"Building energy conservation presents both demand and market,"said Yao Bing, deputy director of China Energy-saving Association, on the Sixth Overseas Investment Forum for Chinese Enterprises which has ende..."Building energy conservation presents both demand and market,"said Yao Bing, deputy director of China Energy-saving Association, on the Sixth Overseas Investment Forum for Chinese Enterprises which has ended recently.展开更多
1.Introduction and Summary Over the last decade,there has been much empirical research on Chinese accounting conservatism.This research started with Ball,Robin and Wu(2000)that was one o the first papers to apply mode...1.Introduction and Summary Over the last decade,there has been much empirical research on Chinese accounting conservatism.This research started with Ball,Robin and Wu(2000)that was one o the first papers to apply modern research methods to Chinese data.In this paper,survey the early research on conservatism to provide the background and context for discussion of my dissertation paper,Basu(1997).I describe some lessons I have learn from the unexpected success of my dissertation,review recent Chinese research展开更多
Despite the tremendous effort made by industry and academia,we are still searching for metrics that can characterize Cyberspace and system security risks. In this paper,we study the class of security risks that are in...Despite the tremendous effort made by industry and academia,we are still searching for metrics that can characterize Cyberspace and system security risks. In this paper,we study the class of security risks that are inherent to the dependence structure in software with vulnerabilities and exhibit a "cascading" effect. We present a measurement framework for evaluating these metrics,and report a preliminary case study on evaluating the dependence-induced security risks in the Apache HTTP Server. The experiment results show that our framework can not only clearly analyze the root cause of the security risks but also quantitatively evaluate the attack consequence of the risks.展开更多
The article is mainly about the advantages and disadvantages of information teaching in the case of a design of Container Transport.Information teaching did bring some good to the teaching,both to the teachers,and the...The article is mainly about the advantages and disadvantages of information teaching in the case of a design of Container Transport.Information teaching did bring some good to the teaching,both to the teachers,and the students and class.Yet it did have some side effects.And some suggestions are given to the information teaching to make it better used for teachers and students.展开更多
Colorectal cancer incidence and mortality in patients younger than 50 years are increasing, but screening before the age of 50 is not offered in Europe. Advancedstage diagnosis and mortality from colorectal cancer bef...Colorectal cancer incidence and mortality in patients younger than 50 years are increasing, but screening before the age of 50 is not offered in Europe. Advancedstage diagnosis and mortality from colorectal cancer before 50 years of age are increasing. This is not a detection-bias effect;it is a real issue affecting the entire population. Three independent computational models indicate that screening from 45 years of age would yield a better balance of benefits and risks than the current start at 50 years of age. Experimental data support these predictions in a sex- and race-independent manner. Earlier screening is seemingly affordable, with minimal impediments to providing younger adults with colonoscopy. Indeed, the American Cancer Society has already started to recommend screening from 45 years of age in the United States. Implementing early screening is a societal and public health problem. The three independent computational models that suggested earlier screening were criticized for assuming perfect compliance. Guidelines and recommendations should be derived from well-collected and reproducible data, and not from mathematical predictions. In the era of personalized medicine, screening decisions might not be based solely on age, and sophisticated prediction software may better guide screening. Moreover, early screening might divert resources away from older individuals with greater biological risks. Finally, it is still unknown whether early colorectal cancer is part of a continuum of disease or a biologically distinct disease and, as such, it might not benefit from screening at all. The increase in early-onset colorectal cancer incidence and mortality demonstrates an obligation to take actions. Earlier screening would save lives, and starting at the age of 45 years may be a robust screening option.展开更多
Premature rupture of membranes (PROM) is a frequent phenomenon that occurs in about 4% - 7%. However, the associated sequent problems are proportionally high. Almost two thirds of PROM are spontaneous, common risk fac...Premature rupture of membranes (PROM) is a frequent phenomenon that occurs in about 4% - 7%. However, the associated sequent problems are proportionally high. Almost two thirds of PROM are spontaneous, common risk factor young mother, multiple pregnancy, genital tract infection, previous preterm delivery. The complications range from induction of labour, caesarean section, fetal pulmonary morbidity and even mortality. Objectives of the Study: To identify and quantify the risk factors and complications of premature rupture of membrane in pregnant women in Benghazi, Libya, 2012. Material and Methods: 100 pregnant women diagnosed as PROM were examined for the physical signs. Detailed gynaecological and obstetric history was reported. Laboratory investigations included cervical swabs and posterior fornix swabs under aseptic conditions Drugs including types of antibiotics, Dexamethasone and tocolytics were also included. Results: The mean age of 100 patients was 28.9 years. Most of them, 66.1% of patients received antibiotis mostly Erythromycin. Dexamethasone was given for 32.1%. FTND accounted for 62% and PTND for 10% and Caesarean section was performed for 28%. The main indications for C/S were failed induction, in 50%, 11.8% were equally distributed between;macrosomia, previous scars, drained liquor, previous C/S, breech presentation. Only 1% of new born babies had complication. Conclusions and Recommendations: Further large studies should be done for more elaboration and analytical studies to quantify the strength of each risk factor. Strategy for management of PROM should be adopted for proper timing of induction, emergency caesarean intervention with ultimate goals of minimizing and or preventing maternal and fetal complications of disease.展开更多
