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A frequency servo SoC with output power stabilization loop technology for miniaturized atomic clocks 被引量:1
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作者 Hongyang Zhang Xinlin Geng +3 位作者 Zonglin Ye Kailei Wang Qian Xie Zheng Wang 《Journal of Semiconductors》 EI CAS CSCD 2024年第6期13-22,共10页
A frequency servo system-on-chip(FS-SoC)featuring output power stabilization technology is introduced in this study for high-precision and miniaturized cesium(Cs)atomic clocks.The proposed power stabilization loop(PSL... A frequency servo system-on-chip(FS-SoC)featuring output power stabilization technology is introduced in this study for high-precision and miniaturized cesium(Cs)atomic clocks.The proposed power stabilization loop(PSL)technique,incorporating an off-chip power detector(PD),ensures that the output power of the FS-SoC remains stable,mitigating the impact of power fluctuations on the atomic clock's stability.Additionally,a one-pulse-per-second(1PPS)is employed to syn-chronize the clock with GPS.Fabricated using 65 nm CMOS technology,the measured phase noise of the FS-SoC stands at-69.5 dBc/Hz@100 Hz offset and-83.9 dBc/Hz@1 kHz offset,accompanied by a power dissipation of 19.7 mW.The Cs atomic clock employing the proposed FS-SoC and PSL obtains an Allan deviation of 1.7×10^(-11) with 1-s averaging time. 展开更多
关键词 CMOS technology atomic clock phase-locked loop output power stabilization 1PPS
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Laboratory demonstration of geopotential measurement using transportable optical clocks 被引量:1
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作者 刘道信 曹健 +6 位作者 袁金波 崔凯枫 袁易 张平 晁思嘉 舒华林 黄学人 《Chinese Physics B》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2023年第1期272-277,共6页
We report an experimental demonstration of geopotential difference measurement using a pair of transportable ^(40)Ca^(+) optical clocks(TOC-729-1 and TOC-729-3)in the laboratory,each of them has an uncertainty of 1.3&... We report an experimental demonstration of geopotential difference measurement using a pair of transportable ^(40)Ca^(+) optical clocks(TOC-729-1 and TOC-729-3)in the laboratory,each of them has an uncertainty of 1.3×10^(−17) and an instability of 4.8×10^(−15)/√τ.Referenced to a stationary clock of TOC-729-1,the geopotential difference measurements are realized by moving TOC-729-3 to three different locations and the relevant altitude differences are measured with uncertainties at the level of 20 cm.After correcting the systematic shifts(including gravitational red shift),the two-clock frequency difference is measured to be–0.7(2.2)×10^(−17),considering both the statistic(1.0×10^(−17))and the systematic(1.9×10^(−17))uncertainties.The frequency difference between these two clocks is within their respective uncertainties,verifying the reliability of transportable ^(40)Ca^(+) optical clocks at the low level of 10^(−17). 展开更多
关键词 geopotential difference measurement transportable optical clock repeatability evaluation of clocks
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Measurements of Majorana transition frequency shift in caesium atomic fountain clocks
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作者 施俊如 王心亮 +6 位作者 杨帆 白杨 管勇 范思晨 刘丹丹 阮军 张首刚 《Chinese Physics B》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2023年第4期42-49,共8页
The caesium atomic fountain clock is a primary frequency standard.During its operation,a Majorana transition frequency shift will occur once a magnetic field at some special locations along the atomic trajectory is si... The caesium atomic fountain clock is a primary frequency standard.During its operation,a Majorana transition frequency shift will occur once a magnetic field at some special locations along the atomic trajectory is singular.In this study,by developing a physical model,we analyzed the magnetic field requirements for atomic adiabatic transition and calculated the influence of the Majorana atomic transition on the atomic state via a quantum method.Based on the simulation results for the magnetic field in the fountain clock,we applied the Monte Carlo method to simulate the relationship between the Majorana transition frequency shift and the magnetic field at the entrance of the magnetic shielding,as well as the initial atomic population.Measurement of the Majorana transition frequency shift was realized by state-selecting asymmetrically populated atoms.The relationship between the Majorana transition frequency shift and the axial magnetic field at the entrance of the magnetic shielding was obtained.The measured results were essentially consistent with the calculated results.Thus,the magnetic field at the entrance of the magnetic shielding was configured,and the Majorana transition frequency shift of the fountain clock was calculated to be 4.57×10^(-18). 展开更多
关键词 caesium atomic fountain clock Majorana transition frequency shift magnetic field initial atomic population
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Theoretical calculations on Landé g-factors and quadratic Zeeman shift coefficients of nsnp ^(3)P_(0)^(o) clock states in Mg and Cd optical lattice clocks
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作者 卢本全 常宏 《Chinese Physics B》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2023年第1期278-285,共8页
