A Review on Technologies for the Use of CO2 as a Working Fluid in Refrigeration and Power Cycles

The use of carbon dioxide as a working fluid has been the subject of extensive studies in recent years, particularly in the field of refrigeration where it is at the heart of research to replace CFC and HCFC. Its thermodynamic properties make it a fluid of choice in the efficient use of energy at low and medium temperatures in engine cycles. However, the performance of transcritical CO2 cycles weakens under high temperature and pressure conditions, especially in refrigeration systems;On the other hand, this disadvantage becomes rather interesting in engine cycles where CO2 can be used as an alternative to the organic working fluid in small and medium-sized electrical systems for low quality or waste heat sources. In order to improve the performance of systems operating with CO2 in the field of refrigeration and electricity production, research has made it possible to develop several concepts, of which this article deals with a review of the state of the art, followed by analyzes in-depth and critical of the various developments to the most recent modifications in these fields. Detailed discussions on the performance and technical characteristics of the different evolutions are also highlighted as well as the factors affecting the overall performance of the systems studied. Finally, perspectives on the future development of the use of CO2 in these different cycles are presented.

Theoretical Study on CO_2 Transcritical Cycle Combined Ejector Cycle Refrigeration System

Chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs) or hydrochlorofluorocarbons(HCFCs) are as main refrigerants used in traditional refrigeration systems driven by electricity from burning fossil fuels, which is regarded as one of the major reasons for ozone depletion (man-made refrigerants emission) and global warming (CO 2 emission). So people pay more and more attention to natural refrigerants and energy saving technologies. An innovative system combining CO 2 transcritical cycle with ejector cycle is proposed in this paper. The CO 2 compression sub-cycle is powered by electricity with the characteristics of relatively high temperature in the gas cooler (defined as an intercooler by the proposed system). In order to recover the waste heat, an ejector sub-cycle operating with the natural refrigerants (NH 3, H 2O) is employed. The two sub-cycles are connected by an intercooler. This combined cycle joins the advantages of the two cycles together and eliminates the disadvantages. The influences of the evaporation temperature in CO 2 compression sub-cycle, the evaporation temperature in the ejector sub-cycle, the temperature in the intercooler and the condensation temperature in the proposed system performance are discussed theoretically in this study. In addition, some unique features of the system are presented.

Thermodynamic Analysis and Comparison on Low Temperature CO_2-NH_3 Cascade Refrigeration Cycle

This paper is focused on the cascade refrigeration cycle using natural refrigerant CO 2-NH 3. The properties of refrigerants CO 2 and NH 3 are introduced and analyzed.CO 2 has the advantage in low stage of cascade refrigeration cycle due to its good characteristics and properties. The thermodynamic analysis results of the CO 2-NH 3 cascade refrigeration cycle demonstrates that the cycle has an optimum condensation temperature of low stage and also has an optimum flow rate ratio.By comparing with the R13-R22 and NH 3-NH 3 cascade refrigeration cycles, the mass flow rate ratio of CO 2-NH 3 is larger than those of R13-R22 and NH 3-NH 3, the theoretical COP of CO 2-NH 3 cascade refrigeration cycle is larger than that of the R13-R22 cascade cycle and smaller than that of the NH 3-NH 3 cascade cycle. But the real COP of CO 2-NH 3 cascade cycle will be higher than those of R13-R22 and NH 3-NH 3 because the specific volume of CO 2 at low temperature does not change much and its dynamic viscosity is also small.

Experiments on an Open-Loop Cycle Carbon Dioxide Refrigeration System

An open loop cycle carbon dioxide(CO2)refrigeration system is established,and the cooling performances of high-pressure CO2 under different storage conditions(25℃,30℃,and 35℃)are investigated.Moreover,the experimental mass flow rates of CO2 are compared with the theoretical values at different conditions and refrigeration capacities.The results indicate that the storage condition of CO2 has a significant impact on the refrigeration performance,and the mass flow rate of CO2 increases with the increasing storage temperature in a given refrigeration capacity.

