Overview of hydro–wind–solar power complementation development in China

1Introduction Hydropower generation in China started over a century ago, greatly contributing to their economic and social development. Wind power and photovoltaic (PV) power generation began on a large scale in the 21st century.

Excision repair cross complementation group 1 polymorphisms and lung cancer risk： a meta-analysis

Background Several studies have evaluated the association between polymorphisms of encoding excision repair cross complementation group 1 （ERCC1） enzyme and lung cancer risk in diverse populations but with conflicting results.By pooling the relatively small samples in each study, it is possible to perform a meta-analysis of the evidence by rigorous methods.Methods Embase, Ovid, Medline and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure were searched. Additional studies were identified from references in original studies or review articles. Articles meeting the inclusion criteria were reviewed systematically, and the reported data were aggregated using the statistical techniques of meta-analysis.Results We found 3810 cases with lung cancer and 4332 controls from seven eligible studies. T19007C polymorphism showed no significant effect on lung cancer risk （C allele vs. T allele： odds ratio （OR）=0.91, 95% confidence interval （CI）=0.80-1.04; CC vs. TT： OR=0.76, 95% CI=0.56-1.02; CC vs. （CT＋TT）： OR=0.96, 95% CI=-0.84-1.10）. Similarly,there was no significant main effects for T19007C polymorphism on lung cancer risk when stratified analyses by ethnicity （Chinese or Caucasian）. No significant association was found between C8092A polymorphism （3060 patients and 2729 controls） and the risk of lung cancer （A allele vs. C allele： OR=1.03, 95% CI=0.95-1.11; AA vs. CC： OR=1.08, 95% CI=-0.88-1.33; AA vs. （AC＋CC）： OR=1.08, 95% CI=-0.88-1.31）.Conclusion We found little evidence of an association between the T1900C or C8092A polymorphisms of ERCC 1 and the risk of lung cancer in Caucasian or Han Chinese people.

Complementation and Expression Analysis of SoRablA and SoRab2A in Sugarcane Demonstrates Their Functional Diversification

Mammalian and plant Rabl and Rab2 are small GTPases that regulate vesicle trafficking in the endoplasmic reticulum （ER） to Golgi compartments. Little is known about their functional diversification or potential interaction. We cloned sugarcane （Saccharum officinarum L.） Rab1A and Rab2A genes and studied their functional differences by expression and complementation experiments. We found differential expression of the two genes during sugarcane leaf development： SoRab2A expression declined from the dividing base to the maturing tip of the growing leaves, whereas SoRab1A was constitutively expressed, suggesting that SoRab2A is required for cell division and expansion and SoRablA is required for cells at all developmental stages. We used a yeast temperature sensitive ypt1-A 136D mutant strain to further investigate these shared and unique functions. Yptl is a small GTPase that regulates vesicle transport in the same cellular location as Rabl and Rab2. Neither SoRab1A nor SoRab2A alone could restore the growth of the mutant at restrictive temperatures when SoRab1A and SoRab2A were transformed separately. However, SoRab1A transformants maintained normal morphology and viability at non-permissive temperature, and resumed growth when returned to permissive temperature, whereas SoRab2A transformants died at non-permissive temperature, suggesting that SoRablA function is required for a cell＇s viability. Mutant growth was fully restored when SoRab1A and SoRab2A were co-transformed, indicating that SoRablA and SoRab2A complement each other and they both are needed to restore the function of ypt1-A136D. These results demonstrate that SoRab1A and SoRab2A serve distinct but overlapping functions, mostly by regulating the transportation of different sets of proteins.

Trans Complementation of Replication-defective Omsk Hemorrhagic Fever Virus for Antiviral Study

Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus(OHFV) is a tick-borne flavivirus classified as a biosafety level-4(BSL4) pathogen. Studies of OHFV are restricted to be conducted within BSL4 laboratories. Currently, no commercial vaccines or antiviral drugs are available against OHFV infection. In this study, we recovered a replication-deficient OHFV with an NS1 deletion(OHFVDNS1) and reporter virus replacing NS1 with the Gaussia luciferase(Gluc)(OHFV-ΔNS1-Gluc). Both the defective OHFVDNS1 and OHFV-ΔNS1-Gluc virus could only replicate efficiently in the BHK21 cell line expressing NS1(BHK21NS1) but not in na?ve BHK21 cells. The Gluc reporter gene of OHFV-ΔNS1-Gluc virus was maintained stably after serial passaging of BHK21NS1 cells and was used to surrogate the replication of OHFV. Using NITD008, OHFV-ΔNS1-Gluc virus was validated for antiviral screening, and high-throughput screening parameters were optimized in a 96-well plate format with a calculated Z0 value above 0.5. The OHFV-ΔNS1-Gluc reporter virus is a powerful tool for antiviral screening as well as viral replication and pathogenesis studies in BSL2 laboratories.

