Carbon dioxide(CO2) flooding is one of the most globally used EOR processes to enhance oil recovery.However,the low gas viscosity and density result in gas channeling and gravity override which lead to poor sweep effi...Carbon dioxide(CO2) flooding is one of the most globally used EOR processes to enhance oil recovery.However,the low gas viscosity and density result in gas channeling and gravity override which lead to poor sweep efficiency.Foam application for mobility control is a promising technology to increase the gas viscosity,lower the mobility and improve the sweep efficiency in the reservoir.Foam is generated in the reservoir by co-injection of surfactant solutions and gas.Although there are many surfactants that can be used for such purpose,their performance with supercritical CO2(ScCO2) is weak causing poor or loss of mobility control.This experimental study evaluates a newly developed surfactant(CNF) that was introduced for ScCO2 mobility control in comparison with a common foaming agent,anionic alpha olefin sulfonate(AOS) surfactant.Experimental work was divided into three stages:foam static tests,interfacial tension measurements,and foam dynamic tests.Both surfactants were investigated at different conditions.In general,results show that both surfactants are good foaming agents to reduce the mobility of ScCO2 with better performance of CNF surfactant.Shaking tests in the presence of crude oil show that the foam life for CNF extends to more than 24 h but less than that for AOS.Moreover,CNF features lower critical micelle concentration(CMC),higher adsorption,and smaller area/molecule at the liquid-air interface.Furthermore,entering,spreading,and bridging coefficients indicate that CNF surfactant produces very stable foam with light crude oil in both deionized and saline water,whereas AOS was stable only in deionized water.At all conditions for mobility reduction evaluation,CNF exhibits stronger flow resistance,higher foam viscosity,and higher mobility reduction factor than that of AOS surfactant.In addition,CNF and ScCO2 simultaneous injection produced 8.83% higher oil recovery than that of the baseline experiment and 7.87% higher than that of AOS.Pressure drop profiles for foam flooding using CNF was slightly higher than that of AOS indicating that CNF is better in terms of foam-oil tolerance which resulted in higher oil recovery.展开更多
A solar-light double illumination photoelectrocatalytic cell（SLDIPEC） was fabricated for autonomous CO2 reduction and O2 evolution with the aid of photosystem II（PS-II, an efficient light-driven water-oxidized enzy...A solar-light double illumination photoelectrocatalytic cell（SLDIPEC） was fabricated for autonomous CO2 reduction and O2 evolution with the aid of photosystem II（PS-II, an efficient light-driven water-oxidized enzyme from nature） and utilized in a photoanode solution. The proposed SLPEC system was composed of Cu foam as the photoanode and p-Si nanowires（Si-NW） as the photocathode. Under solar irradiation, it exhibited a super-photoelectrocatalytic performance for CO2 conversion to methanol, with a high evolution rate（41.94 mmol/hr）, owing to fast electron transfer from PS-II to Cu foam.Electrons were subsequently trapped by Si-NW through an external circuit via bias voltage（0.5 V）, and a suitable conduction band potential of Si（-0.6 e V） allowed CO2 to be easily reduced to CH3 OH at the photocathode. The constructed Z-scheme between Cu foam and Si-NW can allow the SLDIPEC system to reduce CO2（8.03 mmol/hr） in the absence of bias voltage. This approach makes full use of the energy band mismatch of the photoanode and photocathode to design a highly efficient device for solving environmental issues and producing clean energy.展开更多
Foaming of polymers with CO2 has attracted increasing attention in polymer processing studies. Some of the fundamental properties of polymer/CO2 systems is discussed in this short review, including solubility and diff...Foaming of polymers with CO2 has attracted increasing attention in polymer processing studies. Some of the fundamental properties of polymer/CO2 systems is discussed in this short review, including solubility and diffusivity of CO2 in the polymer, polymer crystallization, interfacial tension between the polymer and the gas, and rheology of the CO2/polymers melt. These properties understandably affect the foaming process, and the structures of the foam products. Meanwhile, these properties can be changed via manipulation of CO2 in polymer. The proposed idea is to manipulate the foaming process and the foam structure by CO2-induced changes in these properties. Two cases from the authors＇ laboratory are presented for elucidating how to use the changes to manipulate the foaming process.展开更多
