发展验证、CFD与风洞数据相关性等研究。