A New Farnesyl Diphosphate Synthase Gene from Taxus media Rehder:Cloning,Characterization and Functional Complementation

Farnesyl dlphosphate synthase （FPS; EC 2.5.1.10） catalyzes the production of 15-carbon farnesyl dlphosphate which Is a branch-point Intermediate for many terpenoids. This reaction Is considered to be a ratelimiting step In terpenold biosynthesis. Here we report for the first time the cloning of a new full-length cDNA encoding farnesyl dlphosphate synthase from a gymnosperm plant species, Taxus media Rehder, designated as TmFPS1. The full-length cDNA of TmFPS1 （GenBank accession number： AY461811） was 1 464 bp with a 1 056-bp open reading frame encoding a 351-amino acid polypeptlde with a calculated molecular weight of 40.3 kDa and a theoretical pl of 5.07. Biolnformatlc analysis revealed that TmFPS1 contained all five conserved domains of prenyltransferases, and showed homology to other FPSs of plant origin. Phylogenetlc analysis showed that farnesyl dlphosphate synthases can be divided Into two groups： one of prokaryotic origin and the other of eukaryotic origin. TmFPS1 was grouped with FPSs of plant origin. Homologybased structural modeling showed that TmFPS1 had the typical spatial structure of FPS, whose most prominent structural feature Is the arrangement of 13 core helices around a large central cavity In which the catalytic reaction takes place. Our blolnformatic analysis strongly suggests that TmFPS1 is a functional gene. Southern blot analysis revealed that TmFPS1 belongs to a small FPSgene family in T. media. Northern blot analysis indicated that TmFPS1 is expressed in all tested tissues, Including the needles, stems and roots of T. media. Subsequently, functional complementatlon with TmFPS1 in a FPS-deflclent mutant yeast demonstrated that TmFPS1 did encode farnesyl dlphosphate synthase, which rescued the yeast mutant. This study will be helpful In future Investigations aiming at understanding the detailed role of FPS In terpenold biosynthesis flux control at the molecular genetic level.

Generation of rat blood vasculature and hematopoietic cells in rat-mouse chimeras by blastocyst complementation

Interspecies chimera through blastocyst complementation could be an alternative approach to create human organs in animals by using human pluripotent stem cells.A mismatch of the major histocompatibility complex of vascular endothelial cells between the human and host animal will cause graft rejection in the transplanted organs.Therefore,to achieve a transplantable organ in animals without rejection,creation of vascular endothelial cells derived from humans within the organ is necessary.In this study,to explore whether donor xeno-pluripotent stem cells can compensate for blood vasculature in host animals,we generated rat-mouse chimeras by injection of rat embryonic stem cells(rESCs)into mouse blastocysts with deficiency of Flk-1 protein,which is associated with endothelial and hematopoietic cell development.We found that rESCs could differentiate into vascular endothelial and hematopoietic cells in the rat-mouse chimeras.The whole yolk sac(YS)of Flk-1^EGFP/ECFP rat-mouse chimera was full of rat blood vasculature.Rat genes related to vascular endothelial cells,arteries,and veins,blood vessels formation process,as well as hematopoietic cells,were highly expressed in the YS.Our results suggested that rat vascular endothelial cells could undergo proliferation,migration,and self-assembly to form blood vasculature and that hematopoietic cells could differentiate into B cells,T cells,and myeloid cells in rat-mouse chimeras,which was able to rescue early embryonic lethality caused by Flk-1 deficiency in mouse.

