As the basis for the study,this manuscript was written at a time when the energy crisis is affecting most parts of the world and most es-pecially the prevailing and rampant electricity crisis in most developing countr...As the basis for the study,this manuscript was written at a time when the energy crisis is affecting most parts of the world and most es-pecially the prevailing and rampant electricity crisis in most developing countries.As a result,50 combined cooling,heating and power(CCHP)systems studies were reviewed,which included the internal combustion engine(ICE),Stirling engine,biomass,micro turbine,solar and biogas,photovoltaic(PV)and gas turbine,wind turbine,PV and micro-turbine,solid-oxide and phosphoric-acid fuel cells(FCs),ICE and thermoelectric generator,low-temperature(LT)polymer electrolyte membrane(PEM),inlet air throttling gas turbine,ground source heat pump(GSHP)micro gas turbine and PV,ICE and GSHP,ICE with dehumidification and refrigeration,5-kW PEM FC,thermoelectric cooler and LT-PEM FC,Stirling engine and molten carbonate FC,thermo-acoustic organic Rankine cycle,solar-thermal,geothermal,integrated energy systems,power-and heat-storage systems,energy-conversion systems,thermodynamic and thermo-economic optimization strategies,working fluids based on hydrogen,helium as well as ammonia,H_(2)O,CO_(2) etc.Of these reviewed CCHP systems,FC-based CCHP systems were of the greatest interest,particularly the PEM FC.Consequently,FCs were further investigated,whereby the seven popular types of FCs identified and classified were summarily compared with each other,from which the PEM FC was preferred due to its practical popularity.However,PEM FCs,like all FCs,are susceptible to the fuel-starvation phenomenon;therefore,six FC-assisted schemes were examined,from which the FC assisted with the supercapacitor and battery technique was the most widely applied.In sum,the significance of the study entails assorted CCHP systems,FCs,their highlights,their applications and their pros and cons in a single reference document that anyone can easily use to holistically understand the characteristics of the CCHP systems.The study concludes with our perspective,by which we formulate and propose an alternative innovative unique CCHP system model under research,which is based exclusively on green tech-nologies:FCs,lithium-ion battery,ultracapacitor,thermoelectricity and an energy-management system using MATLAB■.展开更多
综合能源系统中,不同能源之间的相互转换可提高能源的利用效率,是区域综合能源系统规划的重要研究课题。就综合能源系统的结构而言,研究了冷热电联供系统(Combined Cooling Heat and Power,CCHP)、电转气装置(Power to Gas,P2G)、储气...综合能源系统中,不同能源之间的相互转换可提高能源的利用效率,是区域综合能源系统规划的重要研究课题。就综合能源系统的结构而言,研究了冷热电联供系统(Combined Cooling Heat and Power,CCHP)、电转气装置(Power to Gas,P2G)、储气装置、热电联产机组(CHP)和太阳能光伏发电机组等设备互补协同作用下的成本。讨论了不同配置系统的经济性和可行性,建立了一系列模型,并且用粒子群算法进行求解。算例结果表明,配置蓄冷和储热模型在能源互联网系统中可以增加收益,同时能源的相互转化在一定程度上可以提高能源利用率,减少环境污染。展开更多
文摘As the basis for the study,this manuscript was written at a time when the energy crisis is affecting most parts of the world and most es-pecially the prevailing and rampant electricity crisis in most developing countries.As a result,50 combined cooling,heating and power(CCHP)systems studies were reviewed,which included the internal combustion engine(ICE),Stirling engine,biomass,micro turbine,solar and biogas,photovoltaic(PV)and gas turbine,wind turbine,PV and micro-turbine,solid-oxide and phosphoric-acid fuel cells(FCs),ICE and thermoelectric generator,low-temperature(LT)polymer electrolyte membrane(PEM),inlet air throttling gas turbine,ground source heat pump(GSHP)micro gas turbine and PV,ICE and GSHP,ICE with dehumidification and refrigeration,5-kW PEM FC,thermoelectric cooler and LT-PEM FC,Stirling engine and molten carbonate FC,thermo-acoustic organic Rankine cycle,solar-thermal,geothermal,integrated energy systems,power-and heat-storage systems,energy-conversion systems,thermodynamic and thermo-economic optimization strategies,working fluids based on hydrogen,helium as well as ammonia,H_(2)O,CO_(2) etc.Of these reviewed CCHP systems,FC-based CCHP systems were of the greatest interest,particularly the PEM FC.Consequently,FCs were further investigated,whereby the seven popular types of FCs identified and classified were summarily compared with each other,from which the PEM FC was preferred due to its practical popularity.However,PEM FCs,like all FCs,are susceptible to the fuel-starvation phenomenon;therefore,six FC-assisted schemes were examined,from which the FC assisted with the supercapacitor and battery technique was the most widely applied.In sum,the significance of the study entails assorted CCHP systems,FCs,their highlights,their applications and their pros and cons in a single reference document that anyone can easily use to holistically understand the characteristics of the CCHP systems.The study concludes with our perspective,by which we formulate and propose an alternative innovative unique CCHP system model under research,which is based exclusively on green tech-nologies:FCs,lithium-ion battery,ultracapacitor,thermoelectricity and an energy-management system using MATLAB■.
文摘综合能源系统中,不同能源之间的相互转换可提高能源的利用效率,是区域综合能源系统规划的重要研究课题。就综合能源系统的结构而言,研究了冷热电联供系统(Combined Cooling Heat and Power,CCHP)、电转气装置(Power to Gas,P2G)、储气装置、热电联产机组(CHP)和太阳能光伏发电机组等设备互补协同作用下的成本。讨论了不同配置系统的经济性和可行性,建立了一系列模型,并且用粒子群算法进行求解。算例结果表明,配置蓄冷和储热模型在能源互联网系统中可以增加收益,同时能源的相互转化在一定程度上可以提高能源利用率,减少环境污染。