The study of magnetic field effects on the clock transition of Mg and Cd optical lattice clocks is scarce.In this work,the hyperfine-induced Landég-factors and quadratic Zeeman shift coefficients of the nsnp ^(3)... The study of magnetic field effects on the clock transition of Mg and Cd optical lattice clocks is scarce.In this work,the hyperfine-induced Landég-factors and quadratic Zeeman shift coefficients of the nsnp ^(3)P_(0)^(o) clock states for ^(111,113)Cd and ^(25)Mg were calculated by using the multi-configuration Dirac–Hartree–Fock theory.To obtain accurate values of these parameters,the impact of electron correlations and furthermore the Breit interaction and quantum electrodynamical effects on the Zeeman and hyperfine interaction matrix elements,and energy separations were investigated in detail.We also estimated the contributions from perturbing states to the Landég-factors and quadratic Zeeman shift coefficients concerned so as to truncate the summation over the perturbing states without loss of accuracy.Our calculations provide important data for estimating the first-and second-order Zeeman shifts of the clock transition for the Cd and Mg optical lattice clocks. 展开更多
关键词 optical lattice clock hyperfine-induced Landég-factor quadratic Zeeman shift coefficient Mg and Cd
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Physics of Clocks in Absolute Space-Time 被引量:3
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作者 Edwin Eugene Klingman 《Journal of Modern Physics》 2020年第12期1950-1968,共19页
20th century physics experimentally established beyond doubt the fact that moving clocks read differently from “static” clocks. This fact is typically interpreted as support for special relativity. On the other hand... 20th century physics experimentally established beyond doubt the fact that moving clocks read differently from “static” clocks. This fact is typically interpreted as support for special relativity. On the other hand, the same century produced proof that clocks at various locations in the gravitational field also read differently, and this fact is explained by general relativity, which is, in general, not Lorentz transformable. This paper establishes a common framework for the physics of clocks in these different situations. 展开更多
关键词 RELATIVITY Time Dilation Space-Time Ontology Clock Slowdown Inertial clocks Absolute Space and Time Inertial Mass Covariance Principle Ideal clocks
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Study of optical clocks based on ultracold ^171Yb atoms 被引量:3
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作者 Di Ai Hao Qiao +8 位作者 Shuang Zhang Li-Meng Luo Chang-Yue Sun Sheng Zhang Cheng-Quan Peng Qi-Chao Qi Tao-Yun Jin Min Zhou Xin-Ye Xu 《Chinese Physics B》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2020年第9期79-83,共5页
The optical atomic clocks have the potential to transform global timekeeping,relying on the state-of-the-art accuracy and stability,and greatly improve the measurement precision for a wide range of scientific and tech... The optical atomic clocks have the potential to transform global timekeeping,relying on the state-of-the-art accuracy and stability,and greatly improve the measurement precision for a wide range of scientific and technological applications.Herein we report on the development of the optical clock based on 171Yb atoms confined in an optical lattice.A minimum width of 1.92-Hz Rabi spectra has been obtained with a new 578-nm clock interrogation laser.The in-loop fractional instability of the 171Yb clock reaches 9.1×10-18 after an averaging over a time of 2.0×104 s.By synchronous comparison between two clocks,we demonstrate that our 171Yb optical lattice clock achieves a fractional instability of 4.60×10-16/√τ. 展开更多
关键词 cold ytterbium atoms optical clocks ultra-stable clock lasers clock-transition spectra instability and uncertainty
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Direct Laser Cooling Al^+ Ion Optical Clocks 被引量:1
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作者 张洁 邓科 +1 位作者 罗俊 陆泽晃 《Chinese Physics Letters》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2017年第5期31-35,共5页
The Al^+ ion optical clock is a very promising optical frequency standard candidate due to its extremely small black-body radiation shift. It has been successfully demonstrated with the indirect cooled, quantum-logic... The Al^+ ion optical clock is a very promising optical frequency standard candidate due to its extremely small black-body radiation shift. It has been successfully demonstrated with the indirect cooled, quantum-logic-based spectroscopy technique. Its accuracy is limited by second-order Doppler shift, and its stability is limited by the number of ions that can be probed in quantum logic processing. We propose a direct laser cooling scheme of AI+ ion optical clocks where both the stability and accuracy of the clocks are greatly improved. In the proposed scheme, two Al^+ traps are utilized. The first trap is used to trap a large number of Al^+ ions to improve the stability of the clock laser, while the second trap is used to trap a single Al^+ ion to provide the ultimate accuracy. Both traps are cooled with a continuous wave 167nm laser. The expected clock laser stability can reach 9.0 × 10^-17/√τ. For the second trap, in addition to 167nm laser Doppler cooling, a second stage pulsed 234nm two-photon cooling laser is utilized to further improve the accuracy of the clock laser. The total systematic uncertainty can be reduced to about 1 × 10^-18. The proposed Al^+ ion optical clock has the potential to become the most accurate and stable optical clock. 展开更多
关键词 Direct Laser Cooling Al Ion Optical clocks
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British Clocks in Eighteenth-Century China:Presents,Tribute,or Trade?
