Christianity: What Should It Do With a New Situation?

Is the Christian doctrine espoused by contemporary Christians really the true meaning of Christ?What is the basic doctrine of Christ?How should believers believe in and practice Christian doctrine?This article analyzes this and distinguishes between the faithful of Christ and that of the church,two types of believers who are similar in form but not identical in nature.

Cultural Conflicts and Fusion in the Process of Christianity Disseminating in China

This paper focuses on cultural conflicts,mainly conflicts of God oriented and people oriented world view,different view towards human nature- virtue culture and guilt culture,the theology that all are equal before God and hierarchical order tradition,monotheism and polytheism,conflict between the doctrine and the concept of clan,briefly,that between Chinese traditional culture and Christian doctrine in the process of the religion disseminating in China.It also touches upon the beneficial attributes of Chinese culture for the fusion of the two culture patterns.

Obligation Orientation and Right-Based Principle——The Difference between Chinese and Western Legal Culture Influenced by Confucianism and Christianity

As an important part of cultural and ideological progress construction,the improvement of Chinese modern legal system has become a keynote in the process of constructing the harmonious society in China.In the course of the development of Chinese legal system,transplanting from western legal culture is becoming a trend.Therefore,it is necessary to study the difference between Chinese and western legal culture and its influencing elements so as to provide a cultural basis for this transplant.As for cultural factor,Confucianism is the dominated thoughts in traditional Chinese history and Christianity occupies the same place in western culture,accordingly,their influence on the difference between Chinese and western legal culture is great.This paper discusses the difference of the obligation orientation and right-based principle between Chinese and western legal culture influenced by Confucianism and Christianity aiming at provide some important inspirations for the transplant of western legal culture in improving Chinese modern legal system.

Searching for a New Identity:Christianity,Conversion and Dalit Sikhs

The advent and spread of Christianity in the Punjab would have been a limited affair but for the“dalits”,the depressed classes of the Punjab.The present Christian community is the result of the mass movement and efforts of the missionaries in the Punjab.The paper also examines the eyewitness accounts of the missionaries which are helpful in demystifying the myth of“equality among the Sikhs”.These accounts also reinforce our understanding of the status of Mazhabi Sikhs as a lower caste among the Sikhs.Using the terms,“foreign enclaves”and“ritually neutral area”from Milton Singer’s classic study,When a Great Tradition Modernizes,the author has tried to demonstrate the processes of isolation,slow acceptance,and incorporation of the converts.

Women Bodies at Trial by Ordeal since Christianity to Trier Movies

In his Antichrist and Nymphomaniac, Lars von Trier seems to defy norms on sex and women＇s desires. However he actually reproduces Christianity＇s perspective that women are sinful by their dispositions. According to the classical creation story, Eve falls into temptation and then, convinces Adam to commit the same crime. All Abrahamic religions but especially Christianity identifies women with the body and bodily desires, rather than the mind which comes from nonmaterial and divine substance. Accordingly, women can easily be deceived by Satan since they contain a lesser amount of mental substance compared to men. In Antichrist, Trier reiterates the story of Adam and Eve in a different context. The woman writes her dissertation on women who are burnt with the accusation of being a witch. But she realizes that her body is sinful and deserving of punishment, too. She finds her salvation when she cuts her clitoris. In Nymphomaniac, the main character gets her clitoris whipped. While she resists traditional and bourgeois morality, she defines herself as morally evil because of her unmanageable sexual desires. Thus, reputed as critical of all social structures and morality, Trier in fact simply rehashes the classical sexist and misogynist perspective.

Cogito, Phenomenology, and Christianity in Michel Henry

This article shows,in Michel Henry,the relationship that Descartes’cogito maintains with phenomenology and Christianity.Thus,this article first shows to see how the phenomenology of life is only possible through a reading of Descartes’cogito.For,in it is in the cogito that one discovers how the life of the ego relates the ego to itself by excluding from itself what is outside of itself in the reduction in which this ego is constituted.The article then observes that it is from the way in which the ego is constituted in its most radical immanence that Michel shows how Husserl confused the immanence of the ego with the transcendence which lies outside of the ego.The article finally explains how the ego which discovers itself in pure immanence is the institute of a phenomenology of life which remains the mode of being of the philosophy of Christianity.

