Analysis on energy demand and CO2 emissions in China following the Energy Production and Consumption Revolution Strategy and China Dream target

A quantitative model was applied to analyze the energy demand and CO2 emissions in China following the Energy Production and Consumption Revolution Strategy(2016e2030)and long-term economic and social development target China Dream.Results showed that 1)toward the 2050 China Dream target,total final energy consumption is expected to peak at 3.9 Gtce in 2030 and remain stable until 2050,whereas total primary energy consumption is expected to reach an upper platform by 2040 and around 5.8 Gtce by 2050;2)the proportion of non-fossil fuels is expected to reach approximately 50%and that of natural gas to reach more than 16%by 2050;3)CO2 emissions from energy use are expected to peak at 9.6 Gt by no later than 2030 and then gradually decline to 6.7 Gt by 2050.

Exploring the driving factors and their mitigation potential in global energy-related CO2 emission

In order to quantify the contribution of the mitigation strategies,an extended Kaya identity has been proposed in this paper for decomposing the various factors that influence the CO2 emission.To this end,we provided a detailed decomposition of the carbon intensity and energy intensity,which enables the quantification of clean energy development and electrification.The logarithmic mean divisia index(LMDI)has been applied to the historical data to quantify the contributions of the various factors affecting the CO2 emissions.Further,the global energy interconnection(GEI)scenario has been introduced for providing a systematic solution to meet the 2℃goal of the Paris Agreement.By combining LMDI with the scenario analysis,the mitigation potential of the various factors for CO2 emission has been analyzed.Results from the historical data indicate that economic development and population growth contribute the most to the increase in CO2 emissions,whereas improvement in the power generation efficiency predominantly helps in emission reduction.A numerical analysis,performed for obtaining the projected future carbon emissions,suggests that clean energy development and electrification are the top two factors that can decrease CO2 emissions,thus showing their great potential for mitigation in the future.Moreover,the carbon capture and storage technology serves as an important supplementary mitigation method.

Robust Resource Management Control for CO2 Emission and Reduction of Greenhouse Effect: Stochastic Game Approach

With the increasingly severe global warming, investments in clean technology, reforestation and political action have been studied to reduce CO2 emission. In this study, a nonlinear stochastic model is proposed to describe the dynamics of CO2 emission with control inputs: clean technology, reforestation and carbon tax, under stochastic uncertainties. For the efficient resources management, a robust tracking control is designed to force resources tracking a desired reference output. The worst-case effect of stochastic parametric fluctuations, external disturbances and uncertain initial conditions on the tracking performance is considered and minimized from the dynamic game theory perspective. This stochastic game problem, in which one player (stochastic uncertainty) maximizes the tracking error and another player (control input) minimizes the tracking error, could be equivalent to a robust minimax tracking problem. To avoid solving the HJI, a fuzzy model is proposed to approximate the nonlinear CO2 emission model. Then the nonlinear stochastic game problem could be easily solved by fuzzy stochastic game approach via LMI technique.

Multi-model comparison of CO2 emissions peaking in China:Lessons from CEMF01 study

The paper summarizes results of the China Energy Modeling Forum's(CEMF)first study.Carbon emissions peaking scenarios,consistent with China's Paris commitment,have been simulated with seven national and industry-level energy models and compared.The CO2 emission trends in the considered scenarios peak from 2015 to 2030 at the level of 9e11 Gt.Sector-level analysis suggests that total emissions pathways before 2030 will be determined mainly by dynamics of emissions in the electric power industry and transportation sector.Both sectors will experience significant increase in demand,but have low-carbon alternative options for development.Based on a side-by-side comparison of modeling input and results,conclusions have been drawn regarding the sources of emissions projections differences,which include data,views on economic perspectives,or models'structure and theoretical framework.Some suggestions have been made regarding energy models'development priorities for further research.