The endangered giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is endemic to th e mountains of Sichuan, Gansu and Shaanxi Provinces in China. The species had nu mbered over 2000 animals in early 1970s, but declined to no more th...The endangered giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is endemic to th e mountains of Sichuan, Gansu and Shaanxi Provinces in China. The species had nu mbered over 2000 animals in early 1970s, but declined to no more than 1,000 anim als fragmented into perhaps 32 subpopulations in late 1990s as the result of num erous detrimental forces such as habitat shrinking, poaching and bamboo flowerin g. The mass flowering and followed die-off of bamboo played key roles in the dec lination of panda population in the past three decades. It trigged the starvatio n and following high mortality of giant pandas in 1970s over Min Mountains and i n 1980s across Qionglai Mountains in Sichuan Province. The situation of survivor ship is made worse by the fact that the panda habitat is fragmented into many sm all 'islands', each containing only a few pandas. Such small, isolated panda pop ulations are rendered even more vulnerable to extinction form threats such as ha bitat degradation, natural disaster, disease, and the deleterious effects of inb reeding. So restoring the panda habitat and reintroduction pandas to their histo rical habitat might be an important issue for protecting the giant panda in wild .展开更多
Climate change strongly affected the structure and functions of natural ecosystems,e.g.the vegetation productivity decreased in the Northeast permafrost region due to the higher temperature and less precipitation,wher...Climate change strongly affected the structure and functions of natural ecosystems,e.g.the vegetation productivity decreased in the Northeast permafrost region due to the higher temperature and less precipitation,whereas in the Tibetan Plateau,the vegetation productivity increased,owing to the improved thermal resource.Climate change led to reduced precipitation in North and Northeast China and thus the reduced surface runoff.The public needs for energy were changed because of climate change,e.g.the shorter heating period in winter.Climate change profoundly influenced human health,pathophoresis and major projects by increasing extreme events,including frequency and magnitude,and causing more serious water shortage.Under the background of climate change,although the improved thermal resources can be helpful for extending the crop growth period,more extreme events may resulted in more instability in agricultural productivity.Not only did climate change indirectly affect the secondary and tertiary industries through the impacts on agriculture and natural resources,but also climate change mitigation measures,such as carbon tax,tariff and trading,had extensive and profound influences on the socioeconomic system.Further analysis indicated that the impact of climate change presented significant regional differences.The impact had its pros and cons,while the advantages outweighed the disadvantages.Based on the above analysis on the impacts of climate change,we put forward suggestions on coping with climate change.First,scientifically dealing with climate change will need to seek advantages while avoiding the disadvantages of climate change in order to achieve the orderly adaptation to climate change,which is characterized with"Overall best,long-term benefit."Second,quantitative adaptation should be given more attention,e.g.proposing operational schemes and predictable goals and using uncertainty analysis on adaptation measures.Third,more active coping strategy should be adopted to enhance China's future comprehensive competitiveness.The strategies include but are not limited to gradually adjusting the industrial structure,intensifying the research and development(R&D)of emission reduction technology and actively responding to the influence of carbon tax,tariff and trading on socioeconomic development in China.展开更多
With the increasing development of China’economy and society,the communication between China and other countries is on the rise,which contribute to the increasing demands of foreign languages especially English.As a ...With the increasing development of China’economy and society,the communication between China and other countries is on the rise,which contribute to the increasing demands of foreign languages especially English.As a result,oral English plays an important role in English learning and it is necessary for learners to improve their oral English.While the traditional teaching models cannot meet the teaching demand now,Constructivist learning theory(CLT),a very important branch of the cognitive theory has arisen a considerable amount of interest as a new teaching method.In the paper,the author try to apply constructivist learning theory to vocational college oral English teaching in order to explore some oral English teaching models from a constructivist perspective and hopes that this paper can provide some help to apply the CLT to vocational oral English teaching.展开更多