Shakespeare and Christianity—Studies in the Merchant of Venice

Christianity, by far the most influential religion in the west, touches every phase of man's life so much so that it has shaped the western civilization more decisively and become the blood of western culture. William Shakespeare is the greatest humanist, but he is also a Christian rooted in western culture, so it is observed that Shakespeare's thinking pattern and writing were influenced by Christianity. The paper, taking the Merchant of Venice as an example, analyzed Biblical references in Shakespeare's thinking pattern, Christianity and Shakespeare's idealistic character.

Analyses on How Christianity Affects Western Culture

T.S. Eliot once said if there were no Christianity, the whole culture wouldn't exist. Christianity affects every part of western culture. Christian thoughts deeply influence how western people think and feel. This paper centers around the following divisions, Introduction, Christianity, Christianity and Western Culture, and Conclusion. According to the four dimensions, the thesis emphatically analyzes why Christianity is an important source of western culture.

It Is Easy When You Are a Christian： Badeng Kenyah Conversion to Christianity

In this article, 1 explore how the Long Geng Badeng Kenyah community of Sarawak converted to Christianity even though there was no sustained missionary persuasion from the outside. Over a period of study, I eventually accept the simple emic explanation that ＂it is easy when you are a Christian＂ to be an important explanation. Central to this view is that Christianity provides an alternative religion that allows the people to avoid the need to observe the many troublesome taboos that hinder frequent traveling and engaging in various kinds of economic activities. The influence of relatives is an important factor, too, and as more people become Christians, the traditional Bungan followers lose the support to continue with the traditional religion and eventually almost all follow their relatives to adopt the new religion, which they find do not hinder practicing their culture other than replacing the traditional worship with the Christian way. The ethnographic study provides the opportunity to relate to recent scholarship on the anthropology of Christianity, and facilitates anthropological reflection on the study of cultural change, in particular, in relation to the work of Marshall Sahlins.

组织细胞吞噬性脂膜炎一例

组织细胞吞噬性脂膜炎(CHP)是一种罕见的临床疾病,以皮下脂肪组织的结节性小叶性脂膜炎为特征,本文报道1例。患者,男,56岁,双侧下肢及上肢反复出现疼痛性红斑、结节,伴发热、白细胞异常升高、周身乏力,抗生素治疗无效。病理活检示真皮可见“豆袋细胞”,最终明确诊断组织细胞吞噬性脂膜炎,给予糖皮质激素治疗后患者皮疹及症状迅速改善。

A Cosmological Neuroscientific Examination of Bertrand Russell’s Essays on Religion and Related Subjects

This work examined Bertrand Russell’s main arguments against the existence of God and his strongly negative opinion on the historic role of religions.These arguments were:(1)The idea that God is a First Cause is invalid because the cosmos doesn’t have to have a beginning;(2)If there were reasons for God to issue the observed natural laws and not others then God Himself was just an intermediary of older laws;(3)Considering all the defects of the world one cannot consider God as an omnipotent designer;(4)If God created both right and wrong then it is no longer a significant statement that God is good;And(5)most people believe in God just because they have been taught from early infancy to do it.The criticisms of cosmological neuroscience were as follows:(1)The particular cosmic wave that carries our Universe could have a beginning;(2)Although there were reasons for the natural laws which God issued,it cannot diminish the divine creativity of this act;(3)Although the world is indeed full of defects,they are as much parts of the cosmic order as its splendors,due to their common roots in the Law of Coexistence in Diversity;(4)Although right and wrong may ultimately be both in God’s blueprint,He is still benevolent due to the Law of Divine-Evil Asymmetry permitting wrong only under the dominance of right;And(5)although many believe in God only because they were taught to do so and hope it provides safety,this is an oversimplification unable to explain the genuine Faith of others.The devastating judgement of Russel that religions have been just“a source of untold misery to the human race”was also examined.This brief article could not detail all the positive social changes with which the religions of goodness(e.g.,Abrahamic religions)enriched history,such as introducing the respect for human life.But the paper did remind the reader of the God-inspired work of Lao Tzu,Rumi,Michelangelo,the Bach-interpreting Leonard Bernstein,Mother Teresa,Martin Luther King Jr.,George Harrison and others including the architects of the Borobudur temple and astronauts like Frank Borman who read from the Bible while flying around the Moon.The paper ended with the central thought of Bertrand Russell that“The good life is one inspired by love and guided by knowledge”,to emphasize that if committed to their Conscience atheists like him can live as moral lives as the men and women of Faith—the difference is being nothing else than sensing or not the Soul that permeates the cosmos.

