Prediction of the Pore-Pressure Built-Up and Temperature of Fire-Loaded Concrete with Pix2Pix

Concrete subjected to fire loads is susceptible to explosive spalling, which can lead to the exposure of reinforcingsteel bars to the fire, substantially jeopardizing the structural safety and stability. The spalling of fire-loaded concreteis closely related to the evolution of pore pressure and temperature. Conventional analytical methods involve theresolution of complex, strongly coupled multifield equations, necessitating significant computational efforts. Torapidly and accurately obtain the distributions of pore-pressure and temperature, the Pix2Pix model is adoptedin this work, which is celebrated for its capabilities in image generation. The open-source dataset used hereinfeatures RGB images we generated using a sophisticated coupled model, while the grayscale images encapsulate the15 principal variables influencing spalling. After conducting a series of tests with different layers configurations,activation functions and loss functions, the Pix2Pix model suitable for assessing the spalling risk of fire-loadedconcrete has been meticulously designed and trained. The applicability and reliability of the Pix2Pix model inconcrete parameter prediction are verified by comparing its outcomes with those derived fromthe strong couplingTHC model. Notably, for the practical engineering applications, our findings indicate that utilizing monochromeimages as the initial target for analysis yields more dependable results. This work not only offers valuable insightsfor civil engineers specializing in concrete structures but also establishes a robust methodological approach forresearchers seeking to create similar predictive models.

Effect of SiO_(2) Aerogel-cement Mortar Coating on Strength of Self-Compacting Concrete after Simulated Tunnel Fire

In order to facilitate self-compacting concrete to be better used in tunnel linings that can resist fires,a SiO_(2) aerogel-cement mortar coating was prepared.Based on the HC curve,a self compacting concrete cube specimens coated and uncoated with SiO_(2) aerogel-cement mortar(SiO_(2)-ACM)were heated to simulate tunnel fire for 0.5,1,1.5,2,2.5,3 and 4 h,respectively.The residual compressive strength was tested after the specimens were cooled to room temperature by natural cooling and water cooling.The results show that,the damages of specimens become more serious as fire time goes on,but the residual strength of specimens coated with SiO_(2)-ACM is always higher than that of uncoated with SiO_(2)-ACM.In addition,the residual strength of specimens cooled by water cooling is lower than that of natural cooling.However,for the specimens coated with SiO_(2)-ACM,the adverse effects of water cooling are lessened.With the increase of fire time,the protective effect of SiO_(2)-ACM is still gradually improved.Finally,a formula was established to predict the residual 150 mm cube compressive strength of specimens protected by SiO_(2)-ACM after a simulated tunnel fire.

Calculation of photon attenuation coefficient and dose rate in concrete with the addition of SiO_2 and MnFe_2O_4 nanoparticles using MCNPX code and comparison with experimental results

One of the most important safety features of nuclear facilities is the shielding material used to protect the operating personnel from radiation exposure. The most common materials used in radiation shielding are concretes. In this study, a Monte Carlo N-Particle eXtended code is used to calculate the gamma-ray attenuation coefficients and dose rates for a new concrete material composed of MnFe_2O_4 nanoparticles, which is then compared with the theoretical and experimental results obtained for a SiO_2 nanoparticle concrete material. According to the results, the average relative differences between the simulations and the theoretical and experimental results for the linear attenuation coefficient(l) in the SiO_2 nanoparticle materials are 6.4% and 5.5%, respectively. By increasing the SiO_2 content up to 1.5% and the temperature of MnFe_2O_4 up to 673 K, l is increased for all energies. In addition, the photon dose rate decreases up to 9.2% and3.7% for MnFe_2O_4 and SiO_2 for gamma-ray energies of0.511 and 1.274 MeV, respectively. Therefore, it was concluded that the addition of SiO_2 and MnFe_2O_4 nanoparticles to concrete improves its nuclear properties and could lead to it being more useful in radiation shielding.

