Adsorption,in vitro digestion and human gut microbiota regulation characteristics of three Poria cocos polysaccharides

Poria cocos(PC)is a famous traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)and a widely used healthcare ingredient,which has antiobesity,enhancing immunity and improving sleep effects.Traditionally,only water-soluble poria polysaccharide(WSP)is extracted and applied for clinical application,while insoluble polysaccharide(alkali-soluble poria polysaccharide,ASP)is discarded as herb residue.However,the whole PC has also been historically utilized as functional herbal food.Considering the beneficial role of dietary fiber and the traditional use of PC,ASP may also contribute substantially to the therapy function of PC.Compared to WSP,little attention has been paid to ASP and ASP modified product carboxymethyl poria polysaccharide(CMP)which has been used as an antitumor adjuvant drug.In this study,the oil,cholesterol,metal ions and polyphenols adsorption ability,in vitro simulated digestive and the gut microbiota fermentation characteristics of WSP,ASP and CMP were studied to evaluate the functional values of three P.cocos polysaccharides(PCPs).The results showed that all three PCPs had good adsorption capacity on cholesterol,polyphenols and metal ions(Cd^(2+)/Zn^(2+)/Mg^(2+)),among which ASP showed the highest capacity than WSP and CMP.The adsorption capacity of all three PCPs on heavy metal ions(Cd^(2+)/Zn^(2+))was stronger than that of non-heavy metal ions(Mg^(2+));The in vitro digestibility of all three PCPs was very low,but WSP was slightly higher than ASP and CMP;Moreover,the indigestible residue of all three PCPs could improve the richness and diversity of gut microbiota,among which ASP had the greatest influence.In general,ASP and CMP could significantly promote the proliferation of some probiotics and inhibit the growth of some harmful bacteria.The gut microbiota diversity of CMP was reduced,but the richness of probiotics,especially Parabacteroides distasonis was significantly enhanced compared with the ASP group,and the growth of harmful bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae was inhibited after CMP treatment.The short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)analysis results showed that all three PCPs could significantly promote the production of acetic acid,propionic acid and the total acid content compared with blank control group,and SCFAs producing activity was positively correlated with the proliferative capacity of probiotics.Taken together,the good adsorption characteristics and gut microbiota regulatory activity of ASP may lay foundation for its lipid-lowering and immune-improving function.Additionally,the probiotic effect of CMP and ASP indicated that except for only use the water extract of PC in clinic,CMP and ASP also can be used in healthcare to take full advantage of this valuable medicine.

Effects of Poria cocos polysaccharide on growth performance,physiological parameters,and lipid metabolism of spotted sea bass Lateolabrax maculatus

The aquaculture industry has developed significantly over the past few decades and has had a substantial impact on the global food supply and marine fisheries resources.However,some problems arise behind the scenes due to excessive intensive farming,such as slow animal growth,frequent disease,and lipid metabolism disorders.These problems have limited the sustainable development of the aquaculture industry,and a continuable solution is required.The use of fungal polysaccharide appears to provide a solution to these problems.Therefore,different supplemented levels of Poria cocos polysaccharide(PCP)(0,0.4,0.8,1.2,1.6,and 2.0 g/kg,respectively)were fed to spotted sea bass(Lateolabrax maculatus)in similar size(30.28±0.18 g)in current study.The effects of PCP on growth,physiological parameters,and lipid metabolism of spotted sea bass were investigated after a 4-week rearing period.Results showed,fish with PCP intake presented a significantly higher weight gain,specific growth rate,and a significantly lower feed conversion ratio.Significantly higher trypsin activity in liver and intestine were observed in fish with PCP intake.The superoxide dismutase activity in serum and liver of fish with PCP intake were significantly improved,while significantly higher serum total antioxidant capacity and hepatic catalase activity were also observed.However,no significant differences in lysozyme and alkaline phosphatase activity were evident among groups.Fish with PCP intake showed a significantly lower total cholesterol,but no noteworthy change in triglyceride and lipid-metabolismrelated genes expression were observed among groups.Results indicated that intake of PCP has a positive effect on growth and antioxidant capacity of spotted sea bass,but seems to have a limited effect on the non-specific immunity and lipid metabolism of spotted sea bass.Based on the regression analysis results,1.4 g/kg of PCP is the optimal dose for spotted sea bass in size(30.28±0.18 g).