Translated Illustration and the Indigenization of Christianity in Late Qing Chinese Christian Novels

＂Intersemiotic translation＂ is categorized by Roman Jakobson as one of three types of translation. Translation of illustrations in the late Qing novels, either directly from verbal signs or visual signs, can also be regarded as a typical kind of ＂intersemiotic translation.＂ The present article studies illustrations in Chinese Christian literature in the late Qing period, especially those in the Chinese translations of John Bunyan＇s works, The Pilgrim＇s Progress and The Holy War. Questions to ponder are how inter-semiotic translation occurs between these illustrations--in either transferring or transplanting the meanings from one sign system to another--and how it establishes its legitimacy through religious negotiation, ideological conflict, and cultural integration. The illustrations in the Chinese translation versions of The Pilgrim ＂s Progress manifest the translators＇ and illustrators＇ manipulation of repertoires of Chinese religious signs, thereby indigenizing a foreign religion. These illustrations, nevertheless, are not only associated with Christianity, but also with the long-lasting visual signs of Chinese culture. Hence these translated illustrations could be considered as a type of ＂Translated Christianity.＂

Christianity and Miao Education in Shimenkan,Guizhou

Shimenkan is a remote and mountainous village in Weining county,Guizhou province,an area traditionally populated by Miao ethnic minority.The arrival of Christian missionaries just over 100 years ago began Shimenkan’s transformation from an illiterate school-less place,to a“revered site of Miao education.”Today,Shimenkan has returned to being the worst performing part of Weining county in terms of educational attainment.By investigating and analyzing the impact of Christianity on Miao school education and community education,this paper will discuss how Miao students are coping with cultural aspects of education and community amidst social change,and the impact of the cultural context on their academic achievement.Where foreign culture meets local demands,little resistance to cultural education exists.In such circumstances,outside culture is likely to be accepted in the community,and may generate positive outcomes.

The Impact of Christianity on the lgbo and the Gikuyu Community in Africa as Revealed in Arrow of God and The River Between

Religious conversion was an extremely important and effective strategy for the European colonizers to establish their colonial dominance in Africa.The diffusion of Christianity across Africa helped the colonizers gain acceptance and support among the natives,which in turn gave the colonizers more control over Africa.During the inception of European Christian missionary activities in Africa,those who accepted Christianity were favored by the colonial administration;but those who opposed,faced persecution.As more and more native Africans espoused Christianity and eschewed their native religions,Christianity emerged as a distinct threat to the native African cultures,religions,and associated rituals.But such mass proselytization hardly had any altruistic cause;rather,the conversion game helped the colonizers hide how they exploited Africa under the cloak of philanthropy.The newlyconverted Christians were indoctrinated by the missionaries to such an extent that they started to loathe indigenous culture.In some cases,they channeled their loathing for indigenous belief system into actively opposing and obstructing the practice of native African religions and rituals.This paper examines Achebe's Arrow of God and Thiong'o's The River Between to discover how Christianity helped the European colonizers expand colonial territory and tighten their stranglehold on native African cultures.

