Behavioral plasticity has been proposed as a means by which animals alter their phenotypes in response to changing conditions.Animals may display behavioral plasticity as a consequence of environmental variation.The d...Behavioral plasticity has been proposed as a means by which animals alter their phenotypes in response to changing conditions.Animals may display behavioral plasticity as a consequence of environmental variation.The detritus-based,bell-shaped cobweb spider Campanicola campanulata is an ideal model to study behavioral plasticity,because its web architecture is easy to be quantified,and the functions of different parts of the web are clear.Though the plasticity of cobweb architecture has been reported in a few species,retreats as impor-tant defensive structures have rarely been considered before because retreats in most cobwebs are relatively small compared with the web size.We studied the web-building behaviors of C.campanulata under different feeding regimes.We set up 3 spider treatments with different feeding conditions:marginally well fed,moderately well fed,and extremely well fed,and observed the differences in the web architecture among them.In addition,we measured the mechanical properties of anchor silk,and also calculated the foraging and defense investment of the spiders.The results showed that marginally well-fed spiders build cobwebs with significantly longer length of anchor silk,lower retreat to the ground,more number and longer gumfooted lines,and larger capture area,while extremely well-fed spiders build cobwebs with significantly bigger retreat volume and higher height of retreat to the ground.In addition,marginally well-fed spiders invest significantly less during cobweb construction.However,there was no significant difference between the breaking force and elongation at break in anchor silk among different treatments.These results demonstrated that marginally well-fed spiders invest more in foraging,and extremely well-fed spiders invest more in defense,and the spider made a balance between foraging and predator avoidance in response to changes in physiological state.Our study strengthens the current understanding of web construction in cobweb spiders,especially those facing high costs during retreat construction.展开更多
We consider the problem of the two-point resistance on an m ×n cobweb network with a 2r boundary, which has never been solved before. Up to now researchers just only solved the cases with free boundary or null re...We consider the problem of the two-point resistance on an m ×n cobweb network with a 2r boundary, which has never been solved before. Up to now researchers just only solved the cases with free boundary or null resistor boundary. This paper gives the general formulae of the resistance between any two nodes in both tinite and infinite cases using a method of direct summation pioneered by Tan [Z. Z. Tan, et al., J. Phys. A 46 （2013） 195202], which is simpler and can be easier to use in practice. This method contrasts the Green＇s function technique and the Laplacian matrix approach, which is difllcult to apply to the geometry of a cobweb with a 2r boundary. We deduce several interesting results according to our genera/formula. In the end we compare and illuminate our formulae with two examples. Our analysis gives the result directly as a single summation, and the result is mainly composed of the characteristic roots.展开更多
The dynamical behavior of real-world phenomena is implausible graphically due to the complexity of mathematical coding. The present article has mainly focused on some one-dimensional real maps’ dynamical behavior irr...The dynamical behavior of real-world phenomena is implausible graphically due to the complexity of mathematical coding. The present article has mainly focused on some one-dimensional real maps’ dynamical behavior irrespective of using coding. In continuation, linear, quadratic, cubic, higher-order, exponential, logarithmic, and absolute value maps have been used to scrutinize their dynamical behavior, including the characteristics of the orbit of points. Dynamical programming software (DPS.exe) will be proposed as a new technique to ascertain the dynamical behavior of said maps. Thus, a mathematician can automatically determine one-dimensional real maps’ dynamical behavior apart from complicated programming code and analytical solutions.展开更多
低压电力线通信(Low Voltage Power Line Carrier Communication,LVPLC)的介质访问控制(Medium Access Control,MAC)协议是影响网络吞吐量的重要因素。针对LVPLC精确人工蛛网网络中由于非对称PLC信道影响而导致吞吐量相对较低的问题,改...低压电力线通信(Low Voltage Power Line Carrier Communication,LVPLC)的介质访问控制(Medium Access Control,MAC)协议是影响网络吞吐量的重要因素。针对LVPLC精确人工蛛网网络中由于非对称PLC信道影响而导致吞吐量相对较低的问题,改进了已有的p-载波侦听多路访问协议(p-persistent Carrier Sense Multiple Access,p-CSMA),提出了一种自适应载波侦听多路访问(Adaptive Carrier Sense Multiple Access,ACSMA)协议来优化有限负载下的吞吐量。该协议可通过动态调整概率,降低了数据包的冲突概率,优化了电力线信道的传输状态,最大限度地提高了吞吐量。仿真实验结果表明,ACSMA显著提升了多种通信状态下的吞吐量。展开更多
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China(NSFC-31970406/31801979/31772420/31573236/32270495)a grant from National Science&Technology Fundamental.Resources Investigation Program of China(Grant No.2019FY101800)+1 种基金CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology,Xishuangbanna Tropical of Botanical Garden,Chinese Academy of Sciences(19CAS-TFE-3)a grant from the State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents,Institute of Zoology,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.IPM2208).