Background: Coagulase negative Staphylococci (CoNS) are normal inhabitants of the skin and mucous membranes and thus have been dismissed for a long time as culture contaminants even if they have been isolated from ste...Background: Coagulase negative Staphylococci (CoNS) are normal inhabitants of the skin and mucous membranes and thus have been dismissed for a long time as culture contaminants even if they have been isolated from sterile specimens. The risk factors for CoNS infections include patients who are immunocompromised, implanted with foreign bodies or with indwelling devices. The aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and presence of mecA gene in methicillin resistant CoNS isolated in a teaching and referral hospital in Kenya. Methodology: This was a cross sectional retrospective study. Archived isolates were sub-cultured on 5% sheep blood agar. Speciation and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns were performed by Vitek2 technique. The presence of mecA gene was determined by (PCR). Results: A total of seven species were identified with Staphylococcus epidermidis having the highest percentage at 45.4% and Staphylococcus warneri with the lowest at 2.6%. High resistance to antibiotics that were tested was observed regardless of the source of the isolate. MecA gene was found in 90% of the isolates. Conclusion: Coagulase negative Staphylococci exhibited high levels of resistance generally. Most of the isolates carried the mecA gene. Despite some of the isolates being resistant to Cefoxitin, the mecA gene was not found. There is a possibility that methicillin resistance in these isolates is mediated using a different mechanism.展开更多
The size of container vessels has grown up in the past ten years and the trend prospect to be continued, according to analysis almost half of current ships order is for vessels exceeding 12,000 TEU＇s. Mega vessels ha...The size of container vessels has grown up in the past ten years and the trend prospect to be continued, according to analysis almost half of current ships order is for vessels exceeding 12,000 TEU＇s. Mega vessels have advantages to liners and for holding down the coast of ocean shipping but also raising concerns among vessel operation, insurance and they require for infrastructure adaptations and productivity level. Moreover further increase in ship size could result negative impacts and crises in recession.展开更多
The assessment of the Project Management Maturity （PMM） level shows the company how good it is at managing projects. This measurement can be performed in different domains of expertise. In the article, the issue of ...The assessment of the Project Management Maturity （PMM） level shows the company how good it is at managing projects. This measurement can be performed in different domains of expertise. In the article, the issue of PMM in the human resources （HR） area is examined. The discussion is based on a world-wide empirical research project conducted in more than 400 companies. The study was mostly focused on the machinery industry as there is a dearth of research on project management topics in this branch of the economy. Therefore, by investigating the PMM level in the HR area, a picture of the state of project management in the machinery industry will be created. For the purposes of comparison, a study was conducted on the construction （CONS） and information technology （IT） industries which, in contradistinction, are very well recognized in the scientific literature related to project management issues. This approach will help to better contextualize and understand the results from the machinery industry. The PMM level measurement was done using the author＇s model which assesses maturity on a scale of one to five, where one is the lowest and five, the highest level of maturity. The results of the study revealed that there were differences among the industries in PMM levels and between Polish and foreign companies.展开更多
The occurrence of methicillin-resistant staphylococci was investigated in fresh seafood, seafood products and related samples. Staphylococci were isolated from 13 (68.42%) fresh seafood samples, while 3 (15.78%) sampl...The occurrence of methicillin-resistant staphylococci was investigated in fresh seafood, seafood products and related samples. Staphylococci were isolated from 13 (68.42%) fresh seafood samples, while 3 (15.78%) samples harbored coagulase-positive S. aureus. Resistance to methicillin was observed in 16 isolates of Staphylococcus spp., 15 of which were coagulase-negative S. aureus (MR-CoNS) and one was a coagulase-positive S. aureus (MRSA). The mecA gene is detected by PCR in 10 MR-CoNS and one MRSA strain. The lmrS gene, which codes for a multidrug efflux pump LmrS, is detected only in coagulase-positive isolates.展开更多
A cognitive interpretation of the basic translation strategy, domestication and foreignization, is elaborated in this paper. It is pro posed that based on differences in linguistic presentation and cultural connotatio...A cognitive interpretation of the basic translation strategy, domestication and foreignization, is elaborated in this paper. It is pro posed that based on differences in linguistic presentation and cultural connotation, the application of translation strategy is determined by the style of the source text (ST) and the translator's performance, both of which are generated from individualized style of construe, decided by a range of experiences. So great importance should be attached to experience and construe. Such an interpretation is proposed to pro vide a new perspective to study translation strategy and initiate a better comprehension of the ST and translation.展开更多
文摘"Building energy conservation presents both demand and market,"said Yao Bing, deputy director of China Energy-saving Association, on the Sixth Overseas Investment Forum for Chinese Enterprises which has ended recently.