CO2 emissions and their bearing on China＇s economic development： the long view

Greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions in China have aroused much interest, and not least in recent evidence of their reduction. Our intent is to place that reduction in a larger context, that of the process of industrialization. A lengthy time perspective is combined with a cross-sectional approach-China plus five other countries-and addressed through two general models. The findings are salutary. First, they suggest that a diversified economic structure is consistent with diminished intensity in energy use. Secondly, and the obverse of the first, they imply that a diversified energy structure promotes reductions in CO2 emissions. Finally, one is led inevitably to the conclusion that, together, the findings point to a path for countries to transform their economies while at the same time undertaking to drastically moderate their energy use, switching from a pattern of heavy carbon emissions to one in which lighter carbon emissions prevail. The implications of such findings for environmental management are enormous.

城市能源消费CO2排放及其影响因素研究

人类活动引起的以CO2为主的温室气体过量排放是造成全球变暖最主要的原因之一。随着城市化进程加快,城市能源消费和CO2排放都呈增长趋势。文章梳理了近年来国内外城市及其工业、建筑业、交通运输业和城市居民生活能源消费CO2排放的研究进展;通过对比分析城市能源消费CO2排放影响因素及其城市间的差异,得到经济发展和人口增长是城市能源消费CO2排放的主要促进因素,能源强度下降对CO2排放的降低起主导作用。产业结构和能源消费结构中高碳能源所占比例的变化、能源技术水平的发展和相关政策的完善、城市形态等因素,对城市能源消费CO2排放的影响作用存在差异。影响因素在同一个城市区域的不同时段内对CO2排放的影响作用存在差异的原因可能来自城市的发展以及影响因素自身的变化。

考虑CO2排放成本的风储联合调度优化

储能系统越来越多地应用于电力系统,其与风电配合可以减少风机出力的波动性,因此有必要对风电储能联合调度。提出了一种考虑CO2排放成本的风电储能联合调度优化模型。首先说明了CO2排放成本。然后建立了以火电机组成本费用、排放成本、火电机组启停成本、风机成本、电池成本最小为目标,考虑有功功率平衡约束、风机出力约束、火电机组启停约束、电池储能充放电约束等条件的优化模型。接着利用非线性遗传算法对本文所建模型进行求解。最后在IEE30节点中进行仿真分析,说明了所提方法的正确性和有效性。

我国能源活动CO2排放在2020-2022年之间达到峰值情景和可行性研究

全球到2100年实现将温度上升控制在和工业化前相比2℃以内,已经成为一个政策目标。本文结合中国能源环境政策综合评估(IPAC)模型的近期研究结果,分析了实现全球2℃温升目标下我国能源活动的CO_2排放情景,并对其关键因素进行研究,得到实现这些情景的可行性。研究表明,考虑到我国经济转型、能源效率提升、可再生能源和核电的发展、碳捕获和碳封存技术,以及低碳生活方式的转变,我国能源活动的CO_2排放是可以在2025年之前,甚至更早(如在2020—2022年)实现排放峰值,峰值总量在90亿t左右,之后开始下降,这和我国在全球2℃温升目标情景中给予的碳空间相一致,支持我国未来在全球温室气体减排中的国际合作路径,以及国内低碳发展政策的制定。实现这样的减排路径,需要在既有的环境和能源政策之外制定针对气候变化减缓的明确和长期的政策,如碳定价。

Energy use, CO2 emission and foreign direct investment： Is there any inconsistence between causal relations？

In this study, the causal relations between inward foreign direct investment （FDI）-energy use per capita and inward FDI-CO2 emission per capita were analyzed and the inconsistency between the causal relations was investigated via bootstrap-corrected panel causality test and cross-correlation analysis. In this direction, data from 76 countries including the period of 1980-2009 was processed. No supportive evidence was found for changing causal relations to country group which was classified into income level. The findings indicated that while the pollution haven hypothesis was supported for Mozambique, United Arab Emirates and Oman, the pollution halo hypothesis was supported in the case of India, Iceland, Panama and Zambia. For other countries, energy use and CO2 emission were neutral to inward FDI flows in aggregated level. Furthermore, this study urged that increased （decreased） energy use due to the inward FD1 flows did not necessarily mean an increase （decrease） in pollution level, and vice versa. For policy purpose, FDI attractive policy should be regulated by taking into account this possibility.