离心式CO_(2)逆布雷顿制冷系统的[火用]分析研究

离心式逆布雷顿循环(CRBC)是一种利用离心力势能-压力能转换的制冷循环,工质在旋转管内的离心和向心流动实现高效压缩和膨胀过程,为提升气体制冷循环的效率提供了潜在可能性。以CO_(2)为制冷工质,水为冷却介质,建立了离心式逆布雷顿制冷系统的热力学模型,并进行[火用]分析,研究系统的[火用]效率及[火用]损分布情况,为系统的评估及改进提供理论依据。研究结果表明:在相同送风温度下,加热器进口温度存在优化可能,系统最大[火用]损率出现在离心等温压缩、绝热压缩和向心绝热膨胀流动过程,分别约为20%,空气冷却过程和离心绝热压缩流动过程的[火用]损率较小且与加热器进口温度呈相反的变化趋势。离心式逆布雷顿循环的[火用]效高达19.2%,远高于CO_(2)逆布雷顿循环的8.1%、开式空气逆布雷顿循环的4.9%和闭式空气逆布雷顿循环的2.3%。

跨临界 CO_2 制冷循环性能的研究

文中对理想的跨临界ＣＯ２制冷循环，进行了理论分析和性能计算，揭示了该循环的一些特点：对于一定的冷却器出口温度，对应一个使系统性能系数最佳的冷却压力，而且系统性能系数最佳时的冷却器出口温度与冷却压力的对应关系，可以用一个简单的代数式表示；提高蒸发温度可显著提高循环的性能系数；当冷却压力较低时，提高循环的吸气过热度，可显著地提高系统的性能系数；冷却器出口温度越高，效果越明显，当蒸发温度和冷却器出口温度较高时，减小回热器传热温差，可有效地提高系统的单位容积制冷量和性能系数．这些结论，对于跨临界ＣＯ２制冷系统的运行操作具有重要的指导作用．

冷能利用与CO_2分离一体化研究进展

介绍以降低CO2 分离能耗为目标的动力系统的研究现状 ,评述了利用冷能分离CO2 是其中的一个新方向。并从以下 3个方面进行了综述 :利用余热吸收制冷的CO2 分离一体化、利用LNG冷能与CO2 分离一体化和利用空分冷能与CO2 分离一体化。提出了在此基础上发展冷能利用与CO2

天然工质CO_2的发展现状与前景展望

本文介绍了CO2 制冷剂的发展背景和现状 ,从汽车空调、水 -水热泵循环、热泵干燥系统三个目前国内外主要研究领域 ,分别概述各个领域的最新研究成果。并且通过比较CO2 制冷剂与其它几种制冷剂的物性特征 ,归纳出CO2 作为制冷剂的独特优势。最后 ,展望CO2

Rare Earths and Magnetic Refrigeration

Magnetic refrigeration is a revolutionary, efficient, environmentally friendly cooling technology, which is on the threshold of commercialization. The magnetic rare earth materials are utilized as the magnetic refrigerants in most cooling devices, and for many cooling application the Nd2Fe14B permanent magnets are employed as the source of the magnetic field. The status of the near room temperature magnetic cooling was reviewed.

蒸气压缩式CO_(2)水合物直接接触蓄冷系统的仿真研究

本文建立了水冷压缩式CO_(2)水合物直接接触蓄冷系统的仿真模型,模拟研究了不同充注压力(3.5、3.6、3.7、3.8 MPa)下蓄冷系统的降温曲线和总蓄冷量。研究发现,降温曲线的模拟结果与实验结果的相对误差依次为4.02%、4.43%、3.38%、1.89%,总蓄冷量的模拟结果与实验结果的相对误差依次为0.82%、3.41%、1.45%、1.81%,所有相对误差均小于5%,说明模型具有较好的预测能力。为了提高实验系统蓄冷性能,采用模型进行系统优化,结果表明:冷却水流量由65 mL/s增至100 mL/s时,系统预冷时间由22.5 min减至20.8 min,系统COP先增加后减少。冷却水流量为95 mL/s时,系统COP最大;冷却水温度由22℃升至30℃时,系统预冷时间由16.1 min增至21.9 min,系统COP由1.77降至1.53;当充注压力由3.5 MPa升至5.0 MPa时,排气压力由5.4 MPa升至12.1 MPa。当充注压力为5.0 MPa时,排气压力为12.1 MPa,超过压缩机警戒压力,所以低于5.0 MPa的充注压力较为安全。