文摘Carbon dioxide(CO2) flooding is one of the most globally used EOR processes to enhance oil recovery.However,the low gas viscosity and density result in gas channeling and gravity override which lead to poor sweep efficiency.Foam application for mobility control is a promising technology to increase the gas viscosity,lower the mobility and improve the sweep efficiency in the reservoir.Foam is generated in the reservoir by co-injection of surfactant solutions and gas.Although there are many surfactants that can be used for such purpose,their performance with supercritical CO2(ScCO2) is weak causing poor or loss of mobility control.This experimental study evaluates a newly developed surfactant(CNF) that was introduced for ScCO2 mobility control in comparison with a common foaming agent,anionic alpha olefin sulfonate(AOS) surfactant.Experimental work was divided into three stages:foam static tests,interfacial tension measurements,and foam dynamic tests.Both surfactants were investigated at different conditions.In general,results show that both surfactants are good foaming agents to reduce the mobility of ScCO2 with better performance of CNF surfactant.Shaking tests in the presence of crude oil show that the foam life for CNF extends to more than 24 h but less than that for AOS.Moreover,CNF features lower critical micelle concentration(CMC),higher adsorption,and smaller area/molecule at the liquid-air interface.Furthermore,entering,spreading,and bridging coefficients indicate that CNF surfactant produces very stable foam with light crude oil in both deionized and saline water,whereas AOS was stable only in deionized water.At all conditions for mobility reduction evaluation,CNF exhibits stronger flow resistance,higher foam viscosity,and higher mobility reduction factor than that of AOS surfactant.In addition,CNF and ScCO2 simultaneous injection produced 8.83% higher oil recovery than that of the baseline experiment and 7.87% higher than that of AOS.Pressure drop profiles for foam flooding using CNF was slightly higher than that of AOS indicating that CNF is better in terms of foam-oil tolerance which resulted in higher oil recovery.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21477079, 21677099, 21237003)the Shanghai Government (No. 11ZR1426300, 13YZ054, 14ZR1430900)+1 种基金the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University (No. IRT1269)the International Joint Laboratory on Resource Chemistry (No. IJLRC)
文摘A solar-light double illumination photoelectrocatalytic cell（SLDIPEC） was fabricated for autonomous CO2 reduction and O2 evolution with the aid of photosystem II（PS-II, an efficient light-driven water-oxidized enzyme from nature） and utilized in a photoanode solution. The proposed SLPEC system was composed of Cu foam as the photoanode and p-Si nanowires（Si-NW） as the photocathode. Under solar irradiation, it exhibited a super-photoelectrocatalytic performance for CO2 conversion to methanol, with a high evolution rate（41.94 mmol/hr）, owing to fast electron transfer from PS-II to Cu foam.Electrons were subsequently trapped by Si-NW through an external circuit via bias voltage（0.5 V）, and a suitable conduction band potential of Si（-0.6 e V） allowed CO2 to be easily reduced to CH3 OH at the photocathode. The constructed Z-scheme between Cu foam and Si-NW can allow the SLDIPEC system to reduce CO2（8.03 mmol/hr） in the absence of bias voltage. This approach makes full use of the energy band mismatch of the photoanode and photocathode to design a highly efficient device for solving environmental issues and producing clean energy.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.50703011,20976045,20976046)Shanghai Shuguang Project(08SG28)+1 种基金Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in Universitythe 111 Project(B08021)
文摘Foaming of polymers with CO2 has attracted increasing attention in polymer processing studies. Some of the fundamental properties of polymer/CO2 systems is discussed in this short review, including solubility and diffusivity of CO2 in the polymer, polymer crystallization, interfacial tension between the polymer and the gas, and rheology of the CO2/polymers melt. These properties understandably affect the foaming process, and the structures of the foam products. Meanwhile, these properties can be changed via manipulation of CO2 in polymer. The proposed idea is to manipulate the foaming process and the foam structure by CO2-induced changes in these properties. Two cases from the authors＇ laboratory are presented for elucidating how to use the changes to manipulate the foaming process.