Influence of Solvent onto Chemical Extraction of America-Type Coconut (Coco nucifera L.) Fbers: Analysis of Physicochemical, Mechanical and Morphological Properties

In this study, the natural fibers from Coconuts of the species Coco nucifera L. were Chemically extracted in different solvents such as sodium hydroxide (SH), acetone (AC) and sodium hydroxide-acetone (SHA) for their applications in the textile industries. Structural, morphological and physico-mechanical characterizations such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), scanned electron microscopy (SEM), measurements of density, Young’s modulus, water absorption rate and humidity were evaluated. The XRD and FTIR results show that Coco nucifera L. fibers contains type I cellulose. Mechanical characterizations were also carried out. These results show that by varying the different solvents used, the physico-chemical, mechanical and morphological properties of the fibers change, which implies that the solvent has an influence on the properties of these fibers. The fibers extracted by the sodium hydroxide-acetone mixture have a linear density of 1.636, the percentage of water absorption is 62.428%, the percentage of moisture absorption 9.605% compared to other values in the literature shows that this solvent mixture improves the properties of coconut fibers which contain type I cellulose. The tensile stress is 0.013 GPa, the percentage strain is 49.836% and the Young’s modulus is 0.114 GPa as well as the percentage elongation show that these fibers are elasto-plastic. The values obtained mean that these fibers are suitable for use in textiles.

Study on Quality Markers of Poria cocos Based on UPLC-Q-TOF-MS and Network Pharmacology Technology

[Objectives]To analyze the main chemical components of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)Poria cocos by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry,and explore the active components for P.cocos in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea(PD)by network pharmacology to predict its quality markers(Q-marker).[Methods]Ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS)in positive and negative ion mode was used to collect high quality MS and MS/MS data of Poria cocos,and qualitative characterization of the components in Poria cocos was performed using Analyst TF 1.7.1 and PeakView 2.2 software with reference to internal databases and literature.Taking the above identified chemical components as the research object,we used network pharmacology to discover the potential effective components and their key targets of PD,and metabolic pathway enrichment analysis of the core targets was performed to screen the Q-marker of P.cocos based on the five principles of Q-marker of TCM.[Results]UPLC-Q-TOF-MS technique was used to identify 41 chemical components of P.cocos,including 3 amino acids,26 triterpenoids,4 lactones,7 organic acids and 1 adenosine.It was more likely to lose H 2O and CO 2 during cleavage and break at the carbonyl group.The triterpenoids were mainly in the form of[M-H]-peaks in negative ion mode,which was easy to lose some structural fragments such as H 2O,CH 3COOH,CH 4,CO 2,etc.Further network pharmacological analysis showed that 302 targets of chemical components of P.cocos,518 targets of PD,28 common targets of component and disease,and 27 core targets such as PTGS2,ESR1,TNF,IL1B were observed by PPI interactions network analysis.451 biological processes such as hormone response and inflammatory response regulation were obtained by GO enrichment analysis.KEGG enrichment analysis showed that 89 pathways including PI3K/Akt signaling pathway,IL-17 signaling pathway and TNF signaling pathway were obtained.The connectivity value of components was analyzed.The core components with the connectivity value greater than 10,including poricoic acid A,polyporenic acid,polyporenic acid C,and 25-hydroxy-3-epidehydrotumoric acid were selected,while the key targets with the connectivity value greater than 15 included TNF,PTGS2,IL1B and CASP3.Molecular docking between core components and key targets was performed,and most of the docking energy was less than-5 kcal/mol,indicating that the binding between the active components and target proteins of P.cocos was relatively stable,so 23 active components of P.cocos were determined.Following the five principles of Q-marker,four possible Q-markers of P.cocos were predicted,including poricoic acid A,pachymic acid,polyporenic acid C,and 25-hydroxy-3-epidehydrotumoric acid.[Conclusions]P.cocos was mainly composed of triterpenoids,its effect on the treatment of PD may be achieved mainly by poricoic acid A,pachymic acid,polyporenic acid C,and 25-hydroxy-3-epi-dehydrotumoric acid acting on PTGS2,ESR1,TNF,IL1B and other targets to regulate PI3K/Akt signaling pathway,IL-17 signaling pathway,TNF signaling pathway,etc.Based on these active components,poricoic acid A,pachymic acid,polyporenic acid C,and 25-hydroxy-3-epi-dehydrotumoric acid could be taken as Q-markers of P.cocos,which provided a solid basis for further improving the quality standard of P.cocos.

