Economic growth and social stability in the late sixteenth century brought unprecedented prosperity to the city of London. As Thomas Platter observed in 1599, most of the inhabitants were employed in commerce, and mer...Economic growth and social stability in the late sixteenth century brought unprecedented prosperity to the city of London. As Thomas Platter observed in 1599, most of the inhabitants were employed in commerce, and merchants accumulated their wealth. After his accession to the throne, King James generously distributed honors to wealthy merchants and others. Titles became a salable commodity. The sale of honors impaired respect for the titles and aroused bitter feelings and contempt for knighthood and baronetage among citizens. Gentlemen and ladies who suddenly rose to dignity tried to act suitably in their new status and dressed themselves up; yet they often became the subject for laughter. These upstarts were represented in contemporary dramas as ridiculous, contemptuous, and ill-mannered. The fancifully-dressed “city clowns” who came into being in the first decades of the seventeenth century, were found not only on stage but also in and outside of theaters.展开更多
Background Medical clowning has been proven effective in reducing pain,anxiety,and stress in many sporadic,usually small-scale studies.Our meta-analysis aims to evaluate the efficiency of medical clowns in reducing pa...Background Medical clowning has been proven effective in reducing pain,anxiety,and stress in many sporadic,usually small-scale studies.Our meta-analysis aims to evaluate the efficiency of medical clowns in reducing pain and anxiety in hospitalized pediatric patients and their parents in different medical fields.Methods A thorough literature search was conducted from different databases,and only randomized controlled trials(RCTs)were included with children aged 0 to 18 years old.A total of 18 studies were included,and statistical analysis was performed on the combined data.Results A total of 912 children(14 studies)showed significantly reduced anxiety when procedures were performed with a medical clown compared with the controls(−0.76 on anxiety score,P<0.001).Preoperative anxiety was lower in 512 children(nine studies)with clown interventions than in the controls(−0.78,P<0.001).The pain scale was completed by 338 participants(six studies),indicating a trend toward reduced pain during procedures performed while the clown was acting compared to controls(−0.49,P=0.06).In addition,medical clown significantly(−0.52,P=0.001)reduced parental anxiety in 489 participants in ten studies;in six of the ten studies,with a total of 380 participants,medical clown significantly reduced parental preoperative anxiety(P=0.02).Conclusion Medical clowns have substantial positive and beneficial effects on reducing stress and anxiety in children and their families in various circumstances in pediatrics.展开更多
Chen Guangbiao is one of the world’s great eccentric multimillionaires.In fact,he is probably the world’s great eccentric multimillionaire—his philanthropic efforts stealing headlines everywhere from Ningbo to New ...Chen Guangbiao is one of the world’s great eccentric multimillionaires.In fact,he is probably the world’s great eccentric multimillionaire—his philanthropic efforts stealing headlines everywhere from Ningbo to New York.Indeed The Washington Post dubbed him'the most interesting man in China'.His business card alone lists him as the,wait for it:'Most Influential Person of China','Most展开更多
文摘Economic growth and social stability in the late sixteenth century brought unprecedented prosperity to the city of London. As Thomas Platter observed in 1599, most of the inhabitants were employed in commerce, and merchants accumulated their wealth. After his accession to the throne, King James generously distributed honors to wealthy merchants and others. Titles became a salable commodity. The sale of honors impaired respect for the titles and aroused bitter feelings and contempt for knighthood and baronetage among citizens. Gentlemen and ladies who suddenly rose to dignity tried to act suitably in their new status and dressed themselves up; yet they often became the subject for laughter. These upstarts were represented in contemporary dramas as ridiculous, contemptuous, and ill-mannered. The fancifully-dressed “city clowns” who came into being in the first decades of the seventeenth century, were found not only on stage but also in and outside of theaters.
文摘Background Medical clowning has been proven effective in reducing pain,anxiety,and stress in many sporadic,usually small-scale studies.Our meta-analysis aims to evaluate the efficiency of medical clowns in reducing pain and anxiety in hospitalized pediatric patients and their parents in different medical fields.Methods A thorough literature search was conducted from different databases,and only randomized controlled trials(RCTs)were included with children aged 0 to 18 years old.A total of 18 studies were included,and statistical analysis was performed on the combined data.Results A total of 912 children(14 studies)showed significantly reduced anxiety when procedures were performed with a medical clown compared with the controls(−0.76 on anxiety score,P<0.001).Preoperative anxiety was lower in 512 children(nine studies)with clown interventions than in the controls(−0.78,P<0.001).The pain scale was completed by 338 participants(six studies),indicating a trend toward reduced pain during procedures performed while the clown was acting compared to controls(−0.49,P=0.06).In addition,medical clown significantly(−0.52,P=0.001)reduced parental anxiety in 489 participants in ten studies;in six of the ten studies,with a total of 380 participants,medical clown significantly reduced parental preoperative anxiety(P=0.02).Conclusion Medical clowns have substantial positive and beneficial effects on reducing stress and anxiety in children and their families in various circumstances in pediatrics.
文摘Chen Guangbiao is one of the world’s great eccentric multimillionaires.In fact,he is probably the world’s great eccentric multimillionaire—his philanthropic efforts stealing headlines everywhere from Ningbo to New York.Indeed The Washington Post dubbed him'the most interesting man in China'.His business card alone lists him as the,wait for it:'Most Influential Person of China','Most
