利用海-气-浪耦合模式(COAWST)对北印度洋一次强热带风暴“Fani”(2019)过程的数值模拟

利用最新研发的区域海-气-浪耦合数值模式(Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere-Wave-Sediment Transport,COAWST),对印度洋一次超强热带气旋“Fani”(2019)过程进行了数值模拟试验。“Fani”4月26日从热带印度洋面上的低压扰动中生成,在移动北上的过程中逐渐增强为强热带风暴,并于5月3日在印度登陆,造成了严重的破坏。利用COAWST耦合数值模式,在印度洋区域设计了数值模拟试验,分析了“Fani”发展增强到登陆时间段(4月30日12时—5月3日12时)大气物理量场、海洋表面温度及通量场,以及海浪参数的相应变化。通过与International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS)的实测风暴路径、强度数据,以及欧洲中心ERA5再分析资料对比结果表明:模式模拟“Fani”的移动路径与观测较为接近,但是在强度模拟上偏弱;大气地表2 m温度场、潜热和感热通量与ERA5再分析资料存在一定偏差,但模拟的海表面温度场强度和特征与ERA5再分析资料都比较接近;在强烈的热带气旋与海洋相互作用下,耦合模式给出在气旋发展阶段,海浪有效波高达到近10 m;数值试验结果表明耦合模式可以有效描述热带气旋-海洋之间的相互作用,对于印度洋强热带风暴具备一定的模拟能力。

Numerical Simulation of Typhoon Muifa(2011) Using a Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere-Wave-Sediment Transport(COAWST) Modeling System

The newly developed Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere-Wave-Sediment Transport(COAWST) Modeling System is applied to investigate typhoon-ocean interactions in this study. The COAWST modeling system represents the state-of-the-art numerical simulation technique comprising several coupled models to study coastal and environmental processes. The modeling system is applied to simulate Typhoon Muifa(2011), which strengthened from a tropical storm to a super typhoon in the Northwestern Pacific, to explore the heat fluxes exchanged among the processes simulated using the atmosphere model WRF, ocean model ROMS and wave model SWAN. These three models adopted the same horizontal grid. Three numerical experiments with different coupling configurations are performed in order to investigate the impact of typhoon-ocean interaction on the intensity and ocean response to typhoon. The simulated typhoon tracks and intensities agree with observations. Comparisons of the simulated variables with available atmospheric and oceanic observations show the good performance of using the coupled modeling system for simulating the ocean and atmosphere processes during a typhoon event. The fully coupled simulation that includes a ocean model identifies a decreased SST as a result of the typhoon-forced entrainment. Typhoon intensity and wind speed are reduced due to the decrease of the sea surface temperature when using a coupled ocean model. The experiments with ocean coupled to atmosphere also results in decreased sea surface heat flux and air temperature. The heat flux decreases by about 29% compared to the WRF only case. The reduction of the energy induced by SST decreases, resulting in weakening of the typhoon. Coupling of the waves to the atmosphere and ocean model induces a slight increase of SST in the typhoon center area with the ocean-atmosphere interaction increased as a result of wave feedback to atmosphere.

使用高分辨率海-气-浪耦合模式COAWST对“Megi”(2010)的一次模拟试验

使用高分辨率COAWST海-气-浪耦合模式,进行了一次对超强台风Megi(2010)的模拟试验,分析了耦合模式下台风的发展过程和台风条件下海-气-浪之间的相互作用。通过对比分析,模式较好地模拟了此次台风过程,进一步分析发现海洋条件对台风强度有一定的影响;台风移动速度、风速的大小是影响海洋反馈程度的重要的因素。