紫外线下纳米TiO_(2)改性涂层混凝土抗碳化性能研究

为提升涂层混凝土在紫外线照射下的抗碳化性能,通过引入不同掺量金红石型纳米TiO_(2)对水泥基结晶涂层和聚氨酯涂层进行改性。结果表明:紫外线照射一定程度上会削弱涂层混凝土的抗碳化性能;使用纳米TiO_(2)改性后,两种涂层混凝土在紫外线照射下的抗碳化性能均得到了不同程度的提升,随着纳米TiO_(2)掺量的增加,两种涂层混凝土抗碳化性能均呈现先提升后降低的趋势,其中水泥基结晶涂层中纳米TiO_(2)最优掺量为2%,聚氨酯涂层中纳米TiO_(2)最优掺量为1%~2%,紫外线照射下纳米TiO_(2)对聚氨酯涂层混凝土抗碳化性能的提升最为明显。

B2-CuRE物理性质的第一性原理计算

【目的】对17个B2-CuRE的热力学性质、力学性质、电子结构特性以及相关的热物理性质进行研究,为材料的设计和开发提供参考。【方法】利用基于密度泛函的第一性原理计算B2-CuRE(RE=Sc,Y,La-Lu)的能量、弹性常数以及电子结构特性。【结果】计算获得的晶格常数、形成焓、体积模量以及弹性常数和实验值吻合,高的B/G比表明B2-CuRE具有很好的延性。【结论】电子结构的计算可以阐明B2-CuRE的成键机制。B2-CuRE具有很好的延性。

季冻区纳米SiO_(2)改性SAP路面混凝土的耐磨性

为解决季冻区高吸水性树脂(SAP)路面混凝土耐磨性下降的问题,通过耐磨性试验探索了纳米SiO_(2)(NS)对季冻区SAP路面混凝土磨损量的影响;采用压汞仪(MIP)和扫描电镜(SEM)研究了冻融前后NS改性SAP路面混凝土孔结构和微观形貌的变化,从细微观角度阐述其耐磨性的提升机理;并对其微观结构与耐磨性进行相关性分析。研究结果表明,经150次冻融循环之后,掺有3%NS的改性SAP路面混凝土在200 N磨耗负荷下的磨损量较基准下降30.92%,20~50nm的孔占比上升,50~200nm的孔占比下降,总孔隙量和孔隙率减少,界面区裂缝数量和尺寸大幅降低,内部密实性程度显著提高,耐磨性明显增强。

纳米TiO_(2)混凝土抗碳化性能的试验研究

纳米TiO_(2)以同等质量代替水泥(0、1%、3%、5%)掺入混凝土中,对纳米TiO_(2)混凝土进行抗压试验和碳化试验,研究了纳米TiO_(2)的掺量对混凝土抗压强度和碳化深度的影响,建立了考虑纳米TiO_(2)掺量和碳化龄期的混凝土碳化深度模型。结果显示:掺入适量的纳米TiO_(2)对混凝土的抗压强度和碳化性能的改善有很好的促进作用,且随着纳米TiO_(2)掺入量的增加对两者的促进作用呈现先升高后降低的趋势,纳米TiO_(2)掺量为1%时对混凝土性能促进作用最好。通过引入纳米TiO_(2)对混凝土碳化深度的影响系数,改进碳化深度模型。模型预测数据和试验数据吻合度较高,可应用于纳米TiO_(2)混凝土碳化深度的预测。

Optimization of a new animal glue binder system cured by CO_2 for use in foundry

A new sand binder system cured by CO2 was prepared based on the animal bone glue.To overcome the disadvantages of animal glue such as agglomeration at room temperature,high energy consumption and low efficiency,an alkaline decomposition process was selected,and certain modifier was used to modify the performance of the animal glue binder.For the alkaline decomposition,NaOH was used as the catalyst with an addition of 4wt.% to the animal glue.A modifier was determined through the orthogonal experiment with a weight ratio of glycerin:glycol:dextrin:animal glue = 9:16:15:100,and the optimal modification reaction should be performed at 75 ℃ with a reaction time of 90 min.Ca(OH)2 was used as a promoter;the optimal CO2 gas flux blowing into the sand was 0.7 m3.h-1 for a duration of 60s under the experimental conditions.Results show that an original strength above 0.7 MPa and a final strength about 4.2 MPa can be achieved,which could meet the requirement of rapid moulding and core-making for foundry.The new binder was characterized and analyzed by means of IR,and the modification and CO2-cured mechanisms of this animal glue binder were also discussed.