Low Carbon Building Design Optimization Based on Intelligent Energy Management System

The construction of relevant standards for building carbon emission assessment in China has just started,and the quantitative analysis method and evaluation system are still imperfect,which hinders the development of low-carbon building design.Therefore,the use of intelligent energy management system is very necessary.The purpose of this paper is to explore the design optimization of low-carbon buildings based on intelligent energy management systems.Based on the proposed quantitative method of building carbon emission,this paper establishes the quota theoretical system of building carbon emission analysis,and develops the quota based carbon emission calculation software.Smart energy management system is a low-carbon energy-saving system based on the reference of large-scale building energy-saving system and combined with energy consumption.It provides a fast and effective calculation tool for the quantitative evaluation of carbon emission of construction projects,so as to realize the carbon emission control and optimization in the early stage of architectural design and construction.On this basis,the evaluation,analysis and calculation method of building structure based on carbon reduction target is proposed,combined with the carbon emission quota management standard proposed in this paper.Taking small high-rise residential buildings as an example,this paper compares and analyzes different building structural systems from the perspectives of structural performance,economy and carbon emission level.It provides a reference for the design and evaluation of low-carbon building structures.The smart energy management system collects user energy use parameters.It uses time period and time sequence to obtain a large amount of data for analysis and integration,which provides users with intuitive energy consumption data.Compared with the traditional architectural design method,the industrialized construction method can save 589.22 megajoules(MJ)per square meter.Based on 29270 megajoules(MJ)per ton of standard coal,the construction area of the case is about 8000 m2,and the energy saving of residential buildings is 161.04 tons of standard coal.This research is of great significance in reducing the carbon emission intensity of buildings.

Energy efficiency in a water supply system:Energy consumption and CO_2 emission

This paper presents important fundamentals associated with water and energy efficiency and highlights the importance of using renewable energy sources. A model of multi-criteria optimization for energy efficiency based on water and environmental management policies, including the preservation of water resources and the control of water pressure and energy consumption through a hybrid energy solution, was developed and applied to a water supply system. The methodology developed includes three solutions： （1） the use of a water turbine in pipe systems where pressures are higher than necessary and pressure-reducing valves are installed, （2） the optimization of pumping operation according to the electricity tariff and water demand, and （3） the use of other renewable energy sources, including a wind turbine, to supply energy to the pumping station, with the remaining energy being sold to the national electric grid. The use of an integrated solution （water and energy-） proves to be a valuable input for creating benefits from available hydro energy in the water supply system in order to produce clean power, and the use of a wind source allows for the reduction of energy consumption in pumping stations, as well as of the CO2 emission to the atmosphere.

Comparative study of energy consumption and CO2 emissions between Beijing and London

From the view of geographic location, climate and population status, this paper makes a comparative study of the economy structure, transport system, energy supply and carbon emissions among a few cities, especially between Beijing and London, two mega-cities in the world. The developed tertiary industry, consummate transport system and low-carbon energy supply system in London can be referenced to assist Beijing in establishing a low-carbon development pathway. The difference in the statistical coverage of population between these two cities also brings about the divergence of energy consumption per capita and CO2 emissions per capita between them.

Energy Management for a Residential Microgrid Using Wavelet Transform and Fuzzy Control Including a Vehicle-to-Grid System

This paper presents the design and implementation of an energy management system （EMS） with wavelet transform and fuzzy control for a residential micro-grid. The hybrid system in this paper consists of a wind turbine generator, photovoltaic （PV） panels, an electric vehicle （EV）, and a super capacitor （SC）, which is able to connect or disconnect to the main grid. The control strategy is responsible for compensating the difference between the generated power by the wind and solar generators and the demanded power by the loads. Wavelet transform decomposes the power difference into a smoothed component and a fast fluctuated component. The command approach used for fuzzy logic rules considers the state of charging （SOC） of EV, renewable production, and the load demand as parameters. Furthermore, the command rules are developed in order to ensure a reliable grid when taking into account the EV battery protection to decide the output power of the EV. The model of the hybrid system is developed in detail under Matlab/Simulink software environment.