文摘1.Introduction and Summary Over the last decade,there has been much empirical research on Chinese accounting conservatism.This research started with Ball,Robin and Wu(2000)that was one o the first papers to apply modern research methods to Chinese data.In this paper,survey the early research on conservatism to provide the background and context for discussion of my dissertation paper,Basu(1997).I describe some lessons I have learn from the unexpected success of my dissertation,review recent Chinese research
基金supported by Natural Science Foundation of China under award No.61303024Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province under award No.BK20130372+3 种基金National 973 Program of China under award No.2014CB340600National High Tech 863 Program of China under award No.2015AA016002supported by Natural Science Foundation of China under award No.61272452supported in part by ARO Grant # W911NF-12-1-0286 and NSF Grant #1111925
文摘Despite the tremendous effort made by industry and academia,we are still searching for metrics that can characterize Cyberspace and system security risks. In this paper,we study the class of security risks that are inherent to the dependence structure in software with vulnerabilities and exhibit a "cascading" effect. We present a measurement framework for evaluating these metrics,and report a preliminary case study on evaluating the dependence-induced security risks in the Apache HTTP Server. The experiment results show that our framework can not only clearly analyze the root cause of the security risks but also quantitatively evaluate the attack consequence of the risks.
文摘The article is mainly about the advantages and disadvantages of information teaching in the case of a design of Container Transport.Information teaching did bring some good to the teaching,both to the teachers,and the students and class.Yet it did have some side effects.And some suggestions are given to the information teaching to make it better used for teachers and students.
文摘Colorectal cancer incidence and mortality in patients younger than 50 years are increasing, but screening before the age of 50 is not offered in Europe. Advancedstage diagnosis and mortality from colorectal cancer before 50 years of age are increasing. This is not a detection-bias effect;it is a real issue affecting the entire population. Three independent computational models indicate that screening from 45 years of age would yield a better balance of benefits and risks than the current start at 50 years of age. Experimental data support these predictions in a sex- and race-independent manner. Earlier screening is seemingly affordable, with minimal impediments to providing younger adults with colonoscopy. Indeed, the American Cancer Society has already started to recommend screening from 45 years of age in the United States. Implementing early screening is a societal and public health problem. The three independent computational models that suggested earlier screening were criticized for assuming perfect compliance. Guidelines and recommendations should be derived from well-collected and reproducible data, and not from mathematical predictions. In the era of personalized medicine, screening decisions might not be based solely on age, and sophisticated prediction software may better guide screening. Moreover, early screening might divert resources away from older individuals with greater biological risks. Finally, it is still unknown whether early colorectal cancer is part of a continuum of disease or a biologically distinct disease and, as such, it might not benefit from screening at all. The increase in early-onset colorectal cancer incidence and mortality demonstrates an obligation to take actions. Earlier screening would save lives, and starting at the age of 45 years may be a robust screening option.