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作者 Roger SMITH 《Chinese Annals of History of Science and Technology》 2020年第S01期26-38,共13页
It is commonly believed that most European clocks that reached China before the nineteenth century were sent to the emperor as diplomatic presents from European rulers,or were given to Chinese officials by European me... It is commonly believed that most European clocks that reached China before the nineteenth century were sent to the emperor as diplomatic presents from European rulers,or were given to Chinese officials by European merchants in attempts to improve trading conditions.Although such presents had been given in earlier times,British records show that,by the eighteenth century when the export of clocks to China reached its height,most clocks,including the finest,reached China as private trade goods.Once in Canton(Guangzhou),the best clocks were bought by local Chinese officials for inclusion in their annual tribute to the emperor and senior members of the government in Beijing,where many of these clocks survive in the former imperial collection. 展开更多
关键词 BRITAIN China eighteenth century TRADE clocks PRESENTS TRIBUTE Emperor Qianlong Macartney Embassy
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Time, Culture and Identity: A Digital and Creative Professional’s Perspective on Interpreting Historical Clocks in Museum Environments
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作者 Dominic ROBSON 《Chinese Annals of History of Science and Technology》 2020年第S01期103-122,共20页
Digital media offer unique opportunities for museums to bring to life the secrets and stories of their historical collections.To bring insight into the process of developing digital media exhibits,this paper presents ... Digital media offer unique opportunities for museums to bring to life the secrets and stories of their historical collections.To bring insight into the process of developing digital media exhibits,this paper presents the perspective of a creative practitioner in approaching technology-and media-based interpretation for collection objects.It follows the Time,Culture and Identity digital workshop held in Beijing in October 2019,which explored and shared ideas about collaborative research and interdisciplinary practice in digital interpretation between academics,institutions,creative practitioners,and developers.Following the direction of the workshop,the paper takes as its focus the clocks and automatons of the imperial collection at the Palace Museum in Beijing.Observations are based on the author’s practice-led experience in running a design studio,Harmonic Kinetic,developing new media exhibits using digital technology and audiovisual media for museums,galleries,and exhibitions in the UK,including the Science Museum,V&A,Barbican,Tate,and the Tower of London.Taking a broad interaction-design-led outlook,the paper explores a personal design perspective for developing interpretive content and considers the particular opportunities and approaches these historical devices suggest.The paper concludes with a final section that reviews the process and reflects on outcomes from the Time,Culture and Identity digital workshop.This explored possibilities for an interpretive exhibit on the Country Scene clock from the Palace Museum collection. 展开更多
关键词 object interpretation digital media exhibition design mechanical clocks automatons Palace Museum
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Collection of Foreign-made Clocks and Watches Owned By Qing Imperial Nobles
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作者 Qi Fengshan Xie Yu 《China's Foreign Trade》 1994年第12期54-55,共2页
Foreign-made clocks and watches began to be exported to China in the 17th century. During the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), the imperial court imported tens of thousands of clocks and watches. At the Palace Museum in Beij... Foreign-made clocks and watches began to be exported to China in the 17th century. During the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), the imperial court imported tens of thousands of clocks and watches. At the Palace Museum in Beijing, about 200 timepieces collected by the imperial court are still on display in the clock and watch exhibition hall. They were made in Britain, France, Switzerland and Japan. Many foreign presidents and 展开更多
关键词 Collection of Foreign-made clocks and Watches Owned By Qing Imperial Nobles down
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Review of chip-scale atomic clocks based on coherent population trapping 被引量:10
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作者 汪中 《Chinese Physics B》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2014年第3期47-58,共12页