文摘Behavioral plasticity has been proposed as a means by which animals alter their phenotypes in response to changing conditions.Animals may display behavioral plasticity as a consequence of environmental variation.The detritus-based,bell-shaped cobweb spider Campanicola campanulata is an ideal model to study behavioral plasticity,because its web architecture is easy to be quantified,and the functions of different parts of the web are clear.Though the plasticity of cobweb architecture has been reported in a few species,retreats as impor-tant defensive structures have rarely been considered before because retreats in most cobwebs are relatively small compared with the web size.We studied the web-building behaviors of C.campanulata under different feeding regimes.We set up 3 spider treatments with different feeding conditions:marginally well fed,moderately well fed,and extremely well fed,and observed the differences in the web architecture among them.In addition,we measured the mechanical properties of anchor silk,and also calculated the foraging and defense investment of the spiders.The results showed that marginally well-fed spiders build cobwebs with significantly longer length of anchor silk,lower retreat to the ground,more number and longer gumfooted lines,and larger capture area,while extremely well-fed spiders build cobwebs with significantly bigger retreat volume and higher height of retreat to the ground.In addition,marginally well-fed spiders invest significantly less during cobweb construction.However,there was no significant difference between the breaking force and elongation at break in anchor silk among different treatments.These results demonstrated that marginally well-fed spiders invest more in foraging,and extremely well-fed spiders invest more in defense,and the spider made a balance between foraging and predator avoidance in response to changes in physiological state.Our study strengthens the current understanding of web construction in cobweb spiders,especially those facing high costs during retreat construction.
文摘We consider the problem of the two-point resistance on an m ×n cobweb network with a 2r boundary, which has never been solved before. Up to now researchers just only solved the cases with free boundary or null resistor boundary. This paper gives the general formulae of the resistance between any two nodes in both tinite and infinite cases using a method of direct summation pioneered by Tan [Z. Z. Tan, et al., J. Phys. A 46 （2013） 195202], which is simpler and can be easier to use in practice. This method contrasts the Green＇s function technique and the Laplacian matrix approach, which is difllcult to apply to the geometry of a cobweb with a 2r boundary. We deduce several interesting results according to our genera/formula. In the end we compare and illuminate our formulae with two examples. Our analysis gives the result directly as a single summation, and the result is mainly composed of the characteristic roots.
文摘The dynamical behavior of real-world phenomena is implausible graphically due to the complexity of mathematical coding. The present article has mainly focused on some one-dimensional real maps’ dynamical behavior irrespective of using coding. In continuation, linear, quadratic, cubic, higher-order, exponential, logarithmic, and absolute value maps have been used to scrutinize their dynamical behavior, including the characteristics of the orbit of points. Dynamical programming software (DPS.exe) will be proposed as a new technique to ascertain the dynamical behavior of said maps. Thus, a mathematician can automatically determine one-dimensional real maps’ dynamical behavior apart from complicated programming code and analytical solutions.
文摘低压电力线通信(Low Voltage Power Line Carrier Communication,LVPLC)的介质访问控制(Medium Access Control,MAC)协议是影响网络吞吐量的重要因素。针对LVPLC精确人工蛛网网络中由于非对称PLC信道影响而导致吞吐量相对较低的问题,改进了已有的p-载波侦听多路访问协议(p-persistent Carrier Sense Multiple Access,p-CSMA),提出了一种自适应载波侦听多路访问(Adaptive Carrier Sense Multiple Access,ACSMA)协议来优化有限负载下的吞吐量。该协议可通过动态调整概率,降低了数据包的冲突概率,优化了电力线信道的传输状态,最大限度地提高了吞吐量。仿真实验结果表明,ACSMA显著提升了多种通信状态下的吞吐量。