嵌套高分辨率网格对我国东南沿海登陆台风模拟的影响

嵌套高分辨率网格对台风模拟有十分重要的影响。基于COAWST(coupled ocean atmosphere wave sediment transport)模式,针对登陆广东、海南的11个台风,设计了2组模拟方案。一组是在9 km分辨率下嵌套3 km分辨率网格,另一组是采用单层9 km分辨率网格。将模拟结果与中国气象局热带气旋资料中心发布的最佳路径数据进行对比,以探讨嵌套高分辨率网格是否可以提高台风模拟的准确性。从台风路径的模拟结果来看,在9 km分辨率下嵌套3 km分辨率网格对台风路径模拟的误差较小,而单层9 km分辨率网格模拟的台风路径误差较大。通过对比两组方案模拟的台风路径、强度和结构,在模拟区域中使用嵌套高分辨率网格方案的模拟准确性有所提高。两种方案模拟的风场以及副热带高压十分接近。相比于单层网格,嵌套了高分辨率网格方案模拟的台风路径、强度误差更小,台风眼更小,位涡更强。

台风“查帕卡”(2021)在粤西陆架上产生的近惯性运动研究

近惯性运动是海洋中广泛存在的一种频率接近局地惯性频率的海水运动,热带气旋是产生近惯性运动的主要动力之一。本文基于COAWST(Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere-Wave-Sediment Transport)数值模型系统,构建了一个覆盖南海北部陆架的波浪-海流耦合三维水动力模型,并对模型进行了充分验证。利用该模型模拟了2021年第7号台风“查帕卡”在粤西近海陆架上激发的近惯性运动。结果表明,近惯性动能在水平分布上有两个能量高值中心,一个在台风风速最大的近岸区域,另一个在离岸约130 km处,且第二个能量高值中心持续时间更久。在水深40 m以浅的近岸区域,近惯性运动以正压模态为主,表底层流速的相位相同,能量从表层向底层递减。随着水深逐渐增加,在水深70 m到100 m的区域,近惯性运动呈明显的两层结构,表底层近惯性运动的流速方向相反,垂向上出现两个能量高值中心,呈明显的一阶斜压模态特征。通过动力模态分解,发现部分两层结构明显的区域由一阶斜压模态和二阶斜压模态共同主导。随着水深继续增加,更高模态的近惯性运动在总的近惯性动能中占据越来越大的比重。动量平衡分析表明,在水深较浅、风速较大的近岸区域,整个水层内的动量平衡都是由垂向湍流黏性力和压强梯度力主导。而在水深较深、风速较小的离岸区域,垂向湍流黏性力集中在表层和底层,水体内部的动量平衡主要由压强梯度力、科氏力和局地加速度主导。这些结果说明近岸区域主要是风应力驱动的正压波动,而陆架区域,上混合层内的近惯性运动由风应力驱动,混合层以下的近惯性运动则是由正压的压强梯度力驱动的。

珠江口及其近海陆架对台风“暹芭”的响应

台风是一种典型的极端天气过程,往往引发风暴潮、巨浪和强降水,对河口与近海陆架水动力及泥沙输运产生重要影响。以2022年台风“暹芭”为例,采用波-流-泥沙耦合的COAWST(coupled ocean-atmosphere-waves-sediment transport)模型系统,模拟了台风登陆前后珠江口及其近海陆架的动力过程。通过将台风期间与常况下的珠江口及其近海陆架的水动力与泥沙输运过程进行对比,量化了台风对珠江口及近海陆架的温盐、海流、波浪、悬沙浓度以及海底冲淤的影响。结果表明,台风“暹芭”期间近海的波浪作用显著增强,加强了水体的混合,使得底切应力增大,进而增强了河口湾与近海海底泥沙再悬浮。大幅增高的悬沙浓度和海流的增强引发了较强的泥沙输运和辐聚辐散,导致海底地形发生剧烈的冲淤变化。研究旨在加深对极端事件如何影响河口和近海陆架的水动力和泥沙输运过程的理解。