Research on chip-scale atomic clocks (CSACs) based on coherent population trapping (CPT) is reviewed. The back- ground and the inspiration for the research are described, including the important schemes proposed t... Research on chip-scale atomic clocks (CSACs) based on coherent population trapping (CPT) is reviewed. The back- ground and the inspiration for the research are described, including the important schemes proposed to improve the CPT signal quality, the selection of atoms and buffer gases, and the development of micro-cell fabrication. With regard to the re- liability, stability, and service life of the CSACs, the research regarding the sensitivity of the CPT resonance to temperature and laser power changes is also reviewed, as well as the CPT resonance's collision and light of frequency shifts. The first generation CSACs have already been developed but its characters are still far from our expectations. Our conclusion is that miniaturization and power reduction are the most important aspects calling for further research. 展开更多
关键词 chip-scale atomic clock coherent population trapping
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Cold atom clocks and their applications in precision measurements 被引量:4
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作者 Shao-Yang Dai Fa-Song Zheng +4 位作者 Kun Liu Wei-Liang Chen Yi-Ge Lin Tian-Chu Li Fang Fang 《Chinese Physics B》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2021年第1期27-41,共15页
Cold atom clocks have made remarkable progresses in the last two decades and played critical roles in precision measurements. Primary Cs fountain frequency standards have achieved a total uncertainty of a few parts in... Cold atom clocks have made remarkable progresses in the last two decades and played critical roles in precision measurements. Primary Cs fountain frequency standards have achieved a total uncertainty of a few parts in 1016, and the best optical clock has reached a type B uncertainty below 10-18. Besides applications in the metrology, navigation, etc.,ultra-stable and ultra-accurate atomic clocks have also become powerful tools in the basic scientific investigations. In this paper, we focus on the recent developments in the high-performance cold atomic clocks which can be used as frequency standards to calibrate atomic time scales. The basic principles, performances, and limitations of fountain clocks and optical clocks based on signal trapped ion or neutral atoms are summarized. Their applications in metrology and other areas are briefly introduced. 展开更多
关键词 atomic fountain clock optical clock
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Stable ^(85)Rb micro vapour cells:fabrication based on anodic bonding and application in chip-scale atomic clocks 被引量:3
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作者 苏娟 邓科 +4 位作者 郭等柱 汪中 陈兢 张耿民 陈徐宗 《Chinese Physics B》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2010年第11期243-250,共8页
We describe the microfabrication of ^85Rb vapour cells using a glass-silicon anodic bonding technique and in situ chemical reaction between rubidium chloride and barium azide to produce Rb. Under controlled conditions... We describe the microfabrication of ^85Rb vapour cells using a glass-silicon anodic bonding technique and in situ chemical reaction between rubidium chloride and barium azide to produce Rb. Under controlled conditions, the pure metallic Rb drops and buffer gases were obtained in the cells with a few mm^3 internal volumes during the cell sealing process. At an ambient temperature of 90 ℃ the optical absorption resonance of ^85Rb D1 transition with proper broadening and the corresponding coherent population trapping (CPT) resonance, with a signal contrast of 1.5% and linewidth of about 1.7 kHz, have been detected. The sealing quality and the stability of the cells have also been demonstrated experimentally by using the helium leaking detection and the after-9-month optoelectronics measurement which shows a similar CPT signal as its original status. In addition, the physics package of chip-scale atomic clock (CSAC) based on the cell was realized. The measured frequency stability of the physics package can reach to 2.1 × 10^-10 at one second when the cell was heated to 100 ℃ which proved that the cell has the quality to be used in portable and battery-operated devices. 展开更多
关键词 ^85Rb Micro vapour cell anodic bonding coherent population trapping chip-scale atomic clock frequency stability
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A preliminary experiment of determining the geopotential difference using two hydrogen atomic clocks and TWSTFT technique 被引量:1
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作者 Kuangchao Wu Ziyu Shen +3 位作者 Wenbin Shen Xiao Sun Chenghui Cai Yifan Wu 《Geodesy and Geodynamics》 2020年第4期229-241,共13页