Rapid generation of gene-targeted EPS-derived mouse models through tetraploid complementation

One major strategy to generate genetically modified mouse models is gene targeting in mouse embryonic stem(ES)cells,which is used to produce gene-targeted mice for wide applications in biomedicine.However,a major bottleneck in this approach is that the robustness of germiine transmission of gene-targeted ES cells can be significantly reduced by their genetic and epigenetic instability after long-term culturing,which impairs the efficiency and robustness of mouse model generation.Recently,we have established a new type of pluripotent cells termed extended pluripotent stem(EPS)cells,which have superior developmental potency and robust germline competence compared to conventional mouse ES cells.In this study,we demonstrate that mouse EPS cells well maintain developmental potency and genetic stability after long-term passage.Based on gene targeting in mouse EPS cells,we established a new approach to directly and rapidly generate gene-targeted mouse models through tetraploid complementation,Haibo Li and Chaoran Zhao contributed equally to this work.Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article(https://doi.org/10.1007/s13238-018-0556-1)contains supplementary material,which is available to authorized users.which could be accomplished in approximately 2 months.Importantly,using this approach,we successfully constructed mouse models in which the human interleukin 3(IL3)or interleukin 6(IL6)gene was knocked into its corresponding locus in the mouse genome.Our study demonstrates the feasibility of using mouse EPS cells to rapidly generate mouse models by gene targeting,which have great application potential in biomedical research.

Recombination with coat protein transgene in a complementation system based on Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV)

In order to study the feasibility of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) as an expression vector, the full-length cDNA of RNA 3 from strain SD was cloned and the sequence around the start codon of the coat protein (CP) gene was modified to create an NsiⅠ site for insertion of foreign genes. The CP gene was replaced by the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene. The cDNAs of Fny RNAs 1 and 2 and the chimeric SD RNA 3 were cloned between the modified 35S promoter and terminator. Tobacco protoplasts were transfected with a mixture of the viral cDNAs containing 35S promoter and terminator as a replacement vector and expressed GFP. A complementation system was established when the replacement vector was inoculated onto the transgenic tobacco plants ex-pressing SD-CMV CP. GFP was detected in the inoculated leaves in 5 of 18 tested plants and in the first upper systemic leaf of one of the 5 plants ten days after inoculation. However, no GFP could be detected in all the plants one month after inoculation. Recombination between the CMV vector and the CP transgene was proved by retro-transcriptional polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and verified by DNA sequencing. Our results argue against the feasibility of the CMV-based replace-ment vector trans-complemented by the CP transgene, and at the same time, enlighten ways to improve the CMV-based expression vector and the biosafety of CMV CP-mediated virus resistant transgenic plants.

Repetitive traumatic brain injury–induced complement C1–related inflammation impairs long-term hippocampal neurogenesis

Repetitive traumatic brain injury impacts adult neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus,leading to long-term cognitive impairment.However,the mechanism underlying this neurogenesis impairment remains unknown.In this study,we established a male mouse model of repetitive traumatic brain injury and performed long-term evaluation of neurogenesis of the hippocampal dentate gyrus after repetitive traumatic brain injury.Our results showed that repetitive traumatic brain injury inhibited neural stem cell proliferation and development,delayed neuronal maturation,and reduced the complexity of neuronal dendrites and spines.Mice with repetitive traumatic brain injuryalso showed deficits in spatial memory retrieval.Moreover,following repetitive traumatic brain injury,neuroinflammation was enhanced in the neurogenesis microenvironment where C1q levels were increased,C1q binding protein levels were decreased,and canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling was downregulated.An inhibitor of C1 reversed the long-term impairment of neurogenesis induced by repetitive traumatic brain injury and improved neurological function.These findings suggest that repetitive traumatic brain injury–induced C1-related inflammation impairs long-term neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus and contributes to spatial memory retrieval dysfunction.