文摘Premature rupture of membranes (PROM) is a frequent phenomenon that occurs in about 4% - 7%. However, the associated sequent problems are proportionally high. Almost two thirds of PROM are spontaneous, common risk factor young mother, multiple pregnancy, genital tract infection, previous preterm delivery. The complications range from induction of labour, caesarean section, fetal pulmonary morbidity and even mortality. Objectives of the Study: To identify and quantify the risk factors and complications of premature rupture of membrane in pregnant women in Benghazi, Libya, 2012. Material and Methods: 100 pregnant women diagnosed as PROM were examined for the physical signs. Detailed gynaecological and obstetric history was reported. Laboratory investigations included cervical swabs and posterior fornix swabs under aseptic conditions Drugs including types of antibiotics, Dexamethasone and tocolytics were also included. Results: The mean age of 100 patients was 28.9 years. Most of them, 66.1% of patients received antibiotis mostly Erythromycin. Dexamethasone was given for 32.1%. FTND accounted for 62% and PTND for 10% and Caesarean section was performed for 28%. The main indications for C/S were failed induction, in 50%, 11.8% were equally distributed between;macrosomia, previous scars, drained liquor, previous C/S, breech presentation. Only 1% of new born babies had complication. Conclusions and Recommendations: Further large studies should be done for more elaboration and analytical studies to quantify the strength of each risk factor. Strategy for management of PROM should be adopted for proper timing of induction, emergency caesarean intervention with ultimate goals of minimizing and or preventing maternal and fetal complications of disease.
文摘The endangered giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is endemic to th e mountains of Sichuan, Gansu and Shaanxi Provinces in China. The species had nu mbered over 2000 animals in early 1970s, but declined to no more than 1,000 anim als fragmented into perhaps 32 subpopulations in late 1990s as the result of num erous detrimental forces such as habitat shrinking, poaching and bamboo flowerin g. The mass flowering and followed die-off of bamboo played key roles in the dec lination of panda population in the past three decades. It trigged the starvatio n and following high mortality of giant pandas in 1970s over Min Mountains and i n 1980s across Qionglai Mountains in Sichuan Province. The situation of survivor ship is made worse by the fact that the panda habitat is fragmented into many sm all 'islands', each containing only a few pandas. Such small, isolated panda pop ulations are rendered even more vulnerable to extinction form threats such as ha bitat degradation, natural disaster, disease, and the deleterious effects of inb reeding. So restoring the panda habitat and reintroduction pandas to their histo rical habitat might be an important issue for protecting the giant panda in wild .
基金supported by National Science and Technology Support Program of China "Research on Assessment Technology of Impact and Risk of Climate Change in Key Fields and ItsApplication"[grant number 2012BAC19B00]National Key Scientific Research Project "Impact and Adaptive Strategy of Social and Economic System to Climate Change"[grant number2012CB955700]+1 种基金Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences "Environmental Pattern Change and Impact in Past One Hundred Years"[grant numberXDA05090307]"Impact of International Trade Policy and Emissions Reduction Policy to China"[Grant numberXDA05150200]
文摘Climate change strongly affected the structure and functions of natural ecosystems,e.g.the vegetation productivity decreased in the Northeast permafrost region due to the higher temperature and less precipitation,whereas in the Tibetan Plateau,the vegetation productivity increased,owing to the improved thermal resource.Climate change led to reduced precipitation in North and Northeast China and thus the reduced surface runoff.The public needs for energy were changed because of climate change,e.g.the shorter heating period in winter.Climate change profoundly influenced human health,pathophoresis and major projects by increasing extreme events,including frequency and magnitude,and causing more serious water shortage.Under the background of climate change,although the improved thermal resources can be helpful for extending the crop growth period,more extreme events may resulted in more instability in agricultural productivity.Not only did climate change indirectly affect the secondary and tertiary industries through the impacts on agriculture and natural resources,but also climate change mitigation measures,such as carbon tax,tariff and trading,had extensive and profound influences on the socioeconomic system.Further analysis indicated that the impact of climate change presented significant regional differences.The impact had its pros and cons,while the advantages outweighed the disadvantages.Based on the above analysis on the impacts of climate change,we put forward suggestions on coping with climate change.First,scientifically dealing with climate change will need to seek advantages while avoiding the disadvantages of climate change in order to achieve the orderly adaptation to climate change,which is characterized with"Overall best,long-term benefit."Second,quantitative adaptation should be given more attention,e.g.proposing operational schemes and predictable goals and using uncertainty analysis on adaptation measures.Third,more active coping strategy should be adopted to enhance China's future comprehensive competitiveness.The strategies include but are not limited to gradually adjusting the industrial structure,intensifying the research and development(R&D)of emission reduction technology and actively responding to the influence of carbon tax,tariff and trading on socioeconomic development in China.