纳米SiO_(2)改性粉煤灰混凝土力学性能及吸水特性研究

为了探索粉煤灰混凝土的高性能,开展了纳米SiO_(2)改性粉煤灰混凝土的力学和吸水试验,研究了粉煤灰取代率和纳米SiO_(2)掺量对混凝土力学性能(抗压强度、劈拉强度、动弹性模量)和吸水特性的影响。结果表明:粉煤灰混凝土的力学性能指标均随纳米SiO_(2)掺量的增加先增大后减小;当纳米SiO_(2)掺量从0%增加至2%时,粉煤灰混凝土28 d抗压强度、劈拉强度和动弹性模量分别提高了12.90%、7.53%和5.85%,可见纳米SiO_(2)对抗压强度影响更显著;当粉煤灰取代率从10%增加至30%时,混凝土28 d抗压强度、劈拉强度和动弹性模量分别降低了7.24%、2.61%和9.87%,可见粉煤灰对动弹性模量影响更显著;随纳米SiO_(2)掺量增加,粉煤灰混凝土的毛细吸水系数呈现出先下降后上升的趋势;随粉煤灰取代率增加,混凝土毛细吸水系数增大,且纳米SiO_(2)对混凝土毛细吸水系数影响也越显著;粉煤灰取代率和纳米SiO_(2)掺量对混凝土力学性能与毛细吸水系数之间的相关性无显著影响,混凝土抗压强度、劈拉强度以及动弹性模量与毛细吸水系数均呈现负相关性,其中抗压强度与毛细吸水系数相关性最好。

Damage modeling of ballistic penetration and impact behavior of concrete panel under low and high velocities

This work presents a numerical simulation of ballistic penetration and high velocity impact behavior of plain and reinforced concrete panels.This paper is divided into two parts.The first part consists of numerical modeling of reinforced concrete panel penetrated with a spherical projectile using concrete damage plasticity(CDP)model,while the second part focuses on the comparison of CDP model and Johnson-Holmquist-2(JH-2)damage model and their ability to describe the behavior of concrete panel under impact loads.The first and second concrete panels have dimensions of 1500 mm1500 mm150 mm and 675 mm675 mm200 mm,respectively,and are meshed using 8-node hexahedron solid elements.The impact object used in the first part is a spherical projectile of 150 mm diameter,while in the second part steel projectile of a length of 152 mm is modeled as rigid element.Failure and scabbing characteristics are studied in the first part.In the second part,the comparison results are presented as damage contours,kinetic energy of projectile and internal energy of the concrete.The results revealed a severe fracture of the panel and high kinetic energy of the projectile using CDP model comparing to the JH-2 model.In addition,the internal energy of concrete using CDP model was found to be less comparing to the JH-2 model.

碱激发矿渣基泡沫混凝土的制备及其封存CO_(2)可行性研究

随着工业化进程的不断推进,工业固体废弃物的排放量逐年增加,以工业固废为主要原料制备泡沫混凝土并将其用于CO_(2)封存,对实现工业固废的资源化利用和CO_(2)的经济、高效封存具有重要意义。本文以高炉矿渣为原料,选用NaOH为碱激发剂,硬脂酸钠为稳泡剂,十二烷基硫酸钠(C12H25NAO4S,SDS)为发泡剂,制备了高孔隙的泡沫混凝土。探究了不同NaOH用量对矿渣基泡沫混凝土综合性能及封存CO_(2)性能的影响。实验结果表明,随着NaOH用量的增加,泡沫混凝土的干密度逐渐增加,抗压强度先增大后减小。泡沫混凝土的内部孔隙分布不均匀,孔隙率大。SEM结果表明,当NaOH用量过高时泡沫发生破裂连通。XRD结果表明,矿渣基泡沫混凝土水化产物主要是C—S—H凝胶和Ht物相,Ht物相的层状结构使得材料的孔壁不够致密,从而影响材料的力学性能。TGA结果表明,碳化过程中水化产物有效吸收CO_(2)转化成以CaCO3为主的碳酸盐,NaOH用量12%时,CO_(2)的封存量最高为89.74 kg/m^(3)。