Association of complement components with risk of colorectal cancer:A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND Complement components could contribute to the tumor microenvironment and the systemic immune response.Nevertheless,their role in colorectal cancer(CRC)remains a contentious subject.AIM To elucidate the relationship between complement components and CRC risk and clinical characteristics.METHODS Searches were conducted in PubMed,the Cochrane Library,and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure database until June 1,2023.We included cohort studies encompassing participants aged≥18 years,investigating the association between complement components and CRC.The studies were of moderate quality or above,as determined by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.The meta-analysis employed fixed-effects or random-effects models based on the I^(2)test,utilizing risk ratio(RR)and their corresponding 95%confidence interval(CI)for outcomes.Sensitivity and subgroup analyses were performed to validate the robustness of the collective estimates and identify the source of heterogeneity.RESULTS Data from 15 studies,comprising 1631 participants that met the inclusion criteria,were included in the meta-analysis.Our findings indicated that protein levels of cluster of differentiation 46(CD46)(RR=3.66,95%CI:1.75-7.64,P<0.001),CD59(RR=2.86,95%CI:1.36-6.01,P=0.005),and component 1(C1)(RR=5.88,95%CI:1.75-19.73,P=0.004)and serum levels of C3(standardized mean difference=1.82,95%CI:0.06-3.58,P=0.040)were significantly elevated in patients with CRC compared to healthy controls.Strong expression of CD55 or CD59 was associated with a higher incidence of lymph node metastasis,whereas strong CD46 expression correlated with a higher incidence of tumor differentiation compared to low CD46 expression(P<0.05 for all).Although specific pooled results demonstrated notable heterogeneity,subgroup analyses pointed to regional differences as the primary source of inconsistency among the studies.CONCLUSION Our analysis underscores that increased levels of specific complement components are associated with a heightened risk of CRC,emphasizing the potential significance of monitoring elevated complement component levels.

Complement factor Ⅰ knockdown inhibits colon cancer development by affecting Wnt/β-catenin/c-Myc signaling pathway and glycolysis

BACKGROUND Colon cancer(CC)occurrence and progression are considerably influenced by the tumor microenvironment.However,the exact underlying regulatory mechanisms remain unclear.AIM To investigate immune infiltration-related differentially expressed genes(DEGs)in CC and specifically explored the role and potential molecular mechanisms of complement factor I(CFI).METHODS Immune infiltration-associated DEGs were screened for CC using bioinformatics.Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to examine hub DEGs expression in the CC cell lines.Stable CFI-knockdown HT29 and HCT116 cell lines were constructed,and the diverse roles of CFI in vitro were assessed using CCK-8,5-ethynyl-2’-deoxyuridine,wound healing,and transwell assays.Hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry staining were employed to evaluate the influence of CFI on the tumorigenesis of CC xenograft models constructed using BALB/c male nude mice.Key proteins associated with glycolysis and the Wnt pathway were measured using western blotting.RESULTS Six key immune infiltration-related DEGs were screened,among which the expression of CFI,complement factor B,lymphoid enhancer binding factor 1,and SRY-related high-mobility-group box 4 was upregulated,whereas that of fatty acid-binding protein 1,and bone morphogenic protein-2 was downregulated.Furthermore,CFI could be used as a diagnostic biomarker for CC.Functionally,CFI silencing inhibited CC cell proliferation,migration,invasion,and tumor growth.Mechanistically,CFI knockdown downregulated the expression of key glycolysis-related proteins(glucose transporter type 1,hexokinase 2,lactate dehydrogenase A,and pyruvate kinase M2)and the Wnt pathway-related proteins(β-catenin and c-Myc).Further investigation indicated that CFI knockdown inhibited glycolysis in CC by blocking the Wnt/β-catenin/c-Myc pathway.CONCLUSION The findings of the present study demonstrate that CFI plays a crucial role in CC development by influencing glycolysis and the Wnt/β-catenin/c-Myc pathway,indicating that it could serve as a promising target for therapeutic intervention in CC.

Interactions among SARS-CoV accessory proteins revealed by bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay

The accessory proteins(3a, 3b, 6, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9b and ORF14), predicted unknown proteins(PUPs) encoded by the genes, are considered to be unique to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus(SARS-Co V) genome. These proteins play important roles in various biological processes mediated by interactions with their partners. However, very little is known about the interactions among these accessory proteins. Here, a EYFP(enhanced yellow fluorescent protein) bimolecular fluorescence complementation(BiFC) assay was used to detect the interactions among accessory proteins. 33 out of 81 interactions were identified by BiFC, much more than that identified by the yeast two-hybrid(Y2H)system. This is the first report describing direct visualization of interactions among accessory proteins of SARS-CoV. These findings attest to the general applicability of the BiFC system for the verification of protein-protein interactions.