山东半岛北部海洋动力环境的高频地波雷达观测

利用两台高频地波雷达(ground wave radar,WERA)站对山东半岛北部雷达覆盖海区的浪、流场进行了观测,并且利用海洋-大气-波浪耦合沉积输运模型(coupled-ocean-atmosphere-wave-sediment transport modeling system,COAWST)对该区域的一个强风暴过程进行了数值模拟,对雷达观测数据、现场声学多普勒流速剖面仪(acoustic Doppler current profilers,ADCP)调查数据和数值模拟结果进行比对分析发现,模型模拟的水位变化与ADCP测量结果一致,WERA所观测到的有效波高和ADCP结果比较吻合,模型模拟的ADCP站位的流速相位、大小与雷达观测结果比较接近,与ADCP的结果有一定偏差。雷达观测的海区流场结果与模型反映趋势基本一致,但是在近岸方向上变化较大,其原因可能与ADCP的投放位置、模型的分辨率设置等因素有关。高频地波雷达系统是海岸带动力环境观测的一个有效工具,在实际应用中有着广泛的前景。

9km水平分辨率下KF积云对流参数化方案对台风模拟的影响

积云对流参数化方案对台风模拟的准确性有着重要影响,而在分辨率1~10 km内使用积云对流参数是否能够改善台风模拟仍然存在争议,因此,本研究基于COAWST(coupled ocean atmosphere wave sediment transport, COAWST)耦合模式,针对登陆广东地区的11个西行台风,在9 km分辨率下是否使用KF积云对流参数,设计了2组模拟方案,并将结果与中国气象局热带气旋资料中心发布的最佳路径数据进行对比。从台风路径上看,在9 km分辨率上使用KF方案模拟得到的误差在统计结果中最小,从模拟台风强度的误差来看,2种方案的差距不大,综合考量台风路径和强度可以认为使用KF积云对流参数化方案模拟的效果更佳。KF积云对流参数方案模拟的副热带高压更强,造成模拟的台风路径相对南偏。2种方案的台风内核区对流不稳定的高度接近,是否使用KF积云对流参数化方案与台风强弱没有一定的关系,而台风强度与对流底层的台风眼壁垂直速度有关。

岬湾海岸中人工岛建设对岬角涡旋及海湾地形冲淤的影响——以海南岛铺前湾为例

岬湾海岸中一般在岬角的右侧与左侧(面向大海方向)分别发育顺时针与逆时针涡流。这些涡流的存在对泥沙输运、海底地形演变、污染物扩散等都具有重要影响。而在海洋中岛屿的存在将产生局部的岛后尾流。如岛屿与岬角距离较近,岛后尾流可能与岬角涡旋相互作用,反之则相互影响较小。本文以海南岛铺前湾为例,研究在岬湾海岸中湾口处的人工岛建设对湾内涡旋的影响,并进一步分析人工岛建设对整个海湾海底冲淤变化的效应。本项研究主要采用COAWST模型进行研究。结果表明,大潮期在海湾内发育大范围的顺时针涡旋,小潮期涡旋发育不明显,以东向余流为主。人工岛建设并未影响整个海湾的涡旋结构,但人工岛分隔了湾内顺时针涡旋,且在周围产生局部的逆时针与顺时针涡旋。海底冲淤变化的基本格局为湾内以淤积为主,人工岛建设加强了这种趋势,但在人工岛与岸线之间的狭窄通道内,海底出现冲刷。本项研究对岬湾海岸的科学开发管理具有一定意义。

谱松弛同化技术对台风季节活动数值模拟的影响

采用COAWST模式针对2015年5月1日—11月1日的台风季节活动设计了两组对比试验,探讨谱松弛同化技术对台风季节活动数值模拟的影响。通过比较两种试验结果中的台风季节信息发现:谱松弛能够显著提高对台风频数、强度、气旋累积能量分布以及路径密度分布的模拟。这种改善与模式中大尺度场如环流场、位势高度场、海温的改善息息相关。由于谱松弛的作用,模式能够基本再现边界场中的大尺度信息,避免台风活动导致大尺度场发生严重漂移,同时模式自身中小尺度过程能够自由发展,这使得模拟的台风季节活动更加符合观测。