基于Cocos2d-x引擎的环保游戏设计

通过Cocos2d-x游戏引擎,在Visual Studio 2013开发环境下,利用Cocos2d-x提供的场景、层、精灵、动画、音效等技术,设计了一款环保益智游戏“环保大冒险”。该游戏主要实现了场景的布局和加载、按钮回调、游戏胜负判定等功能。经测试表明,系统可实现环保大冒险的基本功能,对基于Cocos2d-x游戏引擎的设计和实现有一定的参考价值,同时对学习环保知识有一定帮助。

Synergistic Mixture of Cyperus esculentus, Phoenix dactylifera and Cocos nucifera Aqueous Extract: Its Liver and Kidney Benefits in Male Albino Rat Model

Background: The synergistic mixture of Cyperus esculentus, Phoenix dactylifera and Cocos nucifera (STCD) aqueous extract is a common drink in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. It is assumed to have various health benefits. However, the synergistic mixture of the content has not been studied scientifically, hence the need to evaluate its effect on the liver and kidney being part of the body’s metabolic organs. Aim: This study evaluated the synergistic mixture of Cyperus esculentus, Phoenix dactylifera and Cocos nucifera (STCD) aqueous extract in male albino rats. Methods: Acute toxicity LD50 of STCD was carried out, afterwards, fifteen male albino rats were grouped into three groups with 5 rats in each group;Control, 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg STCD. The rats were administered STCD orally 24 hourly, for 21 days, with feed and water ad libitum. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis of the liver and kidney biomarkers, while the liver and kidney tissues were harvested for histopathological examination using standard laboratory methods. Descriptive statistics were computed and expressed as Mean ± SD. One-way ANOVA and Turkeys test was performed. P value ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Acute toxicity LD50 of STCD was observed to be ≥2404.2 mg/kg body weight. An increase in the percentage body weight difference of 8.39% and 2.86% was observed for 200 and 400 mg/kg STCD groups. Also, the liver weight was observed to increase in 400 mg/kg (3.92 ± 1.42) in comparison to the control group (3.48 ± 1.61), a decrease in the kidney weight was observed in all groups administered STCD in comparison to the control group. Administration of STCD at both 200 and 400 mg/kg revealed a decrease in the concentration of the hepatic biomarkers AST, ALT, ALP, TP, Albumin, Total and conjugated bilirubin. The kidney biomarker Urea was observed to decrease in concentration for 200 mg/kg STCD (4.60 ± 1.83) and 400 mg/kg STCD (4.76 ± 0.74) when compared to the control group (6.32 ± 2.74). A decrease in Creatinine was observed in 200 mg/kg (91.80 ± 34.69) and 400 mg/kg (98.60 ± 15.53) in comparison to the control group (117.60 ± 42.88). The histological examination of the liver of rats administered STCD revealed structural normal central vein, hepatocytes and portal tract. The kidney examination revealed normal glomeruli and normal tubule. Conclusion: The findings of this study opine that STCD improved the health of both the liver and kidney as evidenced via the biomarkers and histological examinations of the liver and kidney. This study therefore recommends the intake of STCD at moderate doses for improved liver and kidney function due to its bioactive compounds and nutritional content.

基于Copula双变量模拟的CoCo债券定价

用Copula函数刻画公司股价与核心一级资本比率(core tier 1 ratio,CTR)的相关性,然后通过模拟股价和CTR,建立了或有可转换债券(Co Co)以及带期权条款的或有可转换债券(Co Co Co)的定价模型.并将模型应用于塞浦路斯银行发行的CECS(convertible enhanced capital securities)债券,发现用Copula刻画股价与CTR相关性的定价结果与债券实际价格的差异优于假设两者独立时的结果.最后结合国际上已发行的Co Co和Co Co Co债券的相关条款以及我国银监会对于减记债的基本要求,以交通银行为例设计了中国版的Co Co债券和Co Co Co债券,并依据所给模型对它们进行了数值计算.