Tandem Mass Tag-based proteomics analysis reveals the vital role of inflammation in traumatic brain injury in a mouse model

Proteomics is a powerful tool that can be used to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of diseases and identify new biomarkers.Therefore,it may also be helpful for understanding the detailed pathological mechanism of traumatic brain injury(TBI).In this study,we performed Tandem Mass Tag-based quantitative analysis of cortical proteome profiles in a mouse model of TBI.Our results showed that there were 302 differentially expressed proteins in TBI mice compared with normal mice 7 days after injury.Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analyses showed that these differentially expressed proteins were predominantly involved in inflammatory responses,including complement and coagulation cascades,as well as chemokine signaling pathways.Subsequent transcription factor analysis revealed that the inflammation-related transcription factors NF-κB1,RelA,IRF1,STAT1,and Spi1 play pivotal roles in the secondary injury that occurs after TBI,which further corroborates the functional enrichment for inflammatory factors.Our results suggest that inflammation-related proteins and inflammatory responses are promising targets for the treatment of TBI.

Different serum levels of IgG and complements and recurrence rates in IgG4-positive and negative lacrimal gland benign lymphoepithelial lesion

·AIM:To analyze the differences in immune indicators and prognosis between Ig G4-positive and negative lacrimal gland benign lymphoepithelial lesion(LGBLEL).·METHODS:This was a single-center retrospective clinical study including 105 cases of Ig G4-positive LGBLEL and 41 cases of Ig G4-negative LGBLEL.Basic information,related indicators of peripheral venous blood samples using immunoscattering turbidimetry,treatment(partial surgical excision and glucocorticoid therapy)and prognosis(recurrence and death)were collected.Survival curves for recurrence were created using the Kaplan-Meier analysis.Univariate analysis and multivariate regression analysis were used to analyze prognostic factors.·RESULTS:The mean age was 50.10±14.23y and 44.76±11.43y(P=0.033)in Ig G4-positive and negative group respectively.The serum C3 and C4 was lower in Ig G4-positive group(P=0.005,P=0.002),while the serum Ig G and Ig G2 was higher in Ig G4-positive group(P=0.000 and P=0.008).Twenty-one cases had recurrence in Ig G4-positive group and 3 cases recurrence in Ig G4-negative group.The 5-year recurrence-free cumulative percentages of Ig G4-positive group was 81.85%,and 83.46%in the Ig G-negative group(P=0.216).The history of preoperative glucocorticoid therapy,serum C4,Ig G1 and Ig G2 were the factors affecting recurrence in Ig G4-positive group,while serum C4,and Ig G1 were the factors affecting recurrence of LGBLEL.·CONCLUSION:Serum C4 and Ig G1 are the factors affecting recurrence of LGBLEL,while the Ig G4 does not affect recurrence of LGBLEL.

Association of C-reactive protein and complement factor H gene polymorphisms with risk of lupus nephritis in Chinese population

BACKGROUND Complement overactivation is a major driver of lupus nephritis(LN).Impaired interactions of C-reactive protein(CRP)with complement factor H(CFH)have been shown as a pathogenic mechanism that contributes to the overactivation of complement in LN.However,genetic variations of neither CRP nor CFH show consistent influences on the risk of LN.AIM To examine whether genetic variations of CRP and CFH in combination can improve the risk stratification in Chinese population.METHODS We genotyped six CRP single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)(rs1205,rs3093062,rs2794521,rs1800947,rs3093077,and rs1130864)and three CFH SNPs(rs482934,rs1061170,and rs1061147)in 270 LN patients and 303 healthy subjects.RESULTS No linkage was found among CRP and CFH SNPs,indicating lack of genetic interactions between the two genes.Moreover,CRP and CFH SNPs,neither individually nor in combination,are associated with the risk or clinical manifestations of LN.Given the unambiguous pathogenic roles of the two genes.CONCLUSION These findings suggest that the biological effects of most genetic variations of CRP and CFH on their expressions or activities are not sufficient to influence the disease course of LN.