文摘With the increasing development of China’economy and society,the communication between China and other countries is on the rise,which contribute to the increasing demands of foreign languages especially English.As a result,oral English plays an important role in English learning and it is necessary for learners to improve their oral English.While the traditional teaching models cannot meet the teaching demand now,Constructivist learning theory(CLT),a very important branch of the cognitive theory has arisen a considerable amount of interest as a new teaching method.In the paper,the author try to apply constructivist learning theory to vocational college oral English teaching in order to explore some oral English teaching models from a constructivist perspective and hopes that this paper can provide some help to apply the CLT to vocational oral English teaching.
文摘Background: Coagulase negative Staphylococci (CoNS) are normal inhabitants of the skin and mucous membranes and thus have been dismissed for a long time as culture contaminants even if they have been isolated from sterile specimens. The risk factors for CoNS infections include patients who are immunocompromised, implanted with foreign bodies or with indwelling devices. The aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and presence of mecA gene in methicillin resistant CoNS isolated in a teaching and referral hospital in Kenya. Methodology: This was a cross sectional retrospective study. Archived isolates were sub-cultured on 5% sheep blood agar. Speciation and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns were performed by Vitek2 technique. The presence of mecA gene was determined by (PCR). Results: A total of seven species were identified with Staphylococcus epidermidis having the highest percentage at 45.4% and Staphylococcus warneri with the lowest at 2.6%. High resistance to antibiotics that were tested was observed regardless of the source of the isolate. MecA gene was found in 90% of the isolates. Conclusion: Coagulase negative Staphylococci exhibited high levels of resistance generally. Most of the isolates carried the mecA gene. Despite some of the isolates being resistant to Cefoxitin, the mecA gene was not found. There is a possibility that methicillin resistance in these isolates is mediated using a different mechanism.
文摘The size of container vessels has grown up in the past ten years and the trend prospect to be continued, according to analysis almost half of current ships order is for vessels exceeding 12,000 TEU＇s. Mega vessels have advantages to liners and for holding down the coast of ocean shipping but also raising concerns among vessel operation, insurance and they require for infrastructure adaptations and productivity level. Moreover further increase in ship size could result negative impacts and crises in recession.
文摘The assessment of the Project Management Maturity （PMM） level shows the company how good it is at managing projects. This measurement can be performed in different domains of expertise. In the article, the issue of PMM in the human resources （HR） area is examined. The discussion is based on a world-wide empirical research project conducted in more than 400 companies. The study was mostly focused on the machinery industry as there is a dearth of research on project management topics in this branch of the economy. Therefore, by investigating the PMM level in the HR area, a picture of the state of project management in the machinery industry will be created. For the purposes of comparison, a study was conducted on the construction （CONS） and information technology （IT） industries which, in contradistinction, are very well recognized in the scientific literature related to project management issues. This approach will help to better contextualize and understand the results from the machinery industry. The PMM level measurement was done using the author＇s model which assesses maturity on a scale of one to five, where one is the lowest and five, the highest level of maturity. The results of the study revealed that there were differences among the industries in PMM levels and between Polish and foreign companies.
文摘The occurrence of methicillin-resistant staphylococci was investigated in fresh seafood, seafood products and related samples. Staphylococci were isolated from 13 (68.42%) fresh seafood samples, while 3 (15.78%) samples harbored coagulase-positive S. aureus. Resistance to methicillin was observed in 16 isolates of Staphylococcus spp., 15 of which were coagulase-negative S. aureus (MR-CoNS) and one was a coagulase-positive S. aureus (MRSA). The mecA gene is detected by PCR in 10 MR-CoNS and one MRSA strain. The lmrS gene, which codes for a multidrug efflux pump LmrS, is detected only in coagulase-positive isolates.
文摘A cognitive interpretation of the basic translation strategy, domestication and foreignization, is elaborated in this paper. It is pro posed that based on differences in linguistic presentation and cultural connotation, the application of translation strategy is determined by the style of the source text (ST) and the translator's performance, both of which are generated from individualized style of construe, decided by a range of experiences. So great importance should be attached to experience and construe. Such an interpretation is proposed to pro vide a new perspective to study translation strategy and initiate a better comprehension of the ST and translation.