Development of a fine-resolution atmosphere-wave-ocean coupled forecasting model for the South China Sea and its adjacent seas

A 72-h fine-resolution atmosphere-wave-ocean coupled forecasting system was developed for the South China Sea and its adjacent seas. The forecasting model domain covers from from 15°S to 45°N in latitude and 99°E to135°E in longitude including the Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea, the South China Sea and the Indonesian seas. To get precise initial conditions for the coupled forecasting model, the forecasting system conducts a 24-h hindcast simulation with data assimilation before forecasting. The Ensemble Adjustment Kalman Filter(EAKF) data assimilation method was adopted for the wave model MASNUM with assimilating Jason-2 significant wave height(SWH) data. The EAKF data assimilation method was also introduced to the ROMS model with assimilating sea surface temperature(SST), mean absolute dynamic topography(MADT) and Argo profiles data. To improve simulation of the structure of temperature and salinity, the vertical mixing scheme of the ocean model was improved by considering the surface wave induced vertical mixing and internal wave induced vertical mixing. The wave and current models were integrated from January 2014 to October 2015 driven by the ECMWF reanalysis 6 hourly mean dataset with data assimilation. Then the coupled atmosphere-wave-ocean forecasting system was carried out 14 months operational running since November 2015. The forecasting outputs include atmospheric forecast products, wave forecast products and ocean forecast products. A series of observation data are used to evaluate the coupled forecasting results, including the wind, SHW, ocean temperature and velocity.The forecasting results are in good agreement with observation data. The prediction practice for more than one year indicates that the coupled forecasting system performs stably and predict relatively accurate, which can support the shipping safety, the fisheries and the oil exploitation.

Effects of wave-current interaction on the waves, cold-water mass and transport of diluted water in the Beibu Gulf

Wave-current interaction and its effects on the hydrodynamic environment in the Beibu Gulf(BG) have been investigated via employing the Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere–Wave–Sediment Transport(COAWST) modeling system. The model could simulate reasonable hydrodynamics in the BG when validated by various observations.Vigorous tidal currents refract the waves efficiently and make the seas off the west coast of Hainan Island be the hot spot where currents modulate the significant wave height dramatically. During summer, wave-enhanced bottom stress could weaken the near-shore component of the gulf-scale cyclonic-circulation in the BG remarkably, inducing two major corresponding adjustments: Model results reveal that the deep-layer cold water from the southern BG makes critical contribution to maintaining the cold-water mass in the northern BG Basin.However, the weakened background circulation leads to less cold water transported from the southern gulf to the northern gulf, which finally triggers a 0.2℃ warming in the cold-water mass area;In the top areas of the BG, the suppressed background circulation reduces the transport of the diluted water to the central gulf. Therefore, more freshwater could be trapped locally, which then triggers lower sea surface salinity(SSS) in the near-field and higher SSS in the far-field.

The Influence of Typhoon'Hongxia'on the Intrusion of the Kuroshio Current into the South China Sea

This paper uses the Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere-Wave-Sediment Transport(COAWST)model to analyze the impact of typhoon‘Hongxia’on the velocity and position movement of the Kuroshio axis,the impact of typhoons on the Kuroshio intrusion into South China Sea(SCS),the corresponding water,heat,and salt fluxes,and the impact of Kuroshio water in the northeastern SCS.When typhoon‘Hongxia’passed,the Kuroshio intrusion into the SCS was the most significant at 21?N latitude.In the vertical direction,the Kuroshio intrusion was strongest in the subsurface layer,leading to the most significant changes in temperature and salinity in the northeastern part of the SCS in the subsurface layer.Under the influence of the southeastern monsoon in summer,a large amount of low-salinity water accumulates at the surface of the northeastern part of the SCS,and Kuroshio intrusive water remains in the bottom and middle portions of the subsurface layer.The westward deviation of the Kuroshio axis caused by the typhoon displays a certain lag compared with the hot and salty water intrusion into the SCS approximately 7 d later.The impact of the typhoon on the Kuroshio intrusion into the SCS lasts for 20 d.The typhoon caused increases in the water,heat,and salt fluxes associated with the Kuroshio intrusion into the SCS,and the contribution of the typhoon to these fluxes was as high as 40%.Under typhoon conditions,the maximum Kuroshio intrusion flux reached more than twice that before the typhoon.