Decoupling economic growth from CO_2 emissions: A decomposition analysis of China's household energy consumption

This paper analyzes Chinese household CO_2 emissions in 1994-2012 based on the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index(LMDI) structure decomposition model, and discusses the relationship between household CO_2 emissions and economic growth based on a decoupling indicator.The results show that in 1994-2012, household CO_2 emissions grew in general and displayed an accelerated growth trend during the early 21 st century. Economic growth leading to an increase in energy consumption is the main driving factor of CO_2 emission growth(an increase of 1.078 Gt CO_2) with cumulative contribution rate of 55.92%, while the decline in energy intensity is the main cause of CO_2 emission growth inhibition(0.723 Gt CO_2 emission reduction) with cumulative contribution rate of 38.27%. Meanwhile, household CO_2 emissions are in a weak state of decoupling in general. The change in CO_2 emissions caused by population and economic growth shows a weak decoupling and expansive decoupling state, respectively. The CO_2 emission change caused by energy intensity is in a state of strong decoupling, and the change caused by energy consumption structure ?uctuates between a weak and a strong decoupling state.

Analysis on Carbon Emissions from Energy Consumption in Agriculture and Reduction Measures in Guangdong Province

[Objective] The aim was to study CO2 emissions from energy consumption in agricultural production in Guangdong Province and put forward feasible reduction measures.[Method] Based on the data from China Energy Statistical Yearbook and Guangdong Statistical Yearbook,CO2 emissions from agricultural energy use in Guangdong Province from 2000 to 2009 was estimated by using the formula of carbon emissions recommended by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC),and corresponding reduction measures were put forward.[Result] With the rapid increase of agricultural output and energy consumption,CO2 emissions from energy consumption in agricultural production in Guangdong Province showed increasing trend from 2000 to 2009,that is to say,increasing from 423.63×104 t C million tons in 2000 to 605.99×104 t C in 2009,with annual growth rate of 4.1%.Meanwhile,carbon emissions intensity during energy consumption in agriculture went down in recent ten years,in other words,decreasing from 0.424 t C/×104 yuan in 2000 to 0.301 t C/×104 yuan in 2009,and its annual decreasing rate was 3.7%.The variation of CO2 emissions from energy consumption in agriculture mainly resulted from the increase of agricultural output,improvement of energy utilization efficiency,high carbonization in agricultural energy consumption structure and so forth.Therefore,in order to reduce CO2 emissions from energy consumption in agriculture,it is necessary to vigorously develop rural renewable energy,develop and popularize advanced technology for energy utilization,advance the energy conservation of agricultural machines,establish and improve the macroeconomic control mechanism for carbon emissions from the energy consumption in agricultural production in the further.[Conclusion] The study could provide references for the establishment of policy about reducing carbon emissions from agricultural energy consumption in Guangdong Province.

Creation of Zero CO₂Emissions Residential Buildings due to Operating and Embodied Energy Use on the Island of Crete, Greece

The possibility of creating zero CO2 emissions residential buildings due to life cycle energy use in the island of Crete, Greece has been examined. In a typical residential building located in Crete, Greece, its annual operating energy has been appraised at 170 KWh/m2 and its embodied energy at 30 KWh/m2. Various locally available renewable energies including solar energy, solid biomass and low enthalpy geothermal energy with heat pumps have been considered for generating the required heat and offsetting the grid electricity used. Their technologies are mature, reliable and cost-effective. Offset of the annual grid electricity use in the building with solar-PV electricity is allowed according to the net metering regulation. For zero carbon emissions due to embodied energy of the building, generation of additional solar electricity injected into the grid is required. A mathematical model has been developed for sizing the required solar-PV system installed in the building in order to offset the grid electricity use. For a residential building in Crete, Greece with a covered area of 100 m2, the power of the additional solar-PV system has been estimated at 1.6 KWp and its cost at 2400 €. In the current work, it is indicated that the creation of a zero CO2 emissions residential building due to life cycle energy use in Crete, Greece does not have major difficulties and it could be achieved relatively easily.