部分浸泡再生混凝土Mg^(2+)-SO_(4)^(2-)-Cl^(-)复合盐侵蚀耐久性损伤特征与机制

为系统研究与揭示西北地区部分掩埋再生混凝土(RAC)结构耐久性损伤特征与机制,以浓度为20%的复合盐溶液为侵蚀介质,开展了14种掺辅助胶凝材料RAC部分浸泡于复合盐溶液的耐久性试验,综合分析RAC动弹性模量、宏观与微观形貌、侵蚀产物物相组成与相对含量的经时变化规律。部分浸泡RAC沿纵向高度分为饱和区、气-液两相界面区、水分传输区及干燥区。侵蚀初期气-液两相界面区损伤程度高于饱和区;侵蚀中后期饱和区的损伤持平或超过气-液两相界面区,水分传输区损伤初现。饱和区侵蚀状态由初期的化学侵蚀转变为中后期的化学-物理双重侵蚀,气-液两相界面区在侵蚀期间均呈现出化学-物理双重侵蚀。化学侵蚀产物为水镁石、硬石膏/石膏、钙矾石、Friedel盐及碱式氯化镁;物理结晶盐包含氯镁石、白钠镁矾、氯化钠、水合硫酸镁、Na_(2)SO_(4)及芒硝,各侵蚀产物与结晶盐的相对含量均随浸泡时间延长而改变。侵蚀后期,Na_(2)SO_(4)和芒硝相互转化使RAC物理力学性能急速退化。粉煤灰-矿渣复掺RAC抗侵蚀性能整体较好,粉煤灰-硅灰复掺最差,后者在浸泡时间180 d时抗压强度损失率高于60%。矿渣-硅灰-偏高岭土三掺RAC耐久性显著高于粉煤灰-矿渣-偏高岭土三掺,后者在侵蚀180 d时已经溃散。四掺辅助胶凝材料RAC性能衰减速度均匀,但抗侵蚀性能仍处于较低水平,相同浸泡时间下,其耐久性指标均与粉煤灰-矿渣复掺RAC差距较大。

Synthesis of a Green Nano-Silica Material Using Beneficiated Waste Dunites and Its Application in Concrete

Nano-silica, one of the substances boosting the field of nanomaterials, can be produced by dissolving olivine in acid. The dissolution of olivine is a convenient alternative route to the existing methods of nano-silica production (neutralization of sodium silicate and flame hydrolysis) because the olivine dissolution is a low temperature process making this method cheaper and greener. Furthermore, this process can use waste olivine materials for the production of nano-silica. The produced nano-silica has a specific surface area between 100 and 400 m2/g;a primary particle size between 10 and 25 nm, which is agglomerated in clusters;and an impurity content below 5 wt.%. In addition, olivine nano-silica can be classified as a pozzolanic material with an activity index of 101%. The optimum replacement level of olivine nano-silica in conventional vibrated concrete is around 5% by volume resulting in: 1) a compressive strength increase of 20%;2) a CO2 emission reduction of 3%. Therefore, the use of the olivine nano-silica in CVC does not only improve the compressive strength but also reduce the CO2 emissions.

碳化处理对再生微粉吸附Pb^(2+)行为与机理的影响

随着工业的发展,大量含铅废弃物被排放到环境中,给水体带来了严重的污染。本研究采用经碳化处理的再生混凝土微粉(CRCF)作为吸附剂,针对硝酸铅配制的铅污染溶液开展吸附试验,并测试分析了吸附剂的物相、微观结构和稳定性。研究表明,CRCF对Pb^(2+)具有良好的吸附效果,24 h后可达到93.1%(质量分数,下同)的去除率;CRCF对Pb^(2+)的吸附稳定性较高,吸附后仅有极少量的Pb^(2+)浸出;吸附反应中,Pb^(2+)静电吸附在CRCF表面,与CRCF发生离子交换并在表面形成碳酸盐沉淀,最终主要以碳酸盐的形式固定在CRCF中;CRCF可作为一种低成本的Pb^(2+)高效吸附剂,可有效应用于含铅废水的治理,实现废物资源化再利用。