Wave-current interaction during Typhoon Nuri(2008)and Hagupit(2008):an application of the coupled ocean-wave modeling system in the northern South China Sea

The northern South China Sea(SCS) is frequently affected by typhoons. During severe storm events, wave-current interactions produce storm surges causing enormous damage in the path of the typhoon. To evaluate the influence of wave-current interactions on storm surge, we used a coupled ocean-atmospherewave-sediment transport(COAWST) modeling system with radiation-stress and vortex-force formulations to simulate two typically intense tropical storms that invaded the SCS, namely Typhoons Nuri(2008) and Hagupit(2008), and compared results with observations from the Hong Kong Observatory. Both radiationstress and vortex-force formulations significantly improved the accuracy of the simulation. Depending on which typhoon and the topography encountered, the influence of surface waves on the oceanic circulation showed different characteristics, including the differences of range and intensity of storm surge between vortex-force and radiation-stress experiments. During typhoon landing, strong sea-surface elevation in concert with wave set-up/set-down caused the adjustment of the momentum balance. In the direction perpendicular to the current, but especially in the cross-shore direction, the pressure gradient and wave effects on the current dominated the momentum balance.

南海贯穿流季节变化数值模拟研究

本文采用美国伍兹霍尔研究所研发的海洋-大气-波浪-泥沙输运耦合模式COAWST(Coupled Dcean-Atmosphere-Wave-Sediment Transport)对南海及邻近海域进行了9 km分辨率的数值模拟研究。结果表明,南海贯穿流的季节变化再现了冬强夏弱的特征,在南海内部冬季呈现气旋环流结构,夏季呈现反气旋环流结构,尤其在冬季其流轴结构更为清晰和稳定,海水从吕宋海峡进入南海,从民都洛海峡、卡里马塔海峡、台湾海峡和巴拉巴克海峡流出,吕宋海峡断面流量与其他4个海峡流量合计在数量级上相当,保持南海海水总量不变。吕宋海峡、卡里马塔海峡、民都洛海峡的流量呈现明显相关性,吕宋海峡流量增大时,民都洛海峡和卡里马塔海峡的流量也相应增大,相关系数分别达到0.78和0.9。通过更适于分析中短期变化的简化绕岛环流理论,定量计算2019年吕宋海峡、黑潮和棉兰老流流量与北赤道流分叉点位置的关系,发现夏季北赤道流分叉点NECBL(North Equatorial Current Bifurcation Latitude)偏南,在13.6°N附近;冬季NECBL偏北,在15.6°N左右,同期黑潮流量减少,棉兰老流流量增加,作为南海贯穿流入流的吕宋海峡流量可达13.4 Sv。吕宋海峡输运补偿了北赤道流到达菲律宾海岸后的北向分支的流量,与棉兰老流的流量呈正相关,相关系数达到0.5361。

海浪过程对短期天气模拟的影响分析

利用海洋-大气-海浪耦合模式COAWST进行了两组以东海区域为中心的72 h模拟试验。通过对比考虑动态海浪过程与未考虑该过程的试验结果,分析动态海浪过程对短期天气模拟的影响。结果表明,考虑动态海浪过程后将增强海表感热、潜热通量的模拟,造成海表大气增暖增湿。这一暖湿差异将促进大气垂向运动的发展,造成海平面低压发展,并进一步影响大气流场的变化,增强局地升温效果,有利于形成正反馈。该暖湿差异在南海西北部与菲律宾海域最为明显,且随高度上升逐渐减弱,至500 h Pa高度时差异基本消失。