双分子荧光互补技术(BiFC)分析玉米MAPK5与bZIP72蛋白的相互作用

[目的]分析玉米MAPK5与b ZIP72蛋白之间的相互作用。[方法]构建双分子荧光互补表达载体p N-MAPK5和p C-b ZIP72,应用基因枪轰击洋葱表皮细胞瞬时表达,在激光共聚焦显微镜下观察MAPK5与b ZIP72蛋白相互作用产生的荧光信号。[结果]ZmMAPK5与Zmb ZIP72的Bi FC融合载体同时轰击洋葱表皮细胞,细胞核中能发出黄色荧光。[结论]Zm MAPK5与Zmb ZIP72在植物细胞核内相互作用。

苦参素联合阿德福韦酯对慢性乙肝患者HBV复制及C3、C-反应蛋白的影响

目的:观察苦参素联合阿德福韦酯治疗对慢性乙肝(CHB)患者补体C3、CRP水平及乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)复制的影响。方法:164例CHB患者按随机数字表法分为观察组84例和对照组80例,两组均给予阿德福韦酯治疗48周,观察组在疗程的前24周联用苦参素。在治疗前、24周和48周分别检测补体C3、CRP及HBV-DNA水平。结果:治疗后24周及48周察组HBV-DNA转阴率均高于对照组(P<0.05);治疗后两组补体C3、CRP水平与治疗前比较均有统计学差异,且观察组补体C3水平高于对照组,CRP水平低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:苦参素联合阿德福韦酯治疗CHB可显著提高疗效,改善肝脏炎症活动和器官免疫功能。

Real time detection of antibody-antigen interaction using a laser scanning confocal imaging-surface plasmon resonance system

A laser scanning confocal imaging-surface plasmon resonance （LSCI-SPR） instrument integrated with a wavelength-dependent surface plasmon resonance （SPR） sensor and a laser scanning confocal microscopy （LSCM） is built to detect the bonding process of human IgG and fluorescent-labeled affinity purified antibodies in real time. The shifts of resonant wavelength at different reaction time stages are obtained by SPR, corresponding well with the changes of the fluorescence intensity collected by using LSCM. The instrument shows the merits of the combination and complementation of the SPR and LSCM, with such advantages as quantificational analysis, high spatial resolution and real time monitor, which are of great importance for practical applications in biosensor and life science.

CD11c分子及其在抗肿瘤免疫中作用的研究进展

树突状细胞（Dendritic cells,DCs）是目前所知体内功能最强大的专职抗原提呈细胞,是连接天然免疫应答和适应性免疫应答的桥梁,也是体内唯一能够激活初始T细胞的APC（Antigen presenting cell）。

PillCamColon2 after incomplete colonoscopy-A prospective multicenter study

AIM To evaluate the ability of PillCamColon2 to visualize colonic segments missed by incomplete optical colonoscopy(OC) and to assess the diagnostic yield.METHODS This prospective multicentre study included 81 patients from nine centres who underwent second-generation colon capsule endoscopy(CCE) following incomplete OC performed by an experienced gastroenterologist(> 1000 colonoscopies). Patients with stenosis were excluded. According to patient preferences, CCE was performed the following day(protocol A) after staying on clear liquids and 0.75 L Moviprep in the morning or within 30 d after new split-dose Moviprep(protocol B). Boosts consisted of 0.75 L and 0.25 L Moviprep, and phospho-soda was given as a rescue if the capsule was not excreted after seven hours.RESULTS Seventy-four patients were analysed(51% of them in group A; 49% in group B). Bowel cleansing was adequate in 67% of cases, and CCE could visualize colonic segments missed by incomplete colonoscopy in 90% of patients under protocol A and 97% of patients under protocol B(P = 0.35, n.s.). Significant polyps including adenocarcinoma were detected in 24% of cases. Detection rates for all polyps and significant polyps per patient were similar in both protocols. Polyps were found predominantly in the right colon(86%) in segments that were not reached by OC. Extracolonic findings-such as reflux esophagitis, suspected Barrett esophagus, upper GI-bleeding, gastric polyps, gastric erosions and angiectasia-were detected in eight patients. Pill Cam Colon2 capsule was retained in the ileum of one patient(1.4%) without symptoms and removed during an uneventful resection for unknown Crohn's disease that was diagnosed as the cause of anemia, which was the indication for colonoscopy. CCE was well tolerated. One patient suffered from selflimiting vomiting after consuming the phospho-soda.CONCLUSION Second-generation CCE using a low-volume preparation is useful after incomplete OC, and it allows for the detection of additional relevant findings, but cleansing efficiency could be improved.