复配表面活性剂SDS+SDBS强化CO_(2)水合物蓄冷性能研究

本文采用压缩式制冷循环,研究了不同质量浓度(0.4、0.5、0.6 g/L)的表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)溶液、不同质量浓度(0.2、0.3、0.4 g/L)的表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)溶液及复配表面活性剂溶液(SDS+SDBS)中,CO_(2)水合物的蓄冷特性。结果表明:与纯水体系相比,SDS、SDBS及SDS+SDBS对CO_(2)水合物蓄冷性能均有强化作用,且3种表面活性剂的最佳质量浓度分别为0.5 g/L、0.3 g/L、0.5 g/L(SDS)+0.3 g/L(SDBS)。对比3种最佳质量浓度的表面活性剂发现,采用0.5 g/L(SDS)+0.3 g/L(SDBS)时蓄冷性能最优:预冷时间(21.51 min)和蓄冷时间(27.56 min)最短;潜热蓄冷量(1308.27 kJ)、总蓄冷量(2967.35 kJ)、平均蓄冷速率(1.79 kW)和水合物生成质量(2.55 kg)均最大。说明复配表面活性剂对于CO_(2)水合物蓄冷性能具有最显著的强化效果。

商超用NH_(3)/CO_(2)复叠双温制冷系统研究

建立商超用NH_(3)/CO_(2)复叠双温制冷系统的热力学模型,拟合压缩机的等熵效率,并对系统运行参数进行计算分析。将某工况下的模拟计算结果与试验测试数据进行对比,验证系统模型的合理性。结果显示:不同中低温蒸发温度对制冷系统性能均具有影响,且系统制冷系数(COP)随中温蒸发温度的升高呈现先增大后减少的趋势。工况一定时,高温冷凝温度越低,系统COP越高;蒸发冷凝器的传热温差越大,高低温级间制冷剂流量比越小,则系统COP越低;提升NH_(3)的冷凝过冷度,降低其蒸发过热度,均对提升系统COP具有积极作用。研究结果对NH_(3)/CO_(2)复叠双温制冷系统的理论研究与技术发展具有较好的指导意义。

4种商超CO_(2)双级压缩制冷系统的性能

为了提高商超跨临界CO_(2)制冷循环的性能,对4种跨临界CO_(2)双级压缩制冷循环(TCTC、TCEC、TCRG、TCRG)建立热力学模型.主要分析了高压压力、中间压力、蒸发温度和气体冷却器出口温度等参数对性能系数(COP)的影响.结果显示:在一定条件下,TCEC循环COP相对最高,比基础循环最优高压COP提高49.82%,最优中间压力COP提高61.41%;TCRC和TCTC循环COP相差无几;TCRG循环COP相对最低.TCRG循环不适用于中低温制冷;TCTC、TCRC循环由于在气冷器出口温度高于37℃后急速下降,不适用于气冷器出口温度较高工况,系统制冷性能受气体冷却器出口温度的影响较大,添加回热器反而降低了系统COP.

CO_(2)跨临界制冷技术的应用研究

CO_(2)是天然工质,应用于蒸气压缩制冷循环具有传热性能好、流动阻力小、单位容积制冷量大且经济性好的优点。本文介绍CO_(2)跨临界制冷技术的基本原理,阐述该技术在人工冰场及新能源汽车空调系统的应用情况和相应的研究进展,指出系统全工况性能检测、关键部件可靠性提升是未来CO_(2)跨临界制冷技术的重要研究方向。

带膨胀机和回热器的两级压缩跨临界CO_(2)制冷循环研究

通过对比3种不同的两级压缩跨临界CO_(2)制冷循环,研究节流阀、回热器和膨胀机对制冷循环COP和效率的影响。结果显示:在3种两级压缩跨临界CO_(2)制冷循环中,带膨胀机的制冷循环的COP和效率最高,带膨胀机和回热器的循环次之,带回热器和节流阀的循环的COP和效率最低;在合理参数范围内,增大压缩机1的压比可以提高3种循环的COP和效率;在合理参数范围内增大压缩机2的压比,3种制冷循环的COP和效率均先增大后降低;增大压缩机和膨胀机的等熵效率均可以显著提高两级压缩跨临界CO_(2)制冷循环的COP和效率。

Performance Analysis and Evaluation of a Supercritical CO2 Rankine Cycle Coupled with an Absorption Refrigeration Cycle