General relativity theory(GRT)concludes that a precise clock ticks at different running rates if it is under the influence of different geopotentials.Therefore,by comparing the running rates of clocks at arbitrary two... General relativity theory(GRT)concludes that a precise clock ticks at different running rates if it is under the influence of different geopotentials.Therefore,by comparing the running rates of clocks at arbitrary two stations,the geopotential difference between them can be determined.In this study,with the help of two hydrogen atomic clocks(noted as H-masers),using the two-way satellite time and frequency transfer(TWSTFT)technique,we carried out experiments of the geopotential difference determination at the China Aerospace Science&Industry Corporation(CASIC),Beijing.Here the ensemble empirical mode decomposition(EEMD)method is adopted to remove periodic signals included in the original observations.Finally,the clock-comparison-determined geopotential difference in the experiments is determined.Results show that the difference between the geopotential difference determined by GRT and that determined by measuring tape is about 1316.1±931.0 m2s-2,which is equivalent to 134.3±95.0 m in height,and in consistence with the stability of the H-masers applied in the experiments(at the level of10-15/day).With the rapid improvement of atomic clocks’accuracy,the geopotential determination by accurate clocks is prospective,and it is promising to realize the unification of the world vertical height system(WVHS). 展开更多
关键词 Hydrogen atomic clock TWSTFT technique EEMD method GEOPOTENTIAL
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Development of adjustable permanent magnet Zeeman slowers for optical lattice clocks 被引量:2
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作者 张晓航 徐信业 《Chinese Physics B》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2017年第5期102-107,共6页
We develop a permanent-magnet Zeeman slower with adjustable magnets along the longitudinal and radial directions.Produced by four arrays of cylindrical magnets, the longitudinal magnetic field in the slower is tunable... We develop a permanent-magnet Zeeman slower with adjustable magnets along the longitudinal and radial directions.Produced by four arrays of cylindrical magnets, the longitudinal magnetic field in the slower is tunable if relevant parameters vary, for example, laser detuning or intensity. The proposed Zeeman slower can be reconfigured for Sr atoms. Additionally,we demonstrate that the residual magnetic field produced by the permanent magnets in the magneto-optical trap region can be as small as 0.5 Gs. 展开更多
关键词 permanent magnet slower adjustable longitudinal dipole tunable clock directions captured
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Ramsey-CPT spectrum with the Faraday effect and its application to atomic clocks
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作者 田原 谭伯仲 +2 位作者 杨晶 张奕 顾思洪 《Chinese Physics B》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2015年第6期279-283,共5页
A method that obtains the Ramsey-coherent population trapping (CPT) spectrum with the Faraday effect is investi- gated. An experiment is implemented to detect the light polarization components generated from the Far... A method that obtains the Ramsey-coherent population trapping (CPT) spectrum with the Faraday effect is investi- gated. An experiment is implemented to detect the light polarization components generated from the Faraday effect. The experimental results agree with the theoretical calculations based on the Liouville equation. By comparing with the method without using the Faraday effect, the potential of this method for a CPT-based atomic clock is assessed. The results indicate that this method should improve the short-term frequency stability by several times. 展开更多
关键词 Faraday effect Ramsey-CPT atomic clock frequency stability
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Theoretical calculations of hyperfine splitting,Zeeman shifts,and isotope shifts of^(27)Al^(+)and logical ions in Al^(+)clocks
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作者 Xiao-Kang Tang Xiang Zhang +1 位作者 Yong Shen Hong-Xin Zou 《Chinese Physics B》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2021年第12期361-369,共9页
Based on the multiconfiguration Dirac-Hartree-Fock(MCDHF)method,similar models are employed to simultaneously calculate the first-order and second-order Zeeman coefficients as well as the hyperfine interaction constan... Based on the multiconfiguration Dirac-Hartree-Fock(MCDHF)method,similar models are employed to simultaneously calculate the first-order and second-order Zeeman coefficients as well as the hyperfine interaction constants of the related energy levels of ^(27)Al^(+)and its logical ions ^(9)Be^(+)and^(25)Mg^(+)in the^(27)Al^(+)optical clock.With less than 0.34%deviations from experimental values in Zeeman coefficients of^(27)Al^(+),these calculated parameters will be of great help for better evaluation of the systematic uncertainty.We also calculate the isotope shift parameters of the related energy levels,which could extend our knowledge and understanding of nuclear properties of these ions. 展开更多
关键词 Zeeman effect isotope shift aluminum ion optical clock MCDHF method
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Time Gets More Precise with Transportable Optical Lattice Clocks