Intelligent optimization of renewable resource mixes incorporating the effect of fuel risk, fuel cost and CO2 emission

Power system planning is a capital intensive investment-decision problem. The majority of the conven- tional planning conducted since the last half a century has been based on the least cost approach, keeping in view the optimization of cost and reliability of power supply. Recently, renewable energy sources have found a niche in power system planning owing to concerns arising from fast depletion of fossil fuels, fuel price volatility as well as global climatic changes. Thus, power system planning is under-going a paradigm shift to incorporate such recent technologies. This paper assesses the impact of renewable sources using the portfolio theory to incorporate the effects of fuel price volatility as well as CO2 emissions. An optimization framework using a robust multi-objective evolutionary algorithm, namely NSGA-II, is developed to obtain Pareto optimal solutions. The performance of the proposed approach is assessed and illustrated using the Indian power system considering real-time design prac- tices. The case study for Indian power system validates the efficacy of the proposed methodology as developing countries are also increasing the investment in green energy to increase awareness about clean energy technologies.

Possibility of Zeroing CO₂Emissions Due to Energy Use in Gavdos Island, Greece

The possibility of transforming Gavdos Island located south of Crete, Greece to a 100% renewable energies island has been investigated. Gavdos Island has few inhabitants but it hosts a large number of tourists during the summer. Due to the small size of the island the use of vehicles is limited. It has abundant local energy resources, mainly solar and wind energy, which are currently underutilized. Electricity is locally generated with diesel oil and its electric grid is not interconnected with the grid of Crete. Energy demand in the island has been estimated as well as the availability of various renewable energy resources. The most reliable and cost effective of them, including solar thermal, solar and wind power, solid biomass burning and high efficiency heat pumps have been indicated for achieving a 100% renewable island. Electric vehicles must also replace conventional vehicles in order to zero carbon emissions in transport. Since the power grid in the island is isolated, electricity storage is required and it could be obtained either with electric batteries or with a small hydro-pump storage system. The nominal power of the required solar-PV system for covering all the electricity needs in Gavdos island has been estimated at 848 KWp and the required electricity storage capacity was at 19.2 MWh.

Passivity-Based Robust Control Against Quantified False Data Injection Attacks in Cyber-Physical Systems

Secure control against cyber attacks becomes increasingly significant in cyber-physical systems(CPSs).False data injection attacks are a class of cyber attacks that aim to compromise CPS functions by injecting false data such as sensor measurements and control signals.For quantified false data injection attacks,this paper establishes an effective defense framework from the energy conversion perspective.Then,we design an energy controller to dynamically adjust the system energy changes caused by unknown attacks.The designed energy controller stabilizes the attacked CPSs and ensures the dynamic performance of the system by adjusting the amount of damping injection.Moreover,with the disturbance attenuation technique,the burden of control system design is simplified because there is no need to design an attack observer.In addition,this secure control method is simple to implement because it avoids complicated mathematical operations.The effectiveness of our control method is demonstrated through an industrial CPS that controls a permanent magnet synchronous motor.

The relationship between energy consumption, economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions in Pakistan

Developing countries are facing the problem of environmental degradation.Environmental degradation is caused by the use of non-renewable energy consumptions for economic growth but the consequences of environmental degradation cannot be ignored.This primary purpose of this study is to investigate the nexus between energy consumption,economic growth and CO_(2) emission in Pakistan by using annual time series data from 1965 to 2015.The estimated results of ARDL indicate that energy consumption and economic growth increase the CO_(2) emissions in Pakistan both in short run and long run.Based on the estimated results it is recommended that policy maker in Pakistan should adopt and promote such renewable energy sources that will help to meet the increased demand for energy by replacing old traditional energy sources such as coal,gas,and oil.Renewable energy sources are reusable that can reduce the CO_(2) emissions and also ensure sustainable economic development of Pakistan.