The utilization of sensible waste heat such as flue gas and industrial surplus heat is essential for energy saving. Supercritical CO2 power generation cycle is a promising way to be used in this field. In this paper, a new supercritical CO2 Rankine cycle coupled with an absorption refrigeration cycle is proposed, which consists of a reheating supercritical CO2 cycle, a mixed-effect Li Br-H2O absorption refrigeration cycle and solar subsystem including evacuated-tube collector and a hot water storage tank. The system has four variants according to the presence or absence of solar subsystem and net cooling energy output. The thermodynamic model of the proposed system was established and its performance was evaluated. The proposed system is able to realize cascade utilization of flue gas waste heat and efficient conversion of solar energy. It has much higher thermodynamic efficiency than the reference system(i.e., the conventional supercritical CO2 Brayton cycle). Taking combined power and cooling system driven by flue gas waste heat and solar energy as an example, its thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency are 20.37% and 54.18% respectively, compared with the 14.74% and 35.96% of the reference system. Energy Utilization Diagrams(EUD) are implemented to investigate the irreversible losses and variation of the exergy destruction in the energy conversion process. Parametric analysis in two key parameters is conducted to provide guidance for the system optimal design.

Performance Analysis of an Integrated Supercritical CO_(2) Recompression/Absorption Refrigeration/Kalina Cycle Driven by Medium-Temperature Waste Heat

A novel power and cooling cogeneration system which combines a supercritical CO_(2) recompression cycle(SCRC), an ammonia-water absorption refrigeration cycle(AARC) and a Kalina cycle(KC) is proposed and investigated for the recovery of medium-temperature waste heat. The system is based on energy cascade utilization, and the waste heat can be fully converted through the simultaneous operation of the three sub-cycles. A steady-state mathematical model is built for further performance study of the proposed system. When the exhaust temperature is 505℃, it is shown that under designed conditions the thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency reach 30.74% and 61.55%, respectively. The exergy analysis results show that the main exergy destruction is concentrated in the heat recovery vapor generator(HRVG). Parametric study shows that the compressor inlet pressure, the SCRC pressure ratio, the main compressor and the turbine I inlet temperature, and the AARC generator pressure have significant effects on thermodynamic and economic performance of the combined system. The findings in this study could provide guidance for system design to achieve an efficient utilization of medium-temperature waste heat(e.g., exhaust heat from gas turbine, high-temperature fuel cells and internal combustion engine).

CO2双级压缩制冷循环冷藏柜性能实验研究

针对目前商用冷藏柜所使用的CFC类制冷剂存在高臭氧衰减指数以及温室指数高的问题,为使冷藏柜更环保,课题组提出了使用CO2双级压缩制冷循环取代传统氟利昂制冷剂单级压缩制冷循环的设想。课题组以某容积为500 L的冷藏柜为框架搭建一套实验系统,并根据可口可乐公司对商用冷藏柜的测试要求进行负载降温测试,并与其他课题组成果进行对比。结果表明采用CO2双级压缩制冷循环系统的冷藏柜比采用单级压缩的同类型冷藏柜能效比提高,排气温度降低34. 6℃。经测试,CO2双级压缩制冷循环冷藏柜性能满足可口可乐公司制定的标准,CO2双级压缩制冷循环在冷藏柜中应用是可行的。

新型CO_(2)超音速两相膨胀制冷循环的理论研究

本文提出了以Laval喷管为核心部件的超音速两相膨胀机概念,构建了以天然制冷剂CO_(2)为工质的超音速两相膨胀制冷循环模型并进行理想循环热力学分析和模拟计算研究。结果表明:超音速两相膨胀机入口压力、入口温度和旋流分离段出口压力均对系统制冷性能有影响;在空调温区工况,CO_(2)超音速两相膨胀制冷循环COP为6.69,是现有制冷性能相对最优的CO_(2)跨临界制冷循环COP的1.63倍,且大幅降低系统压力;气液分离时液相速度损失对系统制冷性能有影响,系统COP由9.56降至6.01,相对卡诺效率由0.95降至0.60,但仍保持在较高水平。通过初步的热力学分析和模拟计算研究表明,新型CO_(2)超音速两相膨胀制冷循环在原理上具有较好的可行性和发展前景。

三角转子膨胀机在跨临界CO_(2)制冷循环中的应用分析

在高压比跨临界CO_(2)制冷循环中,采用膨胀机替代节流元件对提高循环效率有较大的潜力。分析了以三角转子机械作为膨胀机的运行机理,对三角转子膨胀机的工作过程进行计算和分析,并从形状因子、转子型线、进气角度、偏心距和轴距系数入手,讨论了影响三角转子膨胀机的影响因素。在设定情况下,使用三角转子膨胀机可以通过将10 MPa、313.15 K的超临界CO_(2)膨胀至3.49 MPa、273.69 K,并将制冷系数提高23.7%。形状因子和进气角度是影响膨胀机运行效果的主要因素,需选取适当的参数来提高效率。