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作者 Dana Mackenzie 《Engineering》 SCIE EI 2020年第11期1210-1211,共2页
Of all the units of physical science,one second is perhaps the most mysterious.Unlike a meter,we cannot see it.Unlike a kilogram,we cannot hold it in our hands.Unlike a volt,we have no nerves to sense it.Yet a second ... Of all the units of physical science,one second is perhaps the most mysterious.Unlike a meter,we cannot see it.Unlike a kilogram,we cannot hold it in our hands.Unlike a volt,we have no nerves to sense it.Yet a second is the most precisely quantified unit we have[1].This year,metrologists—scientists who study m easurem entannounced the first transportable clock that can measure time to 18 decimal places.To put this in perspective,a clock running with this precision since the Big Bang would have lost or gained less than half a second. 展开更多
关键词 gained LATTICE CLOCK
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All polarization-maintaining Er:fiber-based optical frequency comb for frequency comparison of optical clocks
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作者 Pan Zhang Yan-Yan Zhang +7 位作者 Ming-Kun Li Bing-Jie Rao Lu-Lu Yan Fa-Xi Chen Xiao-Fei Zhang Qun-Feng Chen Hai-Feng Jiang Shou-Gang Zhang 《Chinese Physics B》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2022年第5期364-369,共6页
We demonstrate an optical frequency comb(OFC)based on a turnkey mode-locked laser with a figure-9-shape structure and polarization-maintaining fibers,for the comparison of frequency among optical clocks with wavelengt... We demonstrate an optical frequency comb(OFC)based on a turnkey mode-locked laser with a figure-9-shape structure and polarization-maintaining fibers,for the comparison of frequency among optical clocks with wavelengths of 698 nm,729 nm,1068 nm,and 1156 nm.We adopt a multi-branch approach in order to produce high power OFC signals at these specific wavelengths,enabling the signal-to-noise ratio of the beatnotes between the OFC and the clock lasers to exceed30 d B at a resolution bandwidth of 300 k Hz.This approach makes the supercontinuum spectra much easier to be generated than a single branch OFC.However,more out-of-loop fibers degrade the long-term frequency instability due to thermal drift.To minimize the thermal drift effect,we set the fiber lengths of different branches to be similar,and we stabilize the temperature as well.The out-of-loop frequency instability of the OFC due to the incoherence of the multi-branch is about5.5×10^(19) for 4000 s,while the in-loop frequency instability of fceo and that of fbeat are 7.5×10^(18) for 1 s and 8.5×10^(18) for 1 s,respectively.The turnkey OFC meets the requirement for the comparison of frequency between the best optical clocks. 展开更多
关键词 optical frequency comb nonlinear amplifying loop mirror optical clock frequency instability
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A Conservator’s Perspective on the Approach to Historical Clocks
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作者 Matthew READ 《Chinese Annals of History of Science and Technology》 2020年第S01期39-60,共22页
This paper investigates a conservator’s approach to a particular subset of physical cultural property:clocks.It looks at established conservation frameworks and practical elements of codes of practice,and considers h... This paper investigates a conservator’s approach to a particular subset of physical cultural property:clocks.It looks at established conservation frameworks and practical elements of codes of practice,and considers how the conservator’s perspective will differ from that of a peer engaged solely with an approach to static objects.The paper considers,through examples of historic technological development,how what we mean by"clock"and how we consider clocks are in a state of constant change of context.Clocks are a diverse group of objects,some of which are technically complex.The conservator must draw together many influences in order to demonstrate professional competence in thinking,delivering an accountable decision-making process.In order to illustrate the breadth of the challenge the conservator faces when approaching clocks,the paper gives examples of three contrasting case study objects including one automaton and one electromechanical model.Clocks as a group comprise multimedia and multimedium objects.The perspective of the conservator will draw on professional networks within and without the immediate field,including at times the work of philosophers,scientists,sociologists,and historians in order to maintain objectivity,inform and engender new ideas.The paper concludes with the statement that the perspective of the conservator engaged with clocks should never be fixed,and that solutions to the challenges presented by clocks are never absolute and never permanent,but are in constant context-driven flux. 展开更多
关键词 CLOCK CONSERVATOR CONSERVATION AUTOMATON dynamic mechanism APPROACH function
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