纳米SiO_(2)强化再生混凝土力学性能的试验研究

为了提升再生骨料的性能品质,采用不同质量分数的纳米SiO_(2)和强化时间对再生骨料浸渍强化。强化前后再生骨料分别制备再生混凝土,进行单轴受压试验,借助刚性辅助架增加加载系统刚度,成功采集到再生混凝土受压应力应变曲线下降段。对试验曲线进行无量纲化处理,理论分析不同形式应力应变曲线方程式的几何特征,通过理论方程与试验曲线的拟合对比,优选适合于再生混凝土单轴受压本构关系的函数模型。通过强化前后骨料性能变化得出:纳米SiO_(2)质量分数为2%、强化48h时再生骨料性能改善效果最佳。分析试验应力应变曲线可知,曲线上升段重合度高,下降段因再生骨料取代率的不同有一定离散性,纳米SiO_(2)可使水胶比为0.5的再生混凝土峰值应力提高13.1%~24.0%,弹性模量平均提高44.5%;水胶比为0.35试验组提高幅度因再生骨料取代率的不同差异性较大。得出过镇海提出的分段函数满足典型曲线的全部几何特征,并且与试验曲线的拟合度较高,拟合得到函数参数,进而得到本构关系方程式。

Prevention and Control of Chlorella for C30 Concrete Surface with Coral Aggregate

C30 coral aggregate concrete with chlorella control effect was prepared by adding nano-TiO_(2) and hydrophobic material,and the effects of nano-TiO_(2) and hydrophobic material on the basic properties of C30 coral aggregate concrete and chlorella control effect under different experimental conditions were compared.The experimental results show that nano-TiO_(2) and hydrophobic materials have a certain degree of influence on the basic properties of concrete,but the influence is not significant.Under long-term immersion,nano-TiO_(2) and hydrophobic materials can inhibit the growth of Chlorella vulgaris.The maximum fluorescence value of concrete is decreased by 53.6% after adding TiO_(2),and the maximum fluorescence value of concrete is prolonged by 20%(1 day).The maximum fluorescence value of concrete is decreased by 67.7% after adding hydrophobic materials,and the maximum fluorescence value of concrete is also prolonged by 20%(1 day);Under the condition of simulated tidal water,the inhibition effect of Nano-TiO_(2) on the growth degree and growth rate of Chlorella vulgaris is weakened,at this time the maximum fluorescence value of concrete mixed with nano-TiO_(2) is decreased by 50.5%,and the maximum fluorescence value is only prolonged by 14.3%;while the inhibition of hydrophobic materials on the growth degree and growth rate of Chlorella vulgaris is enhanced significantly,and the maximum fluorescence value of concrete with hydrophobic materials is decreased by 80.3%;the maximum fluorescence time is prolonged by 114.3%.

基于U^(2)-Net+的透水混凝土CT影像孔隙分割

针对现阶段主流的透水混凝土CT影像孔隙分割方法存在的问题,提出了一种堆叠高效RSU模块的U^(2)-Net+的图像分割方法。该方法通过堆叠高效的RSU模块,在网络中引入了更多的上采样节点和跳跃连接,还原了更多下采样阶段丢失的特征图细节;在编码阶段增加了一个可学习的下采样操作,进一步提升了网络对细节的捕获能力;简化了原网络的深度监督,避免了底层特征图对融合输出特征图的负面影响;将单一的标准二分类交叉熵损失函数改为Focal loss和IoU loss组成的混合损失函数,提升了网络对高噪声孔隙的关注度;最后由于数据集的特点加网络改进的提升,原网络中各模块的中间通道数得以进一步缩减,减小了网络体积。试验结果表明,U^(2)-Net+相比U^(2)-Net†在保证轻量化和快速性的同时,平均交并比、精确度、F1得分由94.12%、88.89%、93.28%分别提升至94.24%、91.15%、94.29%;U^(2)-Net+综合指标优于U-Net、U-Net++、U-Net3+、U^(2)-Net、U^(2)-Net†,各指标相较于主流的阈值分割算法至少提高23.29%,实现了透水混凝土CT影像孔隙的精准、快速分割。

Tracking chloride and metal diffusion in proofed and unproofed concrete matrices using ablative laser technology (ICP-MS)