基于Cocos2d-JS游戏引擎的使用研究

Cocos2d-x已成为一款风靡业界的游戏引擎。Cocos2d-x能够简化游戏的开发工作,并且具有良好的跨平台性,国内外已有众多的基于Cocos2d-x开发的商用游戏成功案例。笔者首先对Cocos2d的发展进行了概述,然后对Cocos2dJS引擎技术的主要特征进行了分析,并以Cocos Creator开发环境为例,介绍Cocos2d-JS的开发环境设置、游戏开发中的重要概念以及主要的开发步骤,为学习Cocos2d-JS游戏引擎提供了良好的指引。

Optimal Ultrasonic Extraction of Pachyman from Jiuzihe Poria cocos

This study was conducted to extract pachyman to the greatest degree with ultrasonic technology, and to determine the content of pachyman by the phe-nol-sulfuric acid method, so as to choose the optimal technique of ultrasonic extrac-tion of pachyman. Firstly, the ultrasonic power, extraction time and solid-to-liquid ra-tio were investigated by ultrasonic extraction method. Then, on this basis, a respon-sible surface experiment was designed, to select the optimal process conditions ac-cording to the index of pachyman yield. The optimized ultrasonic water extraction conditions were as fol ow： ultrasonic power of 100 W, extraction time of 30 min, and solid-to-liquid ratio at 1：40. The Oxford cup method was used to study the an-timicrobial activity of pachyman. lt was found that pachyman could significantly in-hibit Bacilus subtilis_and Staphylococcus aureus.

考虑展期风险的可赎回CoCo债券定价

始于2007年的次贷危机结束之后,CoCo债券(contingent convertible bond)因为其能够在金融危机时迅速提高银行资本充足率而受到关注.本文考虑了展期风险对CoCo债券价格的影响,用Copula函数刻画股票价格与核心一级资本比率(Core Tier 1 Ratio,CTR)的相关性,用CIR模型刻画利率期限结构,并对CoCo债券的赎回进行判定,采用蒙特卡罗模拟法为带有可赎回条款的CoCo债券定价.将此模型应用于巴克莱银行发行的可赎回CoCo债券验证模型的有效性.最后,结合国际上已发行的CoCo债券的相关条款和我国银监会对于减记债(中国版CoCo债券)的基本要求,设计了中国版的CoCo债券,并在数值计算的基础上进行了股价冲击和银行业监管要求对CoCo债券价格影响的敏感性分析.

加拿大CoCo委员会内部控制框架述评

加拿大CoCo委员会的内部控制框架是目前世界上最具影响力的内部控制理论框架之一。目的、承诺、能力、监控和学习四个基本内部控制要素以及在此基础上衍生出的20条核心原则是COCo委员会内部控制框架的主要特色。此外,coC0委员会还在内部控制的定义、内部控制与管理活动的关系以及内部控制的作用等方面有着独到的见解。

加拿大COCO指南与美国COSO报告的比较分析

近年来，加拿大的职业会计师团体、证券监管当局出台了一系列涉及内部控制规范的文告来规范加拿大企业的内部控制系统和程序。其中，最著名的当属加拿大特许会计师协会（Canadian Instituteof Chartered Accountants）负责的控制规范委员会（Criteriaof Control Board，简写为COCO）发布的“控制指南”（Guidanceon Control，以下简称“COCO指南”）。COCO专门对控制系统的设计、评估和报告进行研究和发布指南。它对指导和规范企业内部控制提出了很多创新的意见。

基于Cocos2d-x的三消类游戏的设计

随着科学经济的发展,终端设备也普遍进入了人们的生活,而消除类游戏作为益智类游戏的主流也有了更多的关注。本文主要介绍了一个支持多平台的2D手机游戏引擎Cocos2d-x,使用C++开发语言,基于Android2.1及更高版本下运行的消除类游戏的开发。另本文还介绍了此款游戏的总体设计、需求分析和内部数据的具体处理和计算方法。。