Research and Exploration on the Teaching of World Medieval History under the Innovative Education Concept

The development of the Middle Ages is an inevitable stage in the development of human history,and it has a very important historical significance.During the Middle Ages,the struggle between religious power and secular kingship became a big driving force for medieval education.While strengthening the Christian worldview,education in the Middle Ages also completed the connection between classical civilization and modern European civilization.Medieval educational developments and explorations have had a major impact on contemporary education,especially medieval universities,cathedrals and parliaments.

Epistemic Analysis of Kantian Ethics of Duty Call vis-a-vis Paranormal in Nigerian Society Among Nigerian Clergymen

This work is geared to carry out epistemic analysis of Kantian ethics of duty call vis-à-vis paranormal in Nigerian society among clergymen.The recent changes in Nigerian and other African countries like colonialism that brought Western education,globalization,urbanization,and new religion(Islam and Christianity)have made it that divination in traditional African religion is no longer in vogue in this contemporary period.Divination and fortune telling have taken a new dimension in form of faith healing and miracles by some prophets and so called men of God like pastors,priests,and imam.The quest for materialism among the ministers and clerics of Islamic,Christian and traditional religion has made them abuse their religious calling for their selfish interests.This work makes use of analytic and critical methods of data analysis.This work postulates that Immanuel Kant’s ethics of duty call serves to provide a guiding principle to Nigeria clergymen of different religions on the need for them to carry out their religious duties out of good will.On the other hand,twisting or distorting the teachings of their religion to serve their various selfish interests contravenes Immanuel Kant’s ethics of duty call.Finally,they have to contribute positively to nation building by propagating or fostering the positive ideology,theories,or doctrines that will promote love and national unity in a multicultural country like Nigeria.

To Club or Not to Club, That Is the Question Debating the Meaning of Catholic Identity for Universities in Today’s World

This case study presents the dilemma faced by a French university with Christian identity regarding a students’request to officially approve a club for the LGBTQ+community:which would be the most prudent response considering all matters involved?The case is disguised:it combines elements taken from very similar cases impacting today more than a few Catholic universities around the globe.Part A describes this university:history,principles and values,academic and financial information,relations with its stakeholders,etc.This part also describes its religious context and some relevant statistics regarding the LGTBQ+community.Finally,a series of opinions regarding the issue and how to answer the students’request presented in the form of an open discussion at the university’s steering committee provides different arguments in favor or against the approval.Part B offers some guidelines useful to take a prudent response considering all matters involved:legal,ethical,governance,and communicative.These guidelines are divided in three chapters:what should be the framework for such a discussion,strategic recommendations,and practical suggestions.Their aim is to provide a sort of a blueprint for university heads and administrators,to design a tailor-made response fitting the identity and stakeholders’map of their own university.

A Proposal for the Restitution of the World’s First Baptistry and University, Mor Yakup Church, Turkey

The structure known today as St.Jacob’s Church represents one of the oldest Christian medieval monuments in the region.With the emergence of findings suggesting that the structure was the world’s first university during recent excavation efforts,it has gained even more significance.Since 2006,the excavation works conducted by the Mardin Museum Directorate in the vicinity of Mor Yakup Church have yielded information about various phases of the structure.However,assessments regarding the nature of the structure are still debated within the academic environment.This study aimed to thoroughly investigate the functional changes and periods that St.Jacob’s Church underwent throughout history and to provide a detailed description and restitution for each period.In this study,we utilized excavation reports,data from written sources related to the settlement and structure,information obtained from the structure itself,traces existing on the structure,and data derived from architectural necessities(logic/scenario).The results indicate that this structure served three different functions(baptistry,church,university)and went through two main periods(pre-Christianity and post-Christianity).

Different Outlooks on Life——Reflected in Chinese and Western Fisherman's Poems

Natural poems,especially fisherman’s poems,can always reflect different outlooks on life of Chinese and western poets.And such differences mainly result from cultural backgrounds.Under the influence of Christian belief,western fisherman’s poems attached more significance to the afterlife,while Chinese poets always express satisfaction in the unity of man and nature in this life,as a result of the influence of Confucianism and Taoism.