CO_2流动沸腾换热干涸研究进展

针对CO2在亚临界管内流动沸腾换热过程中所表现出来的干涸现象研究进展进行了综述,描述了在CO2沸腾换热过程中的干涸现象及其产生的影响因素,分析了热流密度、质量流量、饱和温度、管径等因素对干涸产生的影响及机理。提出CO2流动沸腾换热过程中临界热流密度,流态变化,干涸干度的预测以及抑制干涸提前发生的相应措施是今后研究的方向。

注CO_2气井井下落物钢丝打捞方法探讨

针对海拉尔油田某注CO_2气井测试仪器落井问题,分析了仪器落井的原因并制定钢丝打捞方案。该方案采用高压密闭钢丝防喷装置,解决了注CO_2气井冻堵、井筒内沥青质卡阻和气井通井的问题,成功地打捞出落井仪器。实践证明该打捞方法能保证井下测试仪器完好,实现气井正常生产。

Microbial Activity in a Temperate Forest Soil as Affected by Elevated Atmospheric CO_2

Microorganisms play a key role in the response of soil ecosystems to the rising atmospheric carbon dioxide （CO2） as they mineralize organic matter and drive nutrient cycling. To assess the effects of elevated CO2 on soil microbial C and N immobilization and on soil enzyme activities, in years 8 （2006） and 9 （2007） of an open-top chamber experiment that begun in spring of 1999, soil was sampled in summer, and microbial biomass and enzyme activity related to the carbon （C）, nitrogen （N） and phosphorus （P） cycling were measured. Although no effects on microbial biomass C were detected, changes in microbial biomass N and metabolic activity involving C, N and P were observed under elevated CO2. Invertase and .dehydrogenase activities were significantly enhanced by different degrees of elevated CO2. Nitrifying enzyme activity was significantly （P 〈 0.01） increased in the August 2006 samples that received the elevated COs treatment, as compared to the samples that received the ambient treatment. Denitrifying enzyme activity was significantly （P 〈 0.04） decreased by elevated COs treatments in the August 2006 and June 2007 （P 〈 0.09） samples, β-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity was increased under elevated CO2 by 7% and 25% in June and August 2006, respectively, compared to those under ambient CO2. The results of June 2006 samples showed that acid phosphatase activity was significantly enhanced under elevated CO2. Overall, these results suggested that elevated CO2 might cause changes in the belowground C, N and P cycling in temperate forest soils.

Ethylbenzene to styrene over ZrO_2-based mixed metal oxide catalysts with CO_2 as soft oxidant

ZrO2-based mixed metal oxide catalysts for the industrially important dehydrogenation process of ethylbenzene to styrene monomer have been explored by our group for the past 20 years.These efforts were subjected to the activation of CO2 over mixed metal oxide catalysts and resulted in several promising benefits to the dehydrogenation processes,such as stabilized conversion and selectivity,suppressed coke formation and commercially-acceptable longevity.In this review,we summarize the most recent developments on ZrO2-based mixed metal oxide catalysts,including the further optimization of sol-gel process in the synthesis of catalysts,rationalizing acid-base properties by doping,co-operative properties between redox and acid-base active sites and additional promoters towards the effective improvement of the longevity of catalysts.

Experimental Study on the Characteristics of CO_2 Hydrate Formation in Porous Media below Freezing Point

Porous medium has an obvious effect on the formation of carbon dioxide hydrate. In order to study the characteristics of CO2 hydrate formation in porous medium below the freezing point, the experiment of CO2 hydrate formation was conducted in a high-pressure 1.8-L cell in the presence of porous media with a particle size of 380 μm, 500 μm and 700 μm, respectively. The test results showed that the porous medium had an important influence on the process of CO2 hydrate formation below the freezing point. Compared with porous media with a particle size of 500 μm and 700 μm, respectively, the average hydrate formation rate and gas storage capacity of carbon dioxide hydrate in the porous medium with a particle size of 380 μm attained 0.016 14 mol/h and 65.094 L/L, respectively. The results also indicated that, within a certain range of particle sizes, the smaller the particle size of porous medium was, the larger the average hydrate formation rate and the gas storage capacity of CO2 hydrate during the process of hydrate formation would be.