Effects of tidal currents on winter wind waves in the Qiongzhou Strait:a numerical study

Effects of currents on winter wind waves in the tide-dominated Qiongzhou Strait(QS)were numerically evaluated via employing the coupled ocean-atmosphere-wave-sediment transport(COAWST)modeling system.Validations showed satisfactory model performance in simulating the intense tidal currents in the QS.Different effects of sea level variations and tidal currents on waves were examined under the maximum eastward(METC)and westward(MWTC)tidal currents.In the east entrance area of the QS,the positive sea levels under the MWTC deepened the water depth felt by waves,benefiting the further propagation of wave energy into the inner strait and causing increased wave height.The METC and the MWTC could both enhance the wave height in the east entrance area of the QS,mainly through current-induced convergence and wavenumber shift,respectively.By current-induced refraction,the METC(MWTC)triggered counterclockwise(clockwise)rotation in peak wave directions in the northern part of the QS while clockwise(counterclockwise)rotation in the southern part.

Upwelling off the west coast of Hainan Island: sensitivity to wave-mixing

The coupled ocean atmosphere wave sediment transport(COAWST)modeling system is employed to investigate the role of wave-mixing playing in the upwelling off the west coast of Hainan Island(WHU).Waves,tides and sea surface temperature(SST)are reproduced reasonably well by the model when validated by observations.Model results suggest the WHU is tidally driven.Further investigations indicate that inclusion of wave-mixing promotes the intensity of the WHU,making the simulated SST become more consistent with remote-sensed ones.Dynamically,wave-mixing facilitates the“outcrop”of more upwelled cold water,triggering stronger WHU and leading to a three-dimensional dynamical adjustment.From the perspective of time,wave-mixing contributes to establishing an earlier tidal mixing front strong enough to generate WHU and that is,WHU may occur earlier when taking wave-mixing into consideration.

异地高速互联环境下的海气耦合模式应用

随着超级计算机的发展,大规模数值计算、大数据分析对算力基础设施的能力和数量的要求日益增长,受成本与功耗等因素的制约,单个超算中心不能无限制扩大规模,异地超算互联互通为解决这个问题提供了一种新的思路。文中基于济南至青岛10 Gbps DWDM光纤网络,搭建了济青跨地域500 km高速互联的计算集群,实现了两地计算资源的统一调度,利用海气耦合模式COAWST中的海洋分量模式ROMS和大气分量模式WRF进行了多组同地和异地不同资源规模和配置的对比实验。实验结果表明,耦合模式在异地高速互联环境下协同计算是可行的,WRF模式和ROMS模式在济南同地和济青异地运行同一算例的模拟结果相同,WRF模式在济南集群运行、ROMS模式在青岛集群运行时,运行时间比二者都在济南集群运行时增加5%,单分量模式拆分在济南集群和青岛集群协同计算时通信耗时较长,异地高速互联环境更适合有分量模块的耦合模式。

南海上层盐度对台风“莎莉嘉”的响应研究

"莎莉嘉(1621号)"是2016年的超强台风,本文利用高分辨率下的海气耦合模式COAWST再现了这个台风过程,并结合台风过境时间段内5d一次的ARGO数据综合分析了台风过境所引起的南海上层盐度的变化规律。研究结果表明,台风对海洋的影响作用具有一定的延迟性和持续性,约在台风中心过境1d后盐度变化达到最大值。台风过境总体上会使海区内上层盐度升高,最高可达0.4左右,台风路径右侧盐度升高幅度大于左侧,具有明显的右偏性,盐度变化中心相对台风路径偏移距离约50km。影响海洋上层盐度变化的因素有:台风强度、盐度分布结构和降水。台风强度越大,蒸发、抽吸和混合作用越强,盐度变化越大。台风会引起海洋盐度分布结构水平和垂向的显著改变,使高盐区或低盐区发生显著转变。而降水则会使上层盐度降低,所以台风过境海区内的盐度变化是多种因素共同作用的结果。