加拿大COCO内部控制框架及其启示

1992年．由美国夏舞弊性财务报告委员会（即Trendway委员会）提议成立的COCO委员会对外公布了《内部控制——整体框架》（Internal Control：Integrated Frame work，简称IC-IF），此后还在1994年对其进行了增补，即所谓的COCO报告。我国国内也着重介绍该框架，并用以指导内部控制规范设计和内部控制实务，事实上，在很多内部控制文献中，已将加拿大的COCO内部控制框架与COCO框架相提并论为现代内部控制两大理论框架，越来越多的国家开始把COCO内部控制规范作为借鉴的对象。

基于Cocos2D框架的交互式迷宫游戏设计与实现

随着苹果公司在消费电子领域取得巨大成功,越来越多的人采用iPad或iPhone进行娱乐休闲或者移动办公,由此带来了苹果应用程序需求也在迅速攀升。为了实现迷宫搜索算法在苹果iOS环境下的应用,文章采用Cocos2D-iPhone框架,在Xcode环境下设计并实现了一个基于右手法则的交互式迷宫搜索游戏,对开发过程中的一些关键技术进行了讨论,在iPhone/iPad环境下完成了真机调试,程序运行流畅,响应用户触碰及时准确,达到了设计目标。

基于Cocos2D-X引擎的塔防游戏

以Cocos2D-X游戏引擎为基础,使用Tiled Map Editor地图块图编辑器实现游戏地形的创建和属性自定义,通过引擎内部的动作链实现游戏精灵的帧动画效果,同时结合行为树完成游戏精灵的逻辑行为,使得游戏精灵具有一定的自主性和思考性。在游戏配置上,使用外部编辑器以XML格式导出关卡配置信息,游戏内部通过解析XML文件获取相关信息以控制游戏怪物出现的种类、数量与位置。游戏使用C++作为主要开发语言,并配合Lua以完成游戏流程的调度和控制。

Construction and Characterization of a cDNA Library from the Pulp of Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.)

To investigate the gene expression profile of endosperm development, a cDNA library was constructed and characterized from the pulp of coconut at different developmental stages. The constructed cDNA library incorporated approximately 1 × 10^7 clones in total, and the size of the insertion fragments ranged from 800 to 2 000 bp. Sequencing results of 100 randomly picked clones showed that the recombination rate was 96%. In subsequent sequence analysis, 41 clones （41%） were homologous to known function proteins, and 23 clones showed high amino acid identity （more than 80%） with the corresponding genes of different plants. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR indicated that oleosin and globulin genes are pulpspecific expression, and have differential expression level in different developmental stage. Clone 29, recognized as homologous to KIAA1239 protein （Homo sapiens）, was observed to occur nine times, indicating that this gene may be over-expressed during the endosperm development stage. However, the homologous protein was found only in mammals, and the detailed function is still unknown. Elucidation of the functional characterization of these genes will be carried out immediately.

基于Cocos2d-x的气象普及知识游戏的设计

本文使用一款具有良好的跨平台移植功能的Cocos2d-x引擎来开发实现设计一种能够科普气象知识的手机游戏,以提高玩家的气象知识水平,使玩家既得到了游戏的乐趣,也学到了气象相关的知识,从而达到防灾减灾的目的。

A~*算法在cocos2d-x游戏开发中的研究和应用

路径搜索系统是游戏系统中非常重要的一部分,好的路径搜索算法对于游戏的重要性不可言喻。A*算法是当前游戏开发中使用最为广泛的算法,也是游戏人工智能路径搜索中的研究重点。A*算法总是寻找估价值最小的节点,从而能够找到最短路径。笔者首先对A*算法原理进行深入研究,再深入研究其在cocos2d-x寻路的应用和实现。

欧洲银行业Coco债危机的背景、传导机制及启示

近期,因德意志银行巨额亏损引发Coco债市场和欧洲银行业股价暴跌,在全球经济不景气和国际资本市场大幅动荡的大背景下,有市场人士担忧德意志银行是否会成为下一个雷曼公司,并引爆新一轮全球金融危机。为此,本文对欧洲银行业Coco债危机的背景、传导机制及对我国的启示进行了研究。