Shale gas exploitation with supercritical CO_2 technology

This paper analyzes the physicochemical properties of supercritical C02, the characteristic of shale gas and shale gas reservoirs. The technologies of drilling, production, fracturing using the supercritical CO2 in shale gas explo- ration are proposed, to increase the penetration rate, decrease the damage to formation while fracturing, and enhance the recovery of shale gas. It is believed that the huge economic benefits of shale gas exploration with the supercritical CO2 fluid will be obtained, and it also can initiate a new technology field of CO2 in the petroleum engineering.

CO_2 methanation over TiO_2–Al_2O_3 binary oxides supported Ru catalysts

TiO_2 modified Al_2O_3 binary oxide was prepared by a wet-impregnation method and used as the support for ruthenium catalyst. The catalytic performance of Ru/TiO_2–Al_2O_3catalyst in CO_2 methanation reaction was investigated. Compared with Ru/Al_2O_3 catalyst, the Ru/TiO_2–Al_2O_3catalytic system exhibited a much higher activity in CO_2 methanation reaction. The reaction rate over Ru/TiO_2–Al_2O_3 was 0.59 mol CO_2·(g Ru)1·h-1, 3.1 times higher than that on Ru/Al_2O_3[0.19 mol CO_2·(gRu)-1·h-1]. The effect of TiO_2 content and TiO_2–Al_2O_3calcination temperature on catalytic performance was addressed. The corresponding structures of each catalyst were characterized by means of H_2-TPR, XRD, and TEM. Results indicated that the averaged particle size of the Ru on TiO_2–Al_2O_3support is 2.8 nm, smaller than that on Al_2O_3 support of 4.3 nm. Therefore, we conclude that the improved activity over Ru/TiO_2–Al_2O_3catalyst is originated from the smaller particle size of ruthenium resulting from a strong interaction between Ru and the rutile-TiO_2 support, which hindered the aggregation of Ru nanoparticles.

CO2热力性质及传输特性显式公式

以Refprop9.0的数据作为数据源,本文采用了有理分式逼近中帕德逼近的函数形式并进行函数构造,对于压力14.18~30 MPa、温度304~700 K范围内的二氧化碳导热、动力黏度、焓、密度和声速的物性公式进行了拟合,同时利用1stopt软件的快速拟合功能对软件内部提供的一千多种函数形式,对压力7.38~14.18 MPa、温度220~303 K及305~504 K范围内以及过冷区内(过冷度0~87 K)的比定压热容、导热系数及动力黏度的物性数据进行拟合。与Refprop9.0的数据比较,在压力为14.18~30 MPa、温度为304~700 K范围内的所有物性显式公式的总平均最大相对误差小于0.88%,平均最大误差小于4.59%;在压力为7.38~14.18 MPa、温度为220~303 K及305~504 K范围内以及过冷区内(过冷度0~87 K)的公式系数均不超过10个,所有物性显式公式的总平均相对误差小于1.1%,最大相对误差小于6.7%。

Elevated CO_2 Accelerates Phosphorus Depletion by Common Bean(Phaseolus vulgaris) in Association with Altered Leaf Biochemical Properties

Phosphorus （P） is a major limiting factor for plant productivity in many ecosystems and agriculture. The projected increase in atmospheric CO2 is likely to result in changes in plant mineral consumption and growth. We studied P depletion by common bean （Phaseolus vulgaris） cultured hydroponically under ambient （377±77μmol mol^-1） or elevated （650±32 μmol mol^-1） CO2 in media of low or high P. Under elevated CO2 compared to ambient CO2, the maximum P depletion rate increased by 98% at low P and 250% at high P, and P was depleted about 2-5 weeks sooner; leaf acid phosphatase （APase） activity and chlorophyll content both increased significantly; root-to-shoot ratio increased significantly at high P, although it was unaffected at low P; lateral root respiration rate showed no change, suggesting that COs did not affect P depletion via metabolic changes to the roots; the total biomass at final harvest was significantly higher at both low and high P. Our data showed that the increased rate and amount of P depletion during plant growth under elevated CO2 occurred in association with alterations in leaf biochemical properties, i.e., enhanced activities of leaf APase and increased leaf chlorophyll content.