Depth profiling studies (laser ICP-MS) of ions (Cl-, Na+, Mg2+) in concrete-based material can be used to provide useful information on the migration paths of these ionic species. In particular, deterioration of concrete through infiltration of chloride could lead to costly corrosion problems with serious impact on the environment. Many modeling studies on concrete matrices depend on the tortuosity of these transport paths. Our work showed that dispersion paths of ionic species in concrete are intermittent and sporadic, suggesting that applications of simplifying assumptions in treatment of such data could lead to appreciable perturbations in related mathematical models. This paper examines the capability of using a high resolution ICP-MS laser ablation technique to track Cl– migration in concrete samples in the presence of other ions such as Na+ and Mg2+. Cationic migration in such materials is underexplored and data in this particular area could contribute to modeling studies. Concrete bricks (with and without surface coatings) were specially prepared in cubic configurations and allowed to saturate in a ponding medium (sea water). The study subsequently examined the distribution of Cl– , Na+ and Mg2+ with depth in protected (epoxy coated) and unprotected cored concrete slivers (5 mm diameter;2 mm thick) using an 80 μm- diameter laser beam coupled to an ICP-MS instrument. The laser (213 nm) was programmed to ablate a total depth of 50 μm at each point at 5-μm intervals. The results in unprotected samples indicated that chloride intensity showed a general decline with depth, suggesting that mobility of the chloride is a function of its interaction with the concrete matrix. In some cases ‘hotspots’ were observed at certain points indicating that transport of the intruding ion was limited. No significant mobility was observed in coated samples. The depth-profiling results for Na+ and Mg2+ were somewhat unexpected. Strong similarities in their spectra purported that the matrix was indifferent to charge and size of the ion. Our experimental data further showed that the matrix itself offers natural protection to the reinforced steel rebars by limiting chloride and metal diffusion at certain locations. Clearly, if the composition of these protective environments within the concrete could be simulated on a larger scale and introduced into the matrix it would offer scope for extended research in this area. Our work would be of definite interest to materials and environmental research;and mechanistic studies on aggregates.

C50混凝土的制备及其对Cs^(+)、Ni^(2+)的吸附性能研究

为研究处置库屏障材料混凝土对放射性核素的阻滞能力,制备了C50混凝土材料并研究其对放射性核素的吸附能力。发现屏障材料C50混凝土主要由含钙和铝的硅酸盐矿物组成,其在微观尺度下呈现不规则多面体与板层结构,比表面积为2.786 m^(2)·g^(-1),且具有较强的非定形特征。通过吸附试验,发现实验条件下C50混凝土对Cs^(+)、Ni^(2+)具有较好的吸附能力,达到平衡后对Cs^(+)的K_(d)值达到19.400 L·mg^(-1),吸附容量达到0.316 mg·g^(-1);吸附Ni^(2+)的K_(d)值达到465.142 L·mg^(-1),吸附容量达到96.375 mg·g^(-1)。随着Cs^(+)、Ni^(2+)初始浓度的增大,C50混凝土对Cs^(+)的K_(d)值逐渐减小后趋于稳定,对Ni^(2+)的K_(d)值逐渐减小后稳定增大,吸附容量均逐渐增大。通过环境因素影响试验,发现实验条件下pH对C50混凝土吸附Cs^(+)的影响相对较小,C50混凝土对Ni^(2+)的能力随着pH上升而增大。不同离子对Cs^(+)抑制作用由大到小的顺序依次为:K^(+)、Ca^(2+)、Mg^(2+)、SO_(4)^(2-)、Cl^(-)、NO_(3)^(-),随着温度的升高,C50混凝土对Cs^(+)的吸附能力缓慢减小;对Ni^(2+)抑制作用从大到小的顺序依次为:Mg^(2+)、Ca^(2+)、SO_(4)^(2-)、CO_(3)^(2-)。Ni^(2+)的吸附能力随着温度上升缓慢增大。研究结果可为处置库的建设提供基础数据支持。

Damaging Formula of the Frost Resistant Concrete with Poor Quality of Coarse Limestone Aggregate

In this paper, concrete with limestone coarse aggregate was studied due to frost action in saline and nonsaline environments. The main focus is to explain the damaging formula of concrete with poor quality of limestone aggregate in frost actions. All investigated concretes fulfill the recommendations of the European standard EN 206, Concrete--Specification, Performance, Production and Conformity limiting values for composition and properties of concrete （maximum W/C （water/cement） ratio, minimal class of compressive strength, minimal mass of cement and minimal percentage of entrained air）. The damaging formula of the frost resistant concrete is studied through scaling test of concrete during freeze/thaw process, frost resistant test of coarse limestone aggregate and chemical analysis of limestone. Experiments results showed that there is a correlation between CaO/MgO ratio and Al2O3 of limestone and frost resistance of concrete, using chemical composition for determining potential ACR （alkali-carbonate reactivity） will indicate higher risk of damaging effect of concrete.