Vapor-liquid equilibrium properties for confined binary mixtures involving CO_2,CH_4,and N_2 from Gibbs ensemble Monte Carlo simulations

The effects of solid-fluid interactions on the vapor-liquid phase diagram,coexistence density,relative volatility and vaporization enthalpy have been investigated for confined binary systems of CO 2-CH 4,CO 2-N 2 and CH 4-N 2.The Gibbs ensemble Monte Carlo(GEMC) simulation results indicate that the confinement and the solid-fluid interaction have significant influences on the vapor-liquid equilibrium properties.The confinement and the strength of the solid-fluid interaction make the p-x i phase diagram move to higher pressure regions.They also make the two-phase region become narrower for each binary mixture.The strength of the solid-fluid interactions can cause increases in the coexistence liquid and vapor densities,and cause the decrease of the relative volatility and the vaporization enthalpy for the systems studied.As the pore width is decreased,the two-phase region of the binary mixture becomes narrower.

Properties of alkylbenzimidazoles for CO_2 and SO_2 capture and comparisons to ionic liquids

To date, few reports have been concerned with the physical properties of the liquid phases of imidazoles and benzimidazoles- potential starting materials for a great number of ionic liquids. Prior research has indicated that alkylimidazole solvents exhibit different, and potentially advantageous physical properties, when compared to corresponding imidazolium-based ionic liquids. Given that even the most fundamental physical properties of alkylimidazole solvents have only recently been reported, there is still a lack of data for other relevant imidazole derivatives, including benzimidazoles. In this work, we have synthesized a se- ries of eight 1-n-alkylbenzimidazoles, with chain lengths ranging from ethyl to dodecyl, all of which exist as neat liquids at ambient temperature. Their densities and viscosities have been determined as functions of both temperature and molecular weight. Alkylbenzimidazoles have been found to exhibit viscosities that are more similar to imidazolium-based ILs than al- kylimidazoles, owed to a large contribution to viscosity from the presence of a fused ring system. Solubilities of CO2 and SO2, two species of concern in the emission of coal-fired power generation, were determined for selected alkylbenzimidazoles to understand what effects a fused ring system might have on gas solubility. For both gases, alkylbenzimidazoles were deter- mined to experience physical, non-chemically reactive, interactions. The solubility of CO2 in alkylbenzimidazoles is 10%-30% less than observed for corresponding ILs and alkylimidazoles. 1-butylbenzimidazole was found to readily absorb at least 0.333 gram SO2 per gram at low pressure and ambient temperature, which could be readily desorbed under an N： flush, a behavior more similar to imidazolium-based ILs than alkylimidazoles. Thus, we find that as solvents for gas separations, benzimidazoles share characteristics with both ILs and alkylimidazoles.

超临界二氧化碳压缩机特性数值模拟

以某小流量超临界二氧化碳(SCO_2)离心压缩机为例,开展了近临界点SCO_2压缩机多工况数值模拟。研究发现:物性表格的分辨率对流场的计算结果影响较大,尤其是在冷凝区域,同时,物性的剧烈变化导致流场高梯度、强非线性使得近临界点SCO_2压缩机数值模拟存在极易发散的问题。通过精细调节物性表格分辨率以及库朗数等数值参数获得了多工况范围内的收敛解,与实验数据对比的结果表明:5×10~4 r/min转速下设计点进口工况最大相对误差为9.1%。设计了某5MW级热功率SCO_2布雷顿循环主压缩机并完成三维数值模拟。在保证效率基本不变的前提下,通过调整后弯角并与其他几何参数匹配,实现了压缩机压比及喘振裕度增加,并抑制了吸力面冷